英國文學史上期末復習

1、英國文學簡史General introduction of English literature 1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英語時期文學The Song of Beowulf 貝奧武甫2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世紀英語時期文學Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里喬叟代表作：French influence:Romance of the Rose 玫瑰傳奇The Book Of Duchess 公爵夫人之書 Italian influe

2、nce:The Legend of Good Women良婦傳說 The House of Fame聲譽之堂 The Parliament of Fowls百鳥議會 Troilus and Criseyde 特羅勒斯與克萊西 Maturity: The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集2. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century early 17th century) 文藝復興-Thomas More 托馬斯.莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦(1516)-he gave a profound and truthful pic

3、ture of the peoples sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯培根(1561-1626) The philosophical-The Advancement of Learning學術的推進 The literature -Essays隨筆 The professional works-Thomas Wyatt托馬斯 懷亞特（1503-1542） The first to introduce the sonnet into English literatu

4、re（引入十四行詩的第一人） Lyrical poetry-Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙 斯賓塞（1552-1599） Poets poet 詩人中的詩人 The Faerie Queene 仙后（the greatest epic poem 史詩） The Shepheardes Calendar 牧人月歷William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亞(1564-1616) The most popular and the most wildly respected writer in all English literature 四大悲?。篐amlet Othello Kin

5、g Lear Macbeth 四大喜?。篈 Midsummer Nights Dream The merchant of Venice As you like it Twelfth NightChristopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗馬洛 The greatest of the pioneers of English drama The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English dramaEnglish Literature of the Revolution and Restoration P

6、eriod (1640-1688) 資產階級革命與王朝復辟時期的文學-John Donne約翰 多恩 (a metaphysical poet 玄學詩人) 代表作：”the flea”(跳騷)love poem “Song”(歌) “A Valediction: Forbidden Morning”(別離辭：節(jié)哀) “Death be not proud”(死神，你莫驕傲) 死亡時永恒的，不要害怕死亡，人死后可以超生，到天堂 “The Canonization”（封圣）John Milton約翰彌爾頓(puritan) Paradise Lost失樂園 Paradise Regained復樂園

7、 Samson Agonistes力士參孫 On his blindness On His Deceased Wife悼念我的亡妻John Bunyan 約翰班揚 The Pilgrims Progress天路歷程-is written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream. 4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 啟蒙運動時期Daniel Defoe丹尼爾笛福 Robinson Crusoe The Review評論 Moll Flan

8、ders A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日記 RoxanaJonathan Swift喬納森斯威夫特 Gullivers Travel格列夫游記 The Battle of Books書籍之戰(zhàn) The Tale of a Tub一直桶的故事 The Drapiers Letter布商的來信 A Modest Proposal一個溫和的建議 Journal to Stella給斯戴拉的日記Henry Fielding亨利菲爾丁 the father of English novel -the first to write specially a “comic滑稽的

9、 epic史詩 in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling棄兒Tom Jones Thomas Gray托馬斯 格雷 Rural poetry Elegy written in a Country Churchyard墓園哀歌 In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of Pre-romanticism were William Bla

10、ke andRobert Burns.-William Blake威廉布萊克 詩集天真之歌Songs of Innocence: The Lamb, The Chimney Sweeper1789詩集經(jīng)驗之歌Songs of Experience: The Tiger, London, The Chimney Sweeper1794Robert Burns羅伯特彭斯-“The poet of the peasants” (1) Political poems -The tree of Liberty (2) Satirical poems -Holy Willies Prayer, Two D

11、ogs (3) Lyrics- Red, Red Rose 一朵紅紅的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne友誼地久天長 My Hearts on the Highland我的心在高原 一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、這個時期的文學作品分類： pagan(異教徒) ，Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf貝奧武甫 ( national epic 民族史詩 ) 采用了隱喻metaphor手法 3、Alliteration 頭韻（寫作手法） 4，main characters: Beowulfthe heroKing

12、 of SwedenBeowulfs uncleHrothgar-the king of Danish nationGrendel - a sea-monsterGrendels motherFire fragan二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格魯諾曼時期1、romance 傳奇文學 2、In terms of matters there are mainly three classes:(1)、the matter of France the Song of Roland (2)、the matter of Greece and Rome ab

