農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

1、農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管中英文對照外文翻譯文獻農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管中英文對照外文翻譯文獻（文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯）ImprovetheconceptoffinancialsupervisioninruralareasXunQianFarmersinChina'svastpopulation,hassomelarge-scaleproductionofthefarmers,butalsosurvival-orientedfarmers,hugedifferencesbetweenthefinancialneedsofruralfinanceintermediationmakescomplex,togeth

2、erwithagricultureitselfistheprofitlow,naturalandmarketriskshighriskdecisiontoweakagriculturalindustrycharacteristics,resultinginthecostofruralfinancialtransactionsisfarhigherthanthecity,alsodecidedtoorganizetheruralfinancialsystemintermsofoperationorinthemarkethasitsownspecialcharacteristics.20years

3、offinancialreform,financialdevelopmentwhiletheChinesecitymadeimpressiveachievements,buttheruralfinanceistheentirefinancialsystemisstilltheweakestlink.Insufficientsupplyofruralfinance,competitionisnotsufficient,farmersandagriculturalenterprisesingettingloansandotherissuesisalsoveryprominent,backwardr

4、uralfinancialsystemcannolongereffectivelysupportthedevelopmentofmodernagricultureorthetransformationoftraditionalagricultureandthebuildingofnewsocialistcountryside,whichtoimprovetheruralfinancialsupervisionnewtopic.China'sruralfinancialregulatoryproblems(A) theformationofChina'sfinancialregu

5、latorysystemhad"alinethreecommission"(People'sBank,theSecuritiesRegulatoryCommission,InsuranceRegulatoryCommissionandtheBankingRegulatoryCommission)financialregulatorystructure.BankThesestringentrequirements,differentmanagementanddiversificationofmonitoringhasitspositiverole,butitalsoh

6、adsomenegativeeffects.First,inefficientsupervision,supervisionofinternalconsumptionofhighcosts,limitedfinancialindustrybusinessdevelopmentandinnovationspace.Second,theregulatoryagencies,regulatorybodiesandtheinformationasymmetrybetweencentralbanks,banking,securities,andinsurancemechanismsofcoordinat

7、ionbetweenregulatorybodiesareAmericanJournalofAgriculturalEconomics,2009.2notperfect.Informationbetweencentralbanksandregulatoryagenciesisdifficulttoshare,isdifficulttocreateeffectivemonitoringforce.Basicallybetweenthevariousregulatorsintheirrespectivestateregulators,regulatorypoliciesandmeasurestoo

8、verlappingorconflictingphenomenahaveoccurred,unabletocopewithChina'scurrentruralfinancialmarketcomplexityanddiversityandsoon.Third,financialinstitutionshaveliquidityriskoroutofthemarketandsoon,maybeexcessivebecausethecentralbankassistance,financialinstitutionsandfinancialinstitutionsledtothepers

9、onincharge"capacityrisk"and"moralhazard",orforfinancialinstitutionsregulatoryarbitragepossibilities;addition,sincethelackofrecourse,mayadverselyaffectthefinancialstability.(B) ruralfinancialecologicalenvironmentisnotin-depthThecurrentfinancialenvironmentinruralcountybuildingstill

10、remainsinthelettertheuser,village,township,communitydevelopmentcreditlevel,"government-led,human-propelled,departmentalinteraction"andcreateamechanismforfinancialecologicalenvironmentinruralareaslack.Localgovernmentsandauthoritiestheimportanceoffinancialknowledgeoftheecologicalenvironmenti

11、snotdeep,implementationandfunctionsofindividuallocalprotectionismandheavy,thereisinterferencewiththefinancialsectorcreditandotherdailybusinesssituation.Ruralcreditsystemlag,lackofbadcreditpunishmentmechanism,ruralbusinessesandresidentsintheoverallcreditawarenessisnothigh,ruralfinancedevelopmentandex

