英語文體學Chapter-4-Deep-Structure-Deviation

1、English StylisticsChapter 4 Deep-Structure DeviationDeep-Structure DeviationvDeep structure deviation refers to semantic deviation, which may be defined as “l(fā)inguistic effects involving something odd in the cognitive meaning of a certain linguistic unit, e.g., a word or a phrase.” (Leech)Deep-Struct

2、ure DeviationContradiction1Deception 3Ambiguity4Transference24.1 ContradictionvContradiction is a type of semantic deviation which conveys self-conflicting information. It can be divided into two types which are termed in rhetoric oxymoron and paradox.4.1 ContradictionvOxymoron is “the yoking togeth

3、er of two expressions which are incompatible, so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality.” (Leech)vE.g. Cruel kindness White darkness True lies 無事忙無事忙 deafening silence a mournful optimist v4.1.1 Oxymoron4.1 ContradictionvExample 1 As the wretched creature mumbled a

4、nd chucked in her hideous merriment, the undertaker turned to go away. (Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist)v4.1.1 Oxymoron4.1 ContradictionvExample 2 The major again pressed to his blue eyes the tips of the fingers that were disposed on the edge of the wheeled chair with careful carelessness, after the C

5、leopatra model and Mr. Dombey bowed. (Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son)v4.1.1 Oxymoron4.1 ContradictionvExample 3 His honour rooted in dishonour stoodAnd faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. (Alfred Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine) 他那來源于不名譽的名譽依然如故，他那來源于不名譽的名譽依然如故， 而那并不誠實的誠實保持虛偽的忠誠而那并不誠實的誠實保持虛偽的忠誠 v4

6、.1.1 Oxymoron4.1 ContradictionvExample 4 贈日本女郎贈日本女郎 最是那一低頭的溫柔，最是那一低頭的溫柔， 像一朵水蓮花不勝涼風的嬌羞，像一朵水蓮花不勝涼風的嬌羞， 道一聲珍重，道一聲珍重，道一聲珍重，道一聲珍重， 那一聲珍重里有甜蜜的憂愁那一聲珍重里有甜蜜的憂愁 沙揚娜拉！沙揚娜拉！ （徐志摩徐志摩沙揚娜拉十八首沙揚娜拉十八首 ）v4.1.1 Oxymoron4.1 ContradictionvA paradox is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false.vE.g.

7、 More haste, less speed. 永遠的時尚就是反時尚。 最危險的地方才是最安全的地方。v4.1.2 Paradox4.1 ContradictionvExample 1 Nurse: His name is Romeo, and a Montague. The only son of your great enemy. Juliet: My only love sprung from my only hate. Too early seen unknown and known too late! Prodigious birth of love that it is to m

8、e, That I must love a loathed enemy. (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)v4.1.2 Paradox4.1 ContradictionvExample 2 It was a bright, cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. (Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four)v4.1.2 Paradox4.1 ContradictionvGenerally speaking, oxymoron and paradox are

9、devices that allow the literary writer to express a certain truth or message through apparent falsehood. v4.1.2 Paradox4.2 TransferencevIn literature, transference of meaning is the process whereby literary absurdity leads the mind to comprehension on a figurative plane. vTransference in literature

10、refers to such traditional figures of speech as synecdoche, metonymy and metaphor.4.2 TransferencevSynecdoche is a type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole, or whole for the part. v4.2.1 Synecdoche4.2 TransferencevExample 1 Return to her?. No, rather I

11、abjure all roofs and choose To be a comrade with the wolf and owl. (William Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew) Example 2 Give us this day our daily bread. (Mathew 6: 11 )v4.2.1 Synecdoche4.2 TransferencevExample 3 And I began a quiet little campaign of persuasion with certain editors, seeking to

12、show the unlimited possibilities for education and amusement. One would have thought that we would find willing ears on the part of the newspapers. -Lee De Forestv4.2.1 Synecdoche4.2 TransferencevMetonymy also utilizes substitution, but rather than the substitution of a part for whole, or whole for

13、a part.vMetonymy uses the substitution of a word referring to an attribute of the thing that is meant. v4.2.2 Metonymy4.2 TransferencevExample 1 Dallas won yesterdays game. vExample 2 The omelet left without paying. v4.2.2 Metonymy4.2 TransferencevExample 3 The glory of our blood and state, Are shad

14、ows, not substantial things; There is no armour against fate; Death lays his icy hand on kings; Sceptre and Crown Must tumble down And in the dust be equal made With the poor crooked Scythe and Spade. (Shirley, The Glories of our Blood)v4.2.2 Metonymy4.2 TransferencevIn language, a metaphor is a rhe

15、toric trope where a comparison is made between two seemingly unrelated subjects without using like or as. vHere, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning.v4.2.3 Metaphor4.2 TransferencevExample 1 It is an empire ruled by one man (Gold, Mike Gold Reader)v4.2.3 Metaphor4.2 Transferen

16、cevExample 2 Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player It is a tale told by an idiot (Shakespeare, Macbeth)v4.2.3 Metaphor4.2 TransferencevA metaphor, according to I. A. Richards in The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936), consists of three parts: tenor, vehicle and ground. The tenor is the subject to whi

17、ch attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the subject from which the attributes are derived. The ground is the similarity perceived between tenor and vehicle. v4.2.3 Metaphorv Metaphor has been classified into types in different ways.v There are five main types of metaphor, grouped partly in accord

18、ance with Chapmans organization. 4.2 TransferencevTypes of Metaphors Av 1) Extended metaphor v An extended metaphor is one that sets up a principal subject with several subsidiary figurative expressions.v Extended metaphor makes an initial comparison and then develops it, expanding the authors idea.

