電子專業(yè)英語part1

1、English for Electronics & Information電子信息專業(yè)英語Part1 ElectronicsPart2 CommunicationsPart1 ElectronicsUnit 1 The Development of ElectronicsUnit 2 Resistor, Capacitor and InductorUnit 3 CircuitsUnit 4 AmplifierUnit 6 Pulse Digital CircuitEXERCISEUnit 1 The Development of Electronics電子學(xué)的發(fā)展電子學(xué)的發(fā)展電學(xué)電學(xué)經(jīng)

2、典物理學(xué)經(jīng)典物理學(xué)的一個分支的一個分支電子學(xué)電子學(xué) 基于電學(xué)中基于電學(xué)中的電磁學(xué)與電的電磁學(xué)與電工學(xué)發(fā)展起來工學(xué)發(fā)展起來electricityelectronics計算機計算機控制系統(tǒng)控制系統(tǒng)通信通信computercontrol systemcommunication應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域 Electronics is a part of the larger field of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics. Modern advances in the fields

3、of computer, control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics.電子領(lǐng)域：電子管，晶體管，集成電路等發(fā)展對其起著重要作用。電子領(lǐng)域：電子管，晶體管，集成電路等發(fā)展對其起著重要作用。電子管電子管晶體管晶體管集成電路集成電路electron tubetransistorintegrated circuit The field of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit and so on

4、.1883年：電子學(xué)始于年：電子學(xué)始于“愛迪生效應(yīng)愛迪生效應(yīng)”，愛迪生研究電燈材料，愛迪生研究電燈材料時發(fā)現(xiàn)了真空二極管。時發(fā)現(xiàn)了真空二極管。1905年：佛萊明發(fā)明第一個二極管年：佛萊明發(fā)明第一個二極管真空二極管真空二極管 Vacuum diode真空二極管的特點：真空二極管的特點： （1）非線性非線性 （2）單向?qū)щ妴蜗驅(qū)щ?（3）不能）不能放大信號放大信號nonlinearunilateral electricalamplification of a signal Electronics began in 1883, when Thomas Edison discovered the va

5、cuum diode as part of his research on materials for a practical electric light. This first electronic device exhibited a nonlinear, unilateral electrical characteristic but was not capable of producing amplification of a signal. In 1905 Fleming produced the first diode.1906年，德年，德.福雷斯特研制第一個三極管福雷斯特研制第

6、一個三極管三極管二極管取代應(yīng)用：通信工業(yè)如收音應(yīng)用：通信工業(yè)如收音機、電視等機、電視等application : communication industry, radio, televisiondiodetriode In 1906 Deforest made the first triode in the United States. The widespread applications of vacuum tubes during that time period were in the communications industry, first in radio and later

7、 in television. The use of vacuum tubes declined rapidly when a semiconductor device was invented that could perform many of the functions previously associated with vacuum tubes.數(shù)字積分計算機數(shù)字積分計算機：第一個大型數(shù)字電子系統(tǒng)：第一個大型數(shù)字電子系統(tǒng)的的真空管真空管電路，電路，計算機工業(yè)計算機工業(yè)的先驅(qū)。的先驅(qū)。數(shù)字積分計算機：electronic numerical integrator and compute

8、r (ENIAC) The first large digital electronic system was a special-purpose vacuum tube circuit called the electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC). The ENIAC was the forerunner of the computer industry.真 空 管 ： vacuum tube計算機工業(yè)： computer industry晶體管早期早期：鍺材料材料近期近期：硅transistorgermaniumsilico

9、n應(yīng)用：應(yīng)用：袖珍調(diào)幅收音機Portable AM ( amplitude modulation) broadcast receivers1948年：晶體管問世，對電子學(xué)具有重大意義。年：晶體管問世，對電子學(xué)具有重大意義。 The transistor was invented in 1948 and made a significant contribution to electronics. The early transistors were made from germanium. The most visible application of these devices was in

10、 small, portable AM broadcast receivers. Silicon transistors began to replace germanium in the late 1950s.數(shù)字邏輯器件集成電路大型集成電路超大型集成電路digital logicintegrated circuitlarge-scale integration（LSI）Very large-scale integration（VLSI） The commercial success of the integrated circuit industry was based on standa

11、rd products representing digital logic families. The integrated circuit industry was moving from the era of small-scale circuits to large-scale integration (LSI). As the decade of the 1970s came to a close, a new era in integrated circuits was beginning. This era is characterized by the inclusion of