12、pansionofsocialservicesandsocialprotectionoftheenvironmenthasnotyetformed.(C) China'sexistinglegalsystemoffinancialsupervisionandanumberofshortcomings,cannotguaranteethatfinancialregulationisreasonable,effective,standardizedimplementationFirst,regulatorylag,supportingregulationsareincomplete,the

13、contentistoorough,toosimple,thebanking,securitiesandinsurancesupervisionlawsandregulationsmoreold,agenerallackofquantitativescience.Supervisoryregulationsandstandards,regulatorymethodsandtechnicalmeansnotmeetregulatoryrequirementsinthemarket.Staffintheactualimplementation,noteasytograspthescale,mayo

14、foperation.Second,theChineseregulatorsandtheregulatedobjectsexistsomeinterest,andtheexistingregulations,lackofsupervisionandregulatoryenforcementaretoensurethatfinancialregulationcannotbejustandreasonable.Finally,China'sfinancialsupervisionisstilldifficulttoshakeofftheinertiaoftheexecutive-style

15、regulatoryimpact.(D) oftheRuralFinancingdriftingoutsidetheexistingfinancialregulatoryAccordingtoIFADstudy,Chinesefarmersfromtheinformalfinancialinstitutions,loansfromofficialcreditinstitutionsabout4times.Forfarmers,theimportanceofinformalfinancialmarketsovertheformalfinancialmarket.China'smainly

16、ruralfolkformoffinanceruralcreditcooperatives,Cooperation,privatelending,privatebanks,privatefunds,microfinance,etc.,ofwhichonlyruralcreditcooperativesandmicrofinanceinChina'sfinancialsupervisionundertherestofthefinancialformsthelackofappropriatesupervision.Thegenerallackofruralfinancialorganiza

17、tionsofcivilnorms,thereisabigrisk,China'sexistinglawsandregulationsonprivatefinancialinstitutionsinruralareasisoneof"isolation"policy,makingalotofmoneyfromthedarkintotheruralfinancialmarketandgreaterregulationoffinancialdifficulty,onruralfinancialsecurityisapotentialthreat.learnfromthe

18、developedcountries(A) improvecoordinationofruralfinancemechanismsforexternalsupervision1. TheUnitedStates"multiplecomposite"ofthecoordinationmechanism.U.S.financialcooperationsysteminruralareasbythefederalmid-termcreditbanks,cooperativebanks,federallandbanksandfederallandbanksystemcomposed

19、ofthreeCooperatives,theFarmCreditAdministration(NCUA)leadership,andwiththeCouncilundertheleadershipoftheprivatebanksinruralcommercialcredit,NationalRuralCreditBankpolicyoftheUnitedStatessharedthetaskofruralfinancialintermediation.Theorganizationalmodelisatypicalmulti-modehybridsystem,threesystemshav

20、eanindependentmanagementsystem,withcleartermsofreference.Toensurethehealthydevelopmentofruralfinancialinstitutions,commercialbanksintheUnitedStatesadoptedadifferentregulatorymodels,specificallysettinguparelativelysoundfinancialregulatorysysteminruralareas,includingregulators,industryself-regulationa

21、ssociations,financialintermediationandmutualinsurancegroupclearingcenter,thefourkindofindependentagenciesandtheirsubsidiarybodies,thefunctionsofdifferent,butsharethesameobjectivesasacommonruralcooperativefinancialinstitutionstoservetheregulatorysystem.2. Germany's"comprehensiveregulatorymod

22、el"ofcoordinationmechanisms.LowconcentrationoftheGermanbankingsystem,intheveryimportantpartsofthebank,therepresentativeofthefinancialmixedoperation.CommonwealthBankandtheFederalFinancialSupervisoryAuthoritythepowertoregulatethetwomainregulatorsofthebankingsectorthereisacleardivisionoflabor,buta

23、lsoclosecooperation.CommonwealthBankinGermany,ninestateshavebranchoffices,usingtheirownnetworkadvantagestotheFederalFinancialSupervisoryAuthorityisresponsiblefordailytransmissionofdatabanksfocusfortheFederalFinancialAuthoritytoprovideabetterbasisfortheexerciseofregulatoryfunctions,butitisnotdirectly

