初中英語語法專項名詞講義

1、學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載*初中英語語法專項名詞（講義）一、名詞（n.）表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱的詞（一）名詞的分類名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞，其中普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞可用作單數(shù)，也可用作復(fù)數(shù)?？蓴?shù)名詞包括個體名詞（表示一類人或物的個體。如：boy,desk,cat,window）和集體名詞（由若干個體組成的集合體。如：family,class,police）。不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞（表示無法分為個體的實物。如：water,paper,silk,money和抽象名詞（表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficulty,

2、housework）專有名詞表示個人、地方、機構(gòu)、組織等。如：Tom,theGreatWall,theSpringFestival,France,theUnitedStates（二）名詞的數(shù)1 .可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，其復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成主要有以下幾種：（1）一般情況下，在詞尾加s.eg.bookbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys以輕輔音結(jié)尾的名詞后的s的讀音為s,以濁輔音和元音結(jié)尾名詞后的s讀音為z。（2）以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，要在詞尾加es.eg.beachbeaches,brush-brushes,bus-buses,boxboxes（es

3、讀音為iz（3）以輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，先變y為i,再加es.eg.citycities,familyfamilies,documentary-documentaries,countrycountries,strawberrystrawberries（ies讀音為iz）（注：以元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞，直接在詞尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days（4）以元音字母o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時情況如下：力口eg.tomatotomatoes,potato-potatoes結(jié)尾是兩個元音字母的力口s,eg.zoozoos,radioradios某些外來詞變復(fù)數(shù)時詞尾加s,eg.piano

4、-pianos一些名詞的縮寫形式變復(fù)數(shù)時，詞尾加s,eg.photo（photograph）photos,kilo（kilogram）kiloszero變復(fù)數(shù)時，既可力口s,也可力口eg.zero"zeroes（5）以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，先把f或fe變?yōu)関,再加es.eg.wifewives,leaf-leaves,halfhalves,knifeknives,thiefthieves（res讀音為vz妻子騎牛拿起刀,wife-wives;calf-calves;knife-knives;追得賊狼滿街跑，thief-thieves;wolf-wolves碰倒架子喪己命,she

5、lf-shelves;self-selves;life-lives手帕樹葉半空飄.leaf-leaveshalf-halves（注意：chffchefs,rooffroofs,safft險箱）-safes,proof（證據(jù)）fproofs,chieffchiefs,handkerchieffhandkerchiefs（6）有些名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時，不是在詞尾加s或es,而是變換其中的字母。eg.manmen,womanwomen,policemanpolicemen,EnglishmanEnglishmen,FrenchmanFrenchmen,footfeet,toothteeth,child

6、children,mousemice,OxOxen（公牛）學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載(7)還有一些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fishworks(8)另一些名詞本身即是復(fù)數(shù)形式，不可用作單數(shù)。eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes另外,當(dāng)一個名詞作定語修飾另一個名詞時，這個名詞一般用單數(shù)。eg.anappletree,fiveappletrees,agirlfriend,twogirlfriends,atwinsister但是，當(dāng)man和woman作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，就要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。eg.twome

7、nteachers,threewomendoctors可用量詞+of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量。eg.aroomOfstudents,twoboxesOfpencils2 .不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，它的量”的表示方式如下。(1)表不定數(shù)量時，一般用much,(a)little,alotof/lotsof,some,any等詞修飾。(2)表確定數(shù)量時，一般用數(shù)詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞。如：two/three/-4量詞復(fù)數(shù)十of+不可數(shù)名詞。eg.abagOfrice,twoglassesOfmilk,fourbottlesOfwater3 .有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞也可作不可數(shù)名

8、詞，但詞義有所不同。eg：fruit水果fruits表示不同種類的水果；food食物foods各種食品；巾sh魚1shes魚的種類；drink飲料、酒adrink一杯/一份飲料、一杯酒；cloth布,acloth桌布、抹布；sand沙sands沙灘；tea茶atea一杯茶；chicken雞肉achicken小雞；orange橘汁anorange橘子；glass玻璃aglass®璃杯,glasses眼鏡；paper紙apaper試卷、論文；wood木頭awood小森林；room空間、余地aroom房間(三)名詞的所有格(表示人或物的所屬關(guān)系)(1)有生命的名詞所有格以及表示時間、距離、

9、城鎮(zhèn)、國家等的名詞所有格。不是以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時，在詞尾加s.eg.Mike'swatchWomensDay以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時，只加eg.teachers'office,students'rooms兩個或兩個以上名詞并列，表示共同所有，只需在最后一個名詞后加s.eg.TomandMike'sroom姆和邁克的房間(表示湯姆和邁克共有一間房)兩個或兩個以上名詞并列，表示分別所有，需在幾個名詞后都加's.eg.Mary'sandJenny's?b!8s詹妮的自行車(表示瑪麗和詹妮各自的自行車)在表示“店鋪，某某家，診所”的名詞