12、 larger and larger numbers of components in a single circuit, and it is called very large-scale integration (VLSI). Electronic technology is developing rapidly in the world. And electronics industry is equipped to make yet another giant step forward.Unit 2 Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor電阻器、電容器和電感器

13、電路元件：電阻、電感、電容等電路元件：電阻、電感、電容等電阻電阻電容電容電感電感resistorcapacitorinductor Although resistors, capacitors and inductors form important elements in electronic circuitry, it is essential to know something about resistance, capacitance and inductance.abUabIR電阻分類：1、固定電阻和可變電阻2、線性電阻和非線性電阻歐姆定律： UabIRUab：電壓降I ：電流R ：

14、電阻，單位為歐姆電阻器：它是一個二端元件two-terminal elementOhms Lawvoltage dropcurrentohmfixed resistor, variable resistorlinear and nonlinear 一、電阻器及電阻一、電阻器及電阻resistor A resistor is a two-terminal element. Between its terminals it exhibits a voltage drop which is directly proportional to the current passing through it

15、. We specify the size of the resistor in ohms, which is the ratio of voltage to current. This relationship between voltage and current, called Ohms Law, can be stated in an equation V=IR. Resistors may be classified as fixed or variable in their type and also as linear and nonlinear.電阻的概念：對電流的阻力為電阻的

16、概念：對電流的阻力為電阻電阻。單位符號為。單位符號為。1的定義：當(dāng)加在的定義：當(dāng)加在導(dǎo)體導(dǎo)體上的電壓為上的電壓為1V時，將導(dǎo)體的電時，將導(dǎo)體的電 流限制為流限制為1A所需要的所需要的電抗電抗值。值。 Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current and is represented by the letter symbol R. The unit of resistance is the ohm, expressed by using (). One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance

17、 that will limit the current in a conductor to one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt. Larger amount of resistance are commonly expressed in kilo-ohm (k) and in mega-ohm (M).resistanceconductorReactance二、電容器及電容二、電容器及電容電容器的概念：可以將電容器的概念：可以將電能電能存儲在電場中的器件稱為電存儲在電場中的器件稱為電容器。容器。電容

18、器按介質(zhì)分類紙玻璃陶瓷capacitorpaperglassceramicdielectricelectrical energy Electrical energy can be stored in an electric field. The device capable of doing this is called a capacitor or a condenser. Capacitors are generally divided into classes according to their dielectric, e.g. paper, glass, ceramic, etc.a

19、bcet cetra(=and so on)for example電容器的特點：電容器的特點：1、電動勢電動勢越大，電容器存儲的越大，電容器存儲的電荷電荷就越多。就越多。2、電容器的、電容器的容量容量越大越大頻率頻率越高，越高，容抗容抗也就越小。也就越小。Electromotive forceelectricitycapacityfrequencycapacity reactance The larger is the electromotive force, the more electricity the capacitor stores. The greater is the capac

20、ity of the capacitor, and the higher is the frequency, the lower is the capacity reactance.The + 比較級，the比較級：表示“越越”電容的概念：電容器存儲電容的能力叫電容的概念：電容器存儲電容的能力叫電容。電容。電容的特點：電容的特點： 1、電容從來都不是、電容從來都不是常數(shù)常數(shù)，除非在，除非在固定的條件固定的條件下。下。 2、電容的單位為、電容的單位為法拉法拉（F）。一般用）。一般用微法微法，微微法微微法。constantfixed conditionfaradmicro farad1F=106M

21、F=1012MMf(PF) The ability of a capacitor to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is important to remember that capacitance is never constant, except under certain fixed conditions. It is measured in farads (F). However, farad is too large a unit to be used in radio calculation, so micro

22、farad and the micro microfarad are generally used.capacitancemicro microfaradpicofarad三、電感器及電感三、電感器及電感電感器：電感器是由電線繞著一個合適的模子而成的一個線圈。電感器的特點：電感器上的電壓與電流的時間變化率成正比。 這個常數(shù)稱為電感（L），單位為亨利（H）。moldcoilbe directly proportional toinductancehenry It is well known that inductors are one of building blocks in electron

23、ics. An inductor is formed by winding wire around a suitable mold to form a coil. In an inductor, the voltage is directly proportional to the time rate of change in the current. The constant of proportional is called inductance (L) and measured in Henries (H).inductorabL電感器與電容的異同：相同點：都能把供給它的能量儲存起來。不