24、involvedintheregulationwork,norhastheadministrativepunishment.TheFederalFinancialSupervisoryAuthoritydidnothavebranchesinthestates,itisdifficulttocarryoutregularsupervision,needtocooperatewiththeCommonwealthBanktoperformitsregulatoryfunctions.Germany'smaincentralbanksandindustryrelyonthefederala

25、uditoftheregulatorysystemandriskpreventionandprotectionsystemtoensureruralfinanceinthespecificationonthebasisofcontinuousdevelopment.3. Japan's"complementeachother-type"coordinationmechanism.InJapan,thedualsupervisionoftheimplementationofruralfinance:first,theOfficeofGovernmentfinancia

26、lregulation,supervisionontheimplementationofvariousfinancialinstitutions,toachievetheoverallriskcontrol;Second,nationalandlocalForestryandFisheriesDepartmentwiththeOfficeofFinancialRegulationontheimplementationofruralfinancialinstitutionssupervision,includingtheMinistryofAgricultureconsistsofthebran

27、chonNorinchukinsupervision,ForestryandFisheriessetupinsixmajorareasofagriculturalareainCountyCouncilonjointsupervisionoftheletter,andall,RoadHouse,CountyFarmeroftheMinistryofAgriculturewithinitsjurisdictionAssociationforCooperativeFinanceSupervisionDepartment(B) theestablishmentofdepositinsuranceand

28、emergencyrescuesystemtoformathree-tiersafetynetDevelopedfinancialsystemgenerallyestablishedstrictinternalmanagementsystem,depositinsurancesystemandthesystemofthreeemergencysafetynet.Asasecond-classsafetynetofdepositinsurancesystemhasbeenverysatisfactory.Thefederalgovernmentonruralfinanceunifiedcompu

29、lsorydepositinsurance,thespecificbusinessoperationbytheFederalDepositInsuranceCorporation'sSavingsAssociationInsuranceFund,andtoassumesupervisionoftheinsuredfinancialinstitutions;theGermangovernmentontheimplementationofthevoluntarydepositofcreditco-insurance,notmandatoryinsurance,itsinsurancesec

30、toristheindustryorganization;Japan'screditco-nationalcompulsorydepositinsurance,theinsuranceagencyisajointventurebetweenGovernmentandthepeople,bytheGovernment,NorinchukinBank,JapanBank,CreditUnionandacoalitionofagriculturalwaterfisherycreditcooperativesIndustryInsuranceAgency.Asathird-classsafet

31、ynetforemergencyrescuesystem,specificmeasuresforimplementationindifferentcountries,bankdepositsforthebrinkofbankruptcy,insomecountriesdirectlybythecentralbanktoofferspeciallow-interestloans(suchastheU.S.andItaly),insomecountriesbythebankregulatoryauthoritiesandotherCommercialBankfortheestablishmento

32、fspecialinstitutionstofinancetherescue(suchasFranceandBelgium),anumberofcountriescameforwardbythedepositinsuranceagencytoprovidefunds(suchasJapan),morebyoneorafewlargebanksinsupportofofficialsupport.(C) ruralfinancewithintheindustryassociationstoplayaregulatoryrole1. U.S.RuralCooperativeFinanceAssoc

33、iationofself-management.IntheUnitedStates,variouscreditassociationsorco-financeuptoseveraldozen,includingalonghistory,nationallyrenownedfortheNationalAssociationofCredit(CUNA),aspecializedcreditservicesfortheFederalRegisterAssociation(NAFCU),therearealsospecialschoolcreditforcommunityservicecreditun

34、ionsandassociations(CCUC),etc.WhilethestatesalsohavetheirownCreditUnionAssociation.Thetradeassociationisoneofthemajorworktodevelopacodeofconduct,self-regulationmanagement.2. Germancreditcooperationandothercooperativesystemofindustryself-regulationofmutualintegration.GermancooperationintheNationalCre