10、所有格后面，一般省去被修飾的名詞。athisbrothersatthedoctorsatthebarkersatMrreads用所有格表示時間或距離的方法：tenminutes'drive十分鐘車程，amonthsholiday一個月的彳貿(mào)期用所有格表示節(jié)日的方法：TeachersDay,ChildrensDay.需要注意的是除了父親節(jié)和母親節(jié)其他節(jié)日我們都用名詞復(fù)數(shù)的所有格表示，因為爸爸媽媽每個人就只有一個所以不用復(fù)數(shù)，MothersDay,FathersDay(2)無生命的事物的名詞所有格常用of結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載eg.amapofChina,thebeginningofthi

11、sgame,thedooroftheroom(3)特殊形式可用和of短語表示的名詞所有格eg.theboy'sname=thenameOfthebW®的名字)thedog'slegs=thelegsofthedog的腿)China'spopulation=thepopulationOfdia(中國的人口)China'scapital=thecapitalofChinO國的首都)雙重所有格eg.afiendofmymother我媽媽的個朋友apictureofTom湯姆的一張圖片(四)名詞作主語時的主謂一致(1) .如主語是單數(shù)，后跟with,toget

12、herwith,aswellas,like,but,except等弓I導(dǎo)的短語時，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式.LiHuawithmeoftengoestothecinema.Thewomanwithtwochildreniscominghere.(2) .復(fù)數(shù)形式單數(shù)內(nèi)容的名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.Thenewsissurprising.Mathsisanimportantsubject.(3) .單數(shù)形式復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式.Thepolicehavecaughtthethief.Thepeoplethereareverykind.(4) .一些集體名詞如family,c

13、lass,team等作主語時，若強調(diào)整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，若強調(diào)個體，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式.Hisfamilyisnotalargeone他家不是個大家庭。HerfamilyarewatchingTV.他全家人在看電視。Theteamisplayingverywell.這個隊打得彳艮出色。Theteamareallfamousplayersinourcountry1:體隊員者B是我國有名的運動員。(5) .表示時間,金錢,距離的名詞加s后，應(yīng)視為一個整體，故謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.TwohoursisenoughforustogetthereOnehundreddollarsisenough.F

14、ivekilometersisalongwayforthechildern.(6) .復(fù)數(shù)名詞shoes,trousers,glasse籌由pair修飾時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要由pair決定.Thepairofshoeslooksnice.Thattwopairsoftrousersarebothtoolong.(7)由and連接兩個或兩個以上的名詞作主語時，如表示整體概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.若表示個體概念，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式.Myoldfriendandclassmatehasjustcomebackfromabroad.我的老校友剛從國外回來.Thesingeranddancerist

15、oattendourEnglishevening.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家將參加我們的英語晚會.(8)“Thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式?！癆numberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(9)neithernor;eitheror；notonlybutalso等連接兩個并列主語時,謂語動學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載詞要遵循就近原則。(10)of+抽象名詞=形容詞beofimportance=beimportant2.不可數(shù)名詞量”的表示方法在英語中，不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示量”的概念，可以用以下兩種方法：(1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,

16、some,any等表示多少,例如：TherichmanhasalotofmoneyThereissomemilkinthebottle.IsthereanywaterintheglassIdon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice(2)用apieceof這類定語，例如：apieceofpaperapieceofwoodapieceofbreadabottleoforangeaglassofwater(milk)acupofteaacupofteaabagofricethreebagsofrice如果要表示兩杯茶"、四張

17、紙”這類概念時，在容器后加復(fù)數(shù)，例如：twocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwater不可數(shù)名詞也可用alotof,lotsof,some,any,much等來修飾。初中英語語法專項習(xí)題1-名詞1 .()1Shewasveryhappy.Sheinthemathstest.A.makesafewmistakeB.madeafewmistakesC.madefewmistakesD.makesfewmistake()2Weneedsomemore.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potato

18、esD.potatoe()3areforcuttingthings.A.Knife/usedB.Knives/usedC.Knife/usingD.Knives/using()4Whatbigthetigerhas!A.toothB.teethC.toothsD.toothes()5Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree.A.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.leave()6-Canwehavesome?-Yes,please.A.bananaB.orangesC.appleD.pear2()1Theygotmuchfromthosenewbooks.