24、同點：電感儲存磁場能，電容儲存電場能。energymagnetic field energyelectric field energy An inductor, like a capacitor, stores the energy supplied to it, but it stores energy in the form of a magnetic rather than an electric fieldand not:而不是，而非電感：阻止流過線圈的電流發(fā)生變化的性質(zhì)稱為電感。電感的特點：同一頻率下較小的電感對電流阻力較小。并不像電阻一樣對所有電流都有阻力。opposeproper

25、tyinductance All coils have inductance. Inductance is the property of opposing any change if current flowing through a coil. A small inductance would provide less opposition at the same frequency. Inductance differs from resistance in that resistance offers an opposition to all current.becauseExerci

26、se Try to match the flowing columns:fixed resistorthe amount of resistanceelectric fieldcapacity reactancethe opposition to the currentnonlinear resistorthe constant of proportionalitya two-terminal element非線性電阻對電流的阻力一個二端元件比例常數(shù)電阻值固定電阻容抗電場Unit 3 Circuits電路 開 關(guān) 干 電 池 燈 泡 電源控制器件負(fù)載導(dǎo)線power supplywirecont

27、rol deviceload電路1、電源： 2、導(dǎo)體或?qū)Ь€3、控制器件： 4、負(fù)載source or power supplybatteryconductor, wirecontrol deviceswitchload如電池如開關(guān)組成如電燈、電阻器、電動機lampresistormotor An electric circuit often consists of four parts: a source of power supply such as battery, the conductors or wires, the control device such as a switch,

28、and the load. The load is a device or a machine. Within the load the actual energy conversion takes place. The lamp, the resistor and the motor are common examples of electric loads.電路的概念：有電子不斷流動的導(dǎo)體和電動勢源的組合 Any combination of a conductor and of a source of e. m. f. which permits electrons to travel

29、round in a continuous stream is called an electric circuit. electromotive forceelectric circuit干電池電燈dry cell負(fù)極： 正極： negative terminal positive terminal 再生的、反饋的： regenerative A lamp connected across a dry cell is an example of a simple electrical circuit. Current flows from the negative(-) terminal o

30、f the cell, through a lamp, to the positive(+) terminal; and the action of the cell is such that it provides a “regenerative” path for the flow of electrons to be maintained through the negative terminal once again.通路（閉合電路） 開路 （斷路） closed circuitopen circuit As long as this electrical pathway remain

31、s unbroken at any point, it is a closed circuit; and current flows. But if the pathway be ever broken, it becomes at once an open circuit; and no current can flow.電路按連接方式不同，可分為串聯(lián)電路和并聯(lián)電路series circuitparallel circuit Series circuits and parallel circuits are two main types of circuit connection. 串聯(lián)電路

32、： 當(dāng)電器元件連接時，電流沒有分流，這種連接稱為串聯(lián)。特 點：每一處電流都相等。 Series circuits and parallel circuits are two main types of circuit connection. When electrical devices are connected so that the current is not divided at any point, they are said to be connected in series. The current in every part of this kind of circuit i

33、s the same. As a matter of fact, in everyday electric work we very often deal with circuit where the current branches between two or more paths. In ordinary house lighting, for instance, lamps are connected in parallel, each lamp filament representing an independent path from the minus main wire to

34、the plus wire. In parallel circuits the total current is equal to the sum of all the currents that are passing through the branches of that of another.for example并聯(lián)電路： 含有兩個或兩個以上支路的電路，這種連接稱為并聯(lián)。特 點：總電流量等于各支路電流總和許多實用電路是串并聯(lián)的，這種電路能夠把串聯(lián)電路的不同電壓與并聯(lián)電路的不同電流特征結(jié)合在一個網(wǎng)路內(nèi)。當(dāng)負(fù)載對同一個電源要求有不同的電壓和電流時，這種電路就特別有用。實用電路:Pract

35、ical circuit串并聯(lián)電路:series-parallel circuit Many practical circuits are arranged in series-parallel. Such circuits make it possible to combine the different voltage characteristic of a series circuit with the different current characteristic of a parallel circuit within a single network. This conditio

36、n is particularly advantageous when it is necessary to operate loads that have different voltage and current requirements from the same source of energy.Exercise: Try to match the following columns:a closed circuitnegativebatteryan open circuitpositiveas a matter of factconsist of minuscellbe compos