35、ditUnion(BVR)isacooperativebankindustryself-regulatoryorganizations,grass-rootslocalcooperativebanks,cooperativebanksanddistrictcentralcooperativebanks,aswellasprofessionalco-financecompanies,cooperativecreditunionisamember.Germany11contributionsfromthevarioustypesofcooperativessetupjointlyorganized

36、aregionalcooperativeauditassociation,responsibleforannualauditofthespecializedagenciesofthevarioustypesofcooperatives,whicharealsocommontypesofcooperativesatthedistrictlevel,theindustrywatchdog,playsanimportantindustrysupervisoryrole.3. SetsupervisionandserviceinoneoftheJapaneseAgriculturalAssociati

37、on.Japanesegovernmentin1947promulgatedthe"AgriculturalCooperativeLaw,"agriculturalassociationprovidesservicesformembersofcooperativeorganizations,itsnotforprofit,adheretotheruralcommunitiesandmembersfortheservicecenters,institutionalsystembasedongrass-rootslevelaccordingtofacilitatefarmers

38、,establishedtheprinciplemanageable.Themainsourceoffundingistoabsorbtheruraldeposits,inprinciple,limitedtoservingasamemberofthefarmersandagriculturalgroups.Toensurefinancialsecuritycooperation,andhealthyrun,setuparuralcreditinsurance,temporarytransfersoffundsmutualaidsystemandcreditcooperativeorganiz

39、ations,andgovernmentco-fundeddepositinsurancesystem,agriculturaldisastercompensationsystemandtheagriculturalcreditguaranteesystemfortheinsurancesystemmeasures.improvethefinancialsupervisionoftheconceptofruralChina(A) improveandperfectthelegalsystemofruralfinancialregulation,supervisionaccordingtolaw

40、Financeasthecoreoftheeconomy,thecontinuedgrowthofruralfinanceismoreinneedoflegalregulationandasoundlegalenvironment,acceleratethedevelopmentofruralfinancelaws,nolegalbasistochangethesituation,hasbecomethestrongdemandofruralfinancialdevelopment.Sincethereformandopeningup,nooneforruralfinance,ruralfin

41、ancialregulationcanserveasabasisforlaw.Toachieveeffectivesupervision,theneedforadditionalprofessionallaws,regulations,andspecificregulatorymeasures,regulationsandimplementationdetails,soastoachievefromthegeneraladministrativesupervisiontoimprovethelegalsystem,effortstoestablishchangedthecreditsystem

42、,andultimatelycontrollaw.Whileinstrengtheningthelegalsystem,adopteffectivemeasurestostrengthentheintegrityofthewholecommunityeducationandstepuppublicitytoraiseawarenessofthegeneralfinancialandlegalresidents,toactivelysupporttheworkofthenationalcollectivefinance;educationofthepopulationaccordingtolen

43、ding,andactivelywiththeillegallendingpracticesfight,reallycreateasoundlegalbasis,thatthelawaccordingtothecreditenvironmentandlegalenvironment.(B) givefullplaytograssrootsgovernment,professionalregulatoryfunctionActivelycooperatewithlocalgovernmentsatalllevelsandsupportthefinancialregulatoryauthoriti

44、esinruralcreditmarketsmakeanimportantguaranteeforsupervision.Toactivelycoordinatelocalgovernmentandnon-basicleveltargetconsistency,toavoidtheexpenseofnationalinterestsandlocalinterestsoftheoccurrence.TheChinesegovernmentshouldestablishataxsystemisdifferentfromcommercialbanks,alowtaxortax-freepolicy,

45、bypolicybankstoprovidelow-interestorinterest-freeloansofruralfinance,ruralfinancetoincreasesubsidiesandassistance.Thoserelativelylargeamountofprivatecredit,shallbeapprovedbylocalauthoritiesjusttostrengthentheauditcheckstothelegitimaterightsandinterestsprotected.China'sruraleconomy,smallanddisper