19、 （延喻即作出初次比較再擴展，以延伸作者的意圖）。 4.2 TransferencevTypes of Metaphors Bv Example 1 Her eyes, pools of love, were rippling in tenderness.v Example 2 A photographer is a cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. 4.2 TransferencevTypes of Metaphors Bv Example 3 All the worlds a s

20、tage, And all the men and women merely players They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages (William Shakespeare, As You Like It)4.2 TransferencevTypes of Metaphors Bv Example 4 The yellow fog that rubs its block upon the window-panes,

21、 The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes, Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening, Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains, Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys, Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap, And seeing it was a soft October night, C

22、urled once about the house, and fall asleep. (T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)4.2 TransferencevTypes of Metaphors Bv2) Sustained metaphor vA sustained metaphor continued through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse. （連續(xù)使用多個喻體去比喻主體的方法就叫做博（連續(xù)使用多個喻體去比喻主體的方法就叫做博喻。）喻。）4.2 Tr

23、ansferencevTypes of Metaphors Bv Example There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpent and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverberation was stunning. 4.2 TransferencevTypes of Metaphors Bv Deception refers to the deliberate use of overstatement, under

24、statement, and irony, each of which misrepresents the truth in some way.4.3 Deceptionv Overstatement is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric. It distorts the truth by great exaggeration. It is usually used to emphasize strong feeling and to create a sentimental, satiric or comic effect. 4.3 Dece

25、ptionv4.3.1 OverstatementvExample 1 As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I, And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry. Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun! And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. (Robert

26、Burns, A Red, Red Rose)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 OverstatementvExample 2 Her beauty mad the bright world dim (Shelly)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 OverstatementvExample 3 a sea of troubles (Shakespeare)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 OverstatementvExample 4 O, what a noble mind is here oerthrown, The courtiers, scholars, soldi

27、ers, eye, tongue, sword; The expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion and the mold of form, The observed of all observers, quite, quite down! (William Shakespeare, Hamlet)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 OverstatementvExample 5 The result (of the recent local election) encouraged conservative

28、critics who were calling for Thatchers scalp in the face of poll-tax protests, 8 percent unemployment, 15 percent-plus interest rates and a huge trade deficit. (Leslie MandelViney)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 Overstatementv Understatement is the opposite of overstatement in that it misrepresents the truth by

29、 deliberately understating it as opposed to exaggerating it. 4.3 Deceptionv4.3.2 UnderstatementvExample 1 Shes a little upset (Susann, Valley of the Dolls)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 Understatementv In traditional rhetoric, scholars make a distinction between two types of understatement: litotes and meiosis

30、. 4.3 Deceptionv4.3.2 Understatementv Litotes is the most common and is marked by the use of a negative construction. It is employed to foreground a positive emphasis. E. g. As lean was his horse as is a rake, And he was not right fat, I undertake. (Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.2

31、Understatement LitotesvExample 1 The face wasnt a bad one; it had what they called charm. (Galsworthy)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 UnderstatementvExample 2 Thou wouldst be great Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it. (Shakespeare, Macbeth)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 UnderstatementvExampl

32、e 3 Thomasin blushed again, and when a few more words had been said of a not unpleasing kind, Venn mounted his horse and rode on. (Hardy, The Return of the Native)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.1 Understatementv The emphasis achieved through the use of a negative construction may initially appear weak. Neverthel

33、ess, it is more impressive than that achieved through the use of a positive construction.4.3 Deceptionv4.3.2 Understatement Litotesv Meiosis is merely understatement without the use of a negative construction. Example 1 He was a man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again. (Wi

34、lliam Shakespeare, Hamlet)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.2 Understatement MeiosisvExample 2 There is also poverty, convincingly etched in the statistics, and etched too, in the lives of people like Hortensia Cabrera, mother of 14, widow. “Money,” she says with quiet understatement, “is kind of tight. But I can m

35、anage.” (Griffin Smith, National Geographic) 4.3 Deceptionv4.3.2 Understatement Meiosisv Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by stating the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. 4.3 Deceptionv4.3.3 Ironyv In everyday life

36、 we often hear people using irony in their speech, though they may not be conscious of it. For instance, they may call a very thin boy “fatty”, or a very fat one “skinny.” Similarly we may hear people say, “Oh, how I love queuing up!”4.3 Deceptionv4.3.3 IronyvExample 1 For Brutus is an honorable man

37、 (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar)vExample 2 It is a justifiable cause of war to invade a country after the people have been wasted by famine (Swift, Gullivers Travels)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.3 IronyvExample 3 “Generally speaking,” said Miss Murdstone, “I dont like boys. How dye do, boy?” Under these encouragi

38、ng circumstances, I replied that I was very well, and that I hoped that she was the same, with such indifferent grace that Miss Murdstone disposed of me in two words,- “wants manner!” (Charles Dickens, David Copperfield)4.3 Deceptionv4.3.3 Ironyv By the term ambiguity we mean the case of “more than one cognitive meaning for the same piece of language.” 4.4 Ambiguityv 1) Paronomasia v Ambiguity can be purely phonetic, resulting from homophony, i.e. words that have the same pronunciation but differ in form and meaning.