13、out Alexander and the fall of Troy(特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭)he (3)、the matter of Britain about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.3、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和綠衣騎士) 是一首押頭韻的長詩.三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里喬叟時期 1、the father of English poetry 英國詩歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體：a verse unit con

14、sisting of two rhymed(押韻) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚格) 3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事集 (英國文學史的開端) -masterpieceHe had given us a picture of contemporary English lifeA collection of 20 complete stories and 4 fragmentsChaucers The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of _Rhymed stanzas_ in

15、stead of alliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period.The Canterbury Tales opens with a General Prologue4，貢獻：Chaucers contribution to English literature and languageA, He is the “father of English poetry” and the greatest narrative poet in English poetry.B, He did much in making the dialects of London the

16、 foundation for the modern English language.C, He was the most significant poet in English literature history to write in Middle English. Chaucers creative works vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture.D, the “heroic couplet”4、Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4-lin

17、e stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式 代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托馬斯珀西主教 代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 俠盜羅賓漢和阿林代爾 其他作品： Get up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick Spens四、The Renaissance (16世紀) 文藝

18、復興時期 The 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.1、key word: humanism 人文主義： admire human beauty and human achievement 2、代表人物： 1)、Thomas More 托馬斯莫爾 Utopia2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一個散文家(essayist) Francis Bacon was p

19、raised by Marx as “the progenitor of English Materialism”3)、Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯.懷亞特 引入十四行詩的第一人4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯賓塞 poets poet(詩人中的詩人) The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗馬洛 blank verse(無韻體)是十六世紀英國戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形式。 6)、William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亞 戲劇 drama produced 37 plays, two narrative

20、poems, and 154 sonnets.四大悲劇：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奧賽羅)，King Lear(李爾王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麥克白) Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeares art, the profoundest expression of Shakespeares humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.人物：Hamlet The ghostClaudiushis brotherGertrude- the Q

21、ueen ,his motherRosencrantz and Guildenstern-his friendsPolonius國王的管家Opheliahis girlfriendThe Merchant of Venice-love vs. HatredLove vs. wealth人物：BassanioheroAntonio-his friendPortiaShakespeares ideal womanbeautiful, cultured, courteous, and capable of rising to an emergency.Shylock-a wealthy Jew五、T

22、he period of Revolution and Restoration (17世紀) 資產階級革命與王權復辟 1、文學特點：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩和愛情詩、與舊思想脫離。 The Revolution period produced one of the most important poets in English literat

23、ure, whose name is John Milton and an important prose wrier, John Bunyan.2、代表人物： 1)、John Donne 約翰多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄學派詩人) 的代表人物 2)、John Milton 約翰彌爾頓 a great poet 詩人 （ poem 詩歌 blank verse ） Defense for the English People為英國人民辯護 Paradise Lost失樂園 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是壞人 Paradise Regained復樂

24、園重點介紹失樂園：blank verse無韻體詩歌It consists of 12 books, was based on the biblical legend of the Adam and Eve,.The image of Satan:Satan is often regarded as the real hero of the poemLike a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell.He is firmer than the

25、 rest of the fallen angels.It is he who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God.Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder that overwhelmed him left his heart still unvanquished.To Milton,

26、the proud and somber Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against unjust authority.3)、John Bunyan 約翰拜揚 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)” The Pilgrims Progress天路歷程（在監(jiān)獄里寫的）（1687年第一次打印）（1688年死）人物：(人物的名字很有特色，譬如Help, Faithful, Goodwill等)Christian, a man wants to get rid of h

27、is burdensin and fears of his life, wants to go the Holy CityEvangelist（傳道者），the Celestial KingdomHelp, the Slough of Despond(絕望譚)Apollyon(魔鬼阿伯倫)，the Valley of Humiliation(羞恥谷)City of Construction 等 考點：136頁“Vanity Fair” Analysis of the work It is the most successful religious allegory in the English

28、 language. It is written in allegory and dream. It concerns the search for a spiritual salvation. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and a all kinds of social evil. Metaphor: life is like a journey. 六、The

29、 Age of Enlightenment (18世紀) 啟蒙運動 also known as “the Age of Reason”1、18th century 文學的三個方面： Neo-Classicism(新古典主義)、Sentimentalism(傷感主義)、Pre-romanticism (前浪漫主義詩歌)、beginning of the modern novel(剛啟萌的現(xiàn)代派小說) 、drama(戲劇) The middle of the 18th century in England saw the inception of a new literary currenttha