46、sedoperations,hasnotbeenlarge-scaleestablishmentofagriculturalinsurance,incaseofforcemajeure,theruralfinancialsystemwillfacegreatrisk.Chinesefinancialinstitutionsintheinternalgovernancestructureandriskmanagementsystemhasbeeninitiallyestablished,thebasicexternalfinancialregulationinplaceofthecase,sho

47、uldrefertotheexperienceofdevelopedcountries,commercialbanksinthecountrytoestablishamandatorydepositinsurancesystemandtheemergencyrescuesystem,theformationofthreeprotectionnetwork.(C) strictlyruralfinancialinstitutions,"accessand"toimprovetheprofessionalstandardsoffinancialsupervisionFinanc

48、ialregulatorsshouldbeagoodloancompanies,postalsavingsbanks,ruralcreditunionfunds,villagebanksandothernew-typeruralfinancialinstitutions,marketaccess,ensurethatthenew-typeruralfinancialinstitutionsincorporategovernance,capitaladequacyratiotomeettherequirements.Kindinthecountryselectedthenewruralfinan

49、cialinstitutions,betterinternalcontrolsystem,modifiedtoaddarepresentativeofmanagementtoformthetemplatetohelpsetupruralfinancialinstitutions,coveringcredit,billing,savings,cash,securityandotherriskpointofinternalcontrolsystem.Establishsmallruralbanksandotherfinancialinstitutions,guidancesystem,thefin

50、ancialregulatorstoconductthetransitionofitsguidance,topromoteruralfinancialinstitutionstoasoundsystemofinternalcontrolassoonaspossible,improvemanagement,riskcontrolandmanagementmechanismsworkwell.(D) toplaytheroleofindustryself-regulatoryassociations,topromotethevitalityandforcetheformationofthebank

51、ingsectorChinawassetupinlate2005,ChinaBankingAssociationofRuralFinancialWorkingCommittee,thecurrenttoChinaBankingRegulatoryCommissionandtheprovincialgovernmentregulatoryframeworkbasedonanindustryself-regulatoryorganizationmore.PromotingtheDevelopment,promotinganddevelopingself-regulatoryfunctionsoft

52、radeassociations,forbuildingahealthybankingsysteminChinaissignificant.Associationtoplayafunctionalroletoguidetheestablishmentofliaisonmechanismsandmanagementofdailywork,andimprovingtheindustryconventionsandregulations,regulatorsshouldnotcontrolthose,whichwereneededintheworkofregulatorybodies,asfaras

53、possiblebytheassociationresponsibleforpromotingtheformationoftheenergyandbankingeffortstoachieveself-managementandtradeassociationnationalregulatoryauthoritiestomonitorthecombinationsystemofregulation.(E) tosafeguardthesecurityandfinancialsafetyregulationtochangesinboththecorecompetitivenessThenatur

54、eoffinancialregulationisintendedtoinnovationanddevelopmentofthefinancialindustrytocreateafavorableinternalandexternalenvironment,ratherthanconstrainedthedevelopmentandexpansionofruralfinance.Forthemonitoringandsupervision,donotspeaktheefficiencyofregulation,whichimpliesthegreatestrisk,willaffectthel

55、ong-termdevelopmentoftheruralfinancialsector.ConclusionInshort,improvingfinancialsupervisionintermsofitsbreadth,shouldbeanincludegovernmentregulation,industryself-regulation,financialinstitutions,internalcontrol,fourlevelsofsocialsupervisionsystem;itsdepth,itshouldbeinvolvedinriskprevention,effectiv

56、eaccess,legalnorms,theoperationsimpleandefficientaspectsofasystemsengineering.Onlybystrivingtoimprovethenewconceptoffinancialsupervision,theintroductionofnewmethodsoffinancialsupervisioninordertoreceivefinancialregulationexpectedresults.OnlyinthiswaycanbeestablishedconsistentwithChina'snationalc