37、ed ofa circuit which was brokenin facta circuit that the current can flow throughplusUnit 4 Amplifier放大器放大器amplifierAn amplifier increases the magnitude of ,or amplifiers, an electric signal. The signal may be derived, for example, from a TV antenna. Of all components, the amplifier is by far the mo

38、st widely used building block in electronics systems.放大器能夠增強即放大電信號。例如，這種信號可以來自電視天線。在所有的電子元件中，放大器在電子系統(tǒng)中是使用最廣泛的部件。電信號電視天線電子系統(tǒng)electric signalTV antennaelectronics system放大器可用框圖表示（如圖4-1）。圖中參數(shù)如下：輸入信號電壓：Es輸入信號電流：Is負(fù)載電阻： RL，跨接在輸出兩端輸入信號輸出信號負(fù)載電阻input signaloutput signalload resistorAn amplifier may be repres

39、ented by simple block diagram of Fig.4-1. The input signal voltage is denoted by Es, and the input signal current is denoted by Is. Across the output terminals is load resistor RL.figure框圖block diagramResistance RL may represent, for example, the resistance of a loudspeaker coil, a motor winding, or

40、 the input of a connected amplifier stage. Voltage E0 is the output (load) voltage, and current I0 the output (load) current. Symbols PI and P0 are the input and output signal powers, respectively.輸出電壓：Eo輸出電流：Io輸入信號功率：PI輸出信號功率： Po電阻RL：可以是揚聲器線圈的電阻、電動機的線組或者所連接放大級的輸入。揚聲器電動機放大級輸入信號功率loudspeakermotorampl

41、ifier stageinput signal power1、電壓放大器： 2、電流放大器:3、功率放大器Voltage amplifier放大電壓信號放大電流信號4、脈沖放大器 5、運算放大器 放大器current amplifierpower amplifierpulse amplifieroperational amplifierThere are different kinds of amplifiers such as voltage amplifier, current amplifier, pulse amplifier and operational amplifier, et

42、c. If the amplifier is optimized to amplify voltage signals ,it is called a voltage amplifier. For current signals, it is referred to as a current amplifier, If it is to develop output power of one watt or more, it is generally classified as a power amplifier. 信號類型放大器信號振幅1、小信號放大器： 2、大信號放大器:放大微伏級和毫伏級

43、信號；常用代數(shù)學(xué)方法分析放大較大信號；常用圖解法分析Another method of classification is based on the amplitude of signals. For small signals, in the order typically of microvolts and millivolts, the amplifier may be classified as small-signal, and for larger signals as a large-signal amplifier. Simple algebra is all that is

44、required for calculating the performance of small-signal amplifiers. Graphical methods, however, are generally used in the analysis of large-signal amplifiers.amplitudesmall-signal amplifierlarge-signal amplifieralgebragraphical methodswhat放大器相移情況phase shift1、甲類放大：負(fù)載電流相移360 2、乙類放大：負(fù)載電流相移180 3、甲、乙類放大

45、：負(fù)載電流180但3604、丙類放大：負(fù)載電流180class A operationclass B operationclass AB operationclass C operation負(fù)載電流load current flow正弦波：sine wave Amplifiers are also classified in terms of load current flow. Fig.4-2 shows the classes of amplifier operation. Fig.4-2a shows one cycle (360) of a sine wave input signal

46、 to an amplifier. If the load current also flows for 360, as indicated in Fig.4-2b, the amplifier is operating as class A. Class B operation, illustrated in Fig.4-2c, exists when the load current flows for only 180. If the load current flows for more than 180but less than 360, class AB operation is

47、realized (Fig.4-2d). Class C operation is obtained if the load current flows for less than 180(Fig.4-2e).Class A operation is used for small-signal and single-transistor (referred to as single-ended) power amplifiers. And for class B or AB operation the amplifier contains two transistors, referred t

48、o as a push-pull amplifier. Class C operation is often used in the amplification of r-f signals in a circuit containing a tuned load.各類放大器的功能：1、甲類用于小信號和單管（或單端）功率放大；2、作乙類放大或甲乙類放大時，放大器有兩個晶體管成為推挽放大；3、丙類放大常用在調(diào)諧負(fù)載的電路中放大射頻信號；single-transistorsingle-endedpush-pull amplifiertuned loadr-f signalradio-frequen

49、cy signalAmplifiers are also classified according to their intended operation. Examples include audio, r-f, video, microwave, and pulse amplifiers.放大器也可按其工作類型來分類。 例如：音頻放大器 射頻放大器 視頻放大器 微波放大器 脈沖放大器audio amplifierr-f amplifiervideo amplifiermicrowave amplifierpulse amplifierThe performance of amplifier