30、t of sentimentalism English novel of the 18th grew with the rise of Middle Class.歷史背景：（1）peaceful development （2）constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688 (3)England 的強大 （4）with the ascent of the bourgeoisie (5)the industrial revolution (6) the rise of English novel2、代表人物： 1)、Dan

31、iel Defoe 丹尼爾笛福 realistic novel 現(xiàn)實主義小說 Novel：(1) “ Robinson Crusoe”魯賓遜漂流記one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel故事追溯到17th 中葉Characters of Robinson: Courage Wisdom Positive- attitude Never give up Sense of gratitude Optimistic Perseverance Hard-workingTheme: the story presents the treme

32、ndous power of human beings: wits and courage The perseverance in his character is the crucial factors for him to achieve success. Robinson lived on the island 28 years, he made everything he needed by himself. He conquered nature in the modern life. It tells us to be strong, courageous, so as to a

33、positive state of mind to a better life.(2)、Jonathan Swift 喬納森斯威夫特 ” Gullivers Travels” 格列佛游記novel反諷 作者揭示了資本主義社會的黑暗和嚴苛的社會等級。 考點166頁Gulliver is a doctorHe made a deep-sea voyage, Described into 4 partsVoyage to Lilliput（小人國）-9個月13天Voyage to Brobdingnag（大人國）Voyage to Laputa, Balnibari, Gluebbdubdrib,

34、Luggnagg, and JapanVoyage to the Country of Houyhnhnmsa strange nation in which the masters are the horses while the servants are the human like creature the Yahoos.( horses that are endowed with reason)Satirical features； Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny. The Lilliputians and their ins

35、titutions were all about people and their institutions of England. The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians. The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing and speculations in all areas of activities such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-kill

36、ing tendencies. The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature. “ A Modest Proposal”一個溫和的建議 猛烈地抨擊了壓迫愛爾蘭人民的統(tǒng)治- The figure of speech used in “A Modest Proposal” is called irony.(4) Henry Fielding and his Tom Jones(棄兒Tom Jones) Characters: Tom (an orphan) Blifil Sophiaa young

37、 woman of the day with sufficient courage and independence to defy the bad world. 5) Thomas Gray托馬斯.格雷 “ Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard”墓園挽歌 ( Sympathy for the peasants who were being ruined by the Industrial Revolution .)Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB The

38、pattern of Elegy has 3 stages of loss: First, there is a lament, where the speaker expresses grief and sorrow, Then, praise and admiration of the idealized dead, Finally, consolation（安慰） and solace（安慰）Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative6)、Oliver Goldsmiths 奧利佛.哥爾德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist ” The Vicar of Wake

39、field”威克菲爾德的牧師，小說 novel ” She Stoops to Conquer”委曲求全，歡樂喜劇 rollicking comedy ” The Deserted Village”荒村，詩歌 poems 七、The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主義 1、前浪漫主義代表人物：1) William Blake 威廉布萊克 詩人 poet 2) Robert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯 蘇格蘭詩人 poet An excellent native poet of Scotland His poems written in the Scottish dia

40、lect on a variety of subject.The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is Robert BurnsPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution 前浪漫主義極大地影響了工業(yè)革命和法國大革命。 2、教育意義Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博愛 1、. “art for arts sake” was p

41、ut forth by _A_.A. aestheticism 2、During the Renaissance, _C_ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry.C. Thomas Wyatt3、Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between _A_ and _ centuries.A. 14th.mid-17th4、. _(P152). A_ is the successful religious allegory(諷喻，寓言) in the

42、English language.A. The Pilgrims Progress5、Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeares Sonnet 18? CC. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation6、Which of the following has / have associations with John Donnes poetry? B. conceits and wits 7. In 1066, the Norm

43、ans headed by Duke William, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. This marked the beginning of feudalism in England and England entered into feudal society. 8、 Chaucers The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of rhymed (metrical) stanza instead of alliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period. 9、 The Pilgrims Pr

44、ogress is the masterpiece of John Bunyan (the writer), written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of dream and allegory, in which the main character is Christian . 10. In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his battlefield? (7 points) Answer: 1) Paradise Lost was written by John Milton. (1points) 2) The Garden of Eden is the most perfect of spot ever created by God ; (2 points) 3) There live in innocent bliss Gods masterpiece, the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, w