57、onditions,butalsotoadapttomodernrequirementsofinternationalfinancialregulatorysysteminruralChina.發(fā)展中國農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管的思考XunQian農(nóng)民在中國人口眾多，有一些大型生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)民，但也自給自足的農(nóng)民，巨大的金融需求之間的差異使農(nóng)村金融需求很是復(fù)雜，連同農(nóng)業(yè)本身是利潤低、自然和市場風(fēng)險高的風(fēng)險決策農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)特性，軟弱的農(nóng)村金融交易的成本遠(yuǎn)高于城市，也決定組織農(nóng)村金融體系的運行或市場有其自身的特點。20年的金融改革，而中國金融發(fā)展了令人印象深刻的成就，但農(nóng)村金融體系是整個金融體系仍是最弱的一環(huán)。供應(yīng)不足，

58、農(nóng)村金融競爭依然不足，農(nóng)民和農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)貸款和其他的問題也很突出，落后的農(nóng)村金融體系，不能再對現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和改造傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)和社會主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)提供有效地支持，改善農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)督管理的新課題。中國農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管存在的問題（一）中國的金融監(jiān)管體系形成了“一行三會”（中國人民銀行、證券監(jiān)督管理委員會、保險監(jiān)督管理委員會和銀行監(jiān)督管理委員會）的金融監(jiān)管格局。這些嚴(yán)格要求的分業(yè)經(jīng)營和多元化監(jiān)管有它的積極作用，但同時也產(chǎn)生了一些負(fù)面影響。第一，效率低下的監(jiān)督、監(jiān)督的內(nèi)部消費金融行業(yè)的高成本，限制商業(yè)創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展空間。第二，監(jiān)管機構(gòu)和監(jiān)管機構(gòu)之間的信息不對稱，中央銀行、銀行、證券、保險監(jiān)管機構(gòu)之間的協(xié)調(diào)機制不是完美的

59、。中央銀行之間的不完全信息和監(jiān)管機構(gòu)共享困難，很難建立有效的監(jiān)控?；旧希O(jiān)管者在各自的國家部門、管制政策和措施或相互矛盾的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)發(fā)生重疊，無法面對當(dāng)前中國農(nóng)村金融市場的復(fù)雜性和多樣性等。第三,金融機構(gòu)的流動性風(fēng)險或退出市場等方面，可能會由于中央銀行救助過度，導(dǎo)致金融機構(gòu)和金融機構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)人的“能力風(fēng)險”和“道德風(fēng)險”，或為金融機構(gòu)提供監(jiān)管套利的可能性；另外，由于求助不足，可能會影響整個金融穩(wěn)定。（二）農(nóng)村金融生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)還不完善目前縣域農(nóng)村的金融生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)工作仍然停留于信用戶、村、鄉(xiāng)、信用社區(qū)建設(shè)層面上，“政府主導(dǎo)，人力助推，部門聯(lián)動”的金融生態(tài)環(huán)境創(chuàng)建機制在農(nóng)村地區(qū)缺失。地方政府和主管部門

60、對金融生態(tài)環(huán)境重要性的認(rèn)識程度不深，個別執(zhí)行和職能部門地方保護主義較重，還存在干擾金融部門信貸投放等日常業(yè)務(wù)的情況。農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)滯后，失信懲戒機制缺失，農(nóng)村企業(yè)和居民整體信用10意識不高，農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展壯大的社會服務(wù)和社會保護環(huán)境還未形成。（三）中國現(xiàn)有金融監(jiān)管的法律體系存在弊端，無法保證金融監(jiān)管合理、有效地實施第一，監(jiān)管法規(guī)滯后，配套法規(guī)不完善，內(nèi)容過粗、過于簡單，有關(guān)銀行、證券、保險業(yè)監(jiān)督法律、法規(guī)比較陳舊，普遍缺乏科學(xué)定量。監(jiān)管法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、監(jiān)管方式和技術(shù)手段不適應(yīng)市場監(jiān)管要求。工作人員在實際執(zhí)行中，不易把握尺度，可操作性不強。第二，中國監(jiān)管人員與被監(jiān)管對象之間有的存在著利益關(guān)系，而現(xiàn)行法規(guī)中，缺乏