50、s is characterized by the following terms: voltage gain, current gain, power gain, input resistance, output resistance, bandwidth, distortion.放大器性能的術(shù)語有： 電壓增益、 電流增益、 功率增益、 輸入電阻、 輸出電阻、 帶寬、 失真。voltage gaincurrent gainpower gaininput resistanceoutput resistancebandwidthdistortionTranslate :1、調(diào)諧負(fù)載2、負(fù)載電阻3

51、、負(fù)載電流4、電壓放大器5、推挽放大器6、脈沖放大器7、功率放大器8、電流放大器pulse amplifierload resistorload currentpush-pull amplifierVoltage amplifierpower amplifiera tuned loadcurrent amplifierUnit 6 Pulse Digital Circuit數(shù)字脈沖電路Nowadays all of us are familiar with the computer. The ability of a computer to solve a problem depends up

52、on its ability to make certain decision as it progresses through the various steps of the problem. For example, the computer must make decisions (called logical decisions) as to whether a number is positive, whether a certain number is larger or smaller than another, or whether a portion of the prob

53、lem is finished so that the computer may proceed to the next portion. 計算機解答問題的能力取決于它對問題的各個步驟進(jìn)行判斷的能力。例如：計算機必須判斷一個數(shù)是不是正的，某個數(shù)比另一個數(shù)大還是小，或者問題的某一部分是否已經(jīng)完成。取決于：depend upon 正的：positive 部分：portion The various circuits that enable the computer to make its decisions are called logic circuits, or digital circuit

54、s. 數(shù)字電路（邏輯電路）的概念：使計算機能進(jìn)行判斷的各種電路。digital circuits, or logic circuits The term digital circuit is used to describe those circuit systems which primarily operate with the use of only two different voltage levels or two other binary conditions or states. 數(shù)字電路這個術(shù)語被用來描述僅用兩種不同電壓電平，即兩種不同二進(jìn)制狀態(tài)進(jìn)行工作的電路系統(tǒng)。circu

55、it systemsbinaryThe two different states by which digital circuits operate may be of several forms. They can , in the most simple form, consist of the opening and closing of a switch. In this case, the closed-switch condition can be represented by 1 and the open-switch condition by 0. Likewise, the

56、lighted lamp can be considered as being in the 1 condition when the switch is closed, while the unlighted lamp can be considered as being in the 0 condition when the switch is open.開關(guān)打開開關(guān)閉合燈亮燈滅“1”“0”數(shù)字電路switchlampA very common method of digital operation is achieved by using voltage pulse. A pulse i

57、s defined as a rapid change from one voltage level to another and then a rapid return to the original level. The duration of time at the second level is usually quite short compared with the time at the first level. 數(shù)字電路工作的最普通的方法是采用電壓脈沖進(jìn)行的。 脈沖的定義：從一個電平迅速變化到另一個電平，然后又快速回到初始電平。脈沖： pulse電平： voltage leve

58、l The pulse is made up of a positive step and a negative step. (If the step is above the baseline, it is called a positive step, if it is below the baseline it is called negative.) 一個脈沖由一個正階躍和一個負(fù)階躍組成。（如果階躍位于基線之上，那么它被稱為正階躍；如果在基線之下，則被稱為負(fù)階躍。）正階躍：Positive step負(fù)階躍：negative step基線：baselineIf the positive

59、step comes first it is a positive pulse and if the negative step is first it is a negative pulse. The presence of a positive pulse can be represented by 1 and the absence of a pulse by 0. 如果正階躍首先出現(xiàn)，脈沖是正脈沖，相反，如果負(fù)階躍首先出現(xiàn)，脈沖就是負(fù)脈沖。有正脈沖存在，用“1”表示，沒有正脈沖存在用“0”表示。正脈沖：Positive pulse負(fù)脈沖：negative pulse 電子儀器中用到的脈

60、沖波形有：方波、鋸齒形波、微分波形等。 若用方波信號，正脈沖可代表“1”，負(fù)脈沖代表“0”。脈沖波形：Pulse waveform方波形： rectangular waveform鋸齒波形： sawtooth waveform微分波形： differentiated waveformPulses are various in forms. Pulse waveforms used in electronic devices are: rectangular waveform, sawtooth waveform, differentiated waveform and so on. With a sq