19、A.ideasB.photosC.informationD.stories()2Hegaveusonhowtokeepfit.A.someadvicesB.someadviceC.anadviceD.aadvice學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載()3Whenwesawhisface,weknewwasbad.A.somenewsB.anewsC.thenewsP.news()4Whatlovelyweatheritis!A./B.theC.anD.a3()1-Wouldyouliketea?-No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo.A.any,bottlesoforangeB.some,bottl

20、esoforangeC.many,bottlesoforangesD.few,bottleoforanges()2Heishungry.Givehimtoeat.A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreadC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()3Itreallytookhim:todrawthenicehorse.A.sometimesB.hourC.longtimeD.sometime()4Iwouldliketohave.A.twoglassesofmilkB.twoglassofmilkIC.twoglassesofmilksD.two

21、glassofmilks()5Canyougiveme?A.ateaB.somecupofteaC.acupteaD.acupoftea()6Pleasegivemepaper.A.oneB.apieceC.aD.apieceof()7Johnboughtforhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoeC.twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes4()1-Howmanyhaveyougotonyourfarm?-I'vegotfive.A.sheepsB.sheepC.pigD.chicken()2Somecam

22、etoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies()3.Agroupofwillvisitthemuseumtomorrow.A.HungarianB.AustralianC.JapaneseD.American5()1Thistableismadeof.A.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass()2-Whatwouldyouliketohaveforlunch,sir?-I'dlike.!A.chickenB.achickenC.chickensD.thechi

23、cken()3Childrenshouldmakeforoldpeopleinabus.A.roomB.aroomC.roomsD.theroom6()1Tablesaremadeof.A.woodB.somewoodsC.woodenD.woods()2Iwonderwhyaresointerestedinaction(武才T片)films.學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載A.peopleB.peoplesC.thepeopleD.thepeoples()3Ihavereadoftheyoungwriter.A.worksB.workC.thisworksD.theworks7()1Let'sme

24、etat7:30outsidethegateof?A.thePeople'sParkB.thePeoples'ParkC.thePeopleParkD.People'sPark()2Chinesepeoplearehardworkingpeople.A./;aB.We;theC.The;theD.The;a()3Howmanywerethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?A.policemanB.policesC.policeD.peoples8()1Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller.A.

25、setB.oneC.pieceD.pair()2LastweekIboughtaTV.A.pair.B.setC.pieceD.block()3Thereisaofwoodleftontheground.A.cupB.piece,C.boxD.pair9()1Therearesixty-seveninourschool.A.women'steacherB.womenteachersC.womanteachersD.womenteacher()2Therearefiveinourfactory.A.womandriverB,womendriverC.womandriversD.women

26、drivers10()1TheywritemostoftheirinEnglish.A.businessletterB.businesslettersC.businessesD.businessesletters()2Wecametoaatlast.andwentin.A.watchshopB.watchesshop,'C.watchingshopD.watchsshop()3Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.It'sa.A.foodshopB.bookshopC.fruitshopD.vegetableshop()4S

27、hebrokeawhileshewaswashingup.A.glassofwineB.glassforwineC.glasswineD.wineglass()5I'veforgottenbothofthe.A.roomnumbers.B.roomsnumberC.roomsnumbersD.roomnumber11.1.September10thisinChina.A.Teacher'sDayB.Teachers'DayC.TeacherDayD.TeachersDay()2-Isthebroomunderdesk?-No,it'sunder.A.thetea

28、cher's;myB.teacher's;mineC.teacher's;meD.theteacher's;mine()3Excuseme,whereisthe?A.men'sroomB.mens'roomC.men'sroomsD.menrooms學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載12()1Thefootballunderthebedis.A.LilyandLucyB.Lily'sandLucy'sC.Lily'sandLucyD.LilyandLucy's()2Thisismydictionary.A.sisterMa

29、ryB.sister'sC.sister,Mary'sD.sister'sMary's()3Hewenttoshoptobuyashirt.A.atailorB.thetailorC.atailorsD.thetailors'()4Joanis.A.Mary'sandJacksisterB.MaryandJack'ssisterC.MaryandJacksisterD.Mary'sandJack'ssister13()1Inafewtime,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.ye

30、arB.years'C.year'sD.years()2It'saboutwalkfrommyhouse.A.tenminuteB.tenminutes'C.tenminute'sD.tenminutes()3Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.It'sabout.A.thirtyminutes'swalkB.thirtyminute'swalkC.thirtyminutes'walkD.thirtyminuteswalk()4HalftelephonecallsaremadeinEnglish.

31、A.theworldB.worldC.theworld'sD.world's14()1facetothesouth.A.WindowsoftheroomB.ThewindowsoftheroomC.Theroom'swindowsD.Thewindowsinroom()2Pleasetaketwo.A.pictureoftheparkB.picturesoftheparkC.thepicturesofaparkD.pictureofapark()3Theworkersarerepairing.A.theroofofthehouseB.aroofofthehouseC.roofofthehouseD.thisroofofhouse15()1MissSmithisafriendof.A.Mary'smother'sB.Mary'smotherC.mother&