簡析初高中英語語法與練習(xí)

1、語法專題專題一 冠詞 專題八 非謂語動(dòng)詞 專題十五 狀語從句專題二 名詞 專題九 動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語 專題十六 倒裝句和省略句專題三 代詞 專題十 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 專題十七 強(qiáng)調(diào)句專題四 數(shù)詞 專題十一 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài) 專題十八 虛擬語氣專題五 形容詞和副詞 專題十二 句子種類 專題十九 主謂一致專題六 介詞 專題十三 名詞性從句 專題二十 直接引語和間接專題七 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 專題十四 定語從句 專題一 冠詞I、重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析 冠詞是一種虛詞，放在名詞的前面，幫助說明名詞的含義 歷年高考試題對冠詞的考查涉及到冠詞的位置、不定冠詞、定冠詞、零冠詞及固定搭配中的冠詞等各個(gè)方面。下面我們以表格的形式對前四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行總

2、結(jié)，1. 冠詞的位置 考點(diǎn) 示例1suchwhatmanyratherquite + a (n)+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞quite a small house2howhoweversotooasthatthis十形容詞+a(u)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞so nice a girl3 bothallhalftwicedouble + the +名詞twice the size of the room4 half a (n）或a half + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞Half an houra half hour2.不定冠詞 考點(diǎn) 示例 1 表示泛指，與any同義 A square has four sides 2 表示

3、數(shù)量“一”，與one同義，但其數(shù)的概念不如one強(qiáng)烈 He will be back in a week 3 表示“相同的”，與the same同義 Birds of a feather flock together 4 表示“每一個(gè)”，與every，each，per同義 I visit my father once a month 5 表示“某一”，與a certain同義 A Mr Smith is waiting to see you 6 表示“像似的”，與one like同義 He is a Lei Feng in our class 7 用在某些物質(zhì)名詞前表示“一種、一陣、 一份、一

4、場”等 We had a heavy rain last night8 用在某些抽象名詞前，使其具體化 You are a great help to your mother3. 定冠詞考點(diǎn)示例 1特指上文提到過的、談話雙方都清楚的、受定語修飾的人或物 There l met a foreigner and the foreigner helped me a lot. / Do you know the man standing by the window?2用于單數(shù)名詞前，指一類事物The lion is a wild animal.3用于樂器名稱前the violin / the pian

5、o 4用于世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前the sun/ the earth/ the world 5與某些形容詞連用表示一類人the rich / the young / the aged 6在字?jǐn)?shù)詞和最高級前the first one to come to schoolthe best student in our class7在江河湖海、山脈群島、海峽海岸的地名中The Changjiang River / the West Lake / the English Channel8在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前、逢整十?dāng)?shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)前play (the) pianothe Brownsin

6、 the 1920s/9在表示國家的形容詞前，泛指該國的人民.the Chinese / the English 10用在一些習(xí)慣用語中in the morning / the day after tomorrow / the day before yesterday / the next year4. 零冠詞 考點(diǎn) 示例1專用名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前China, America, Grade One, Class Two2名詞前已有this, that, my, your, some, any 等Go down this street.3當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時(shí)We are student

7、s./ I like reading stories.4成對名詞連用時(shí) day after dayface to face5在球類、棋類、學(xué)科、語言、三餐名詞前play basketballplay chesslike physics. speak Englishat lunch6在季節(jié)、月份、某些含Day的節(jié)假日、星期等名詞前Autumn is the best season in Beijing.in MayNew Years DayOn Sunday7在某些習(xí)慣用語中的名詞前At noonby busby telephone/ in bed, in time / go to bed /

8、go to college5. 英語中含有冠詞的詞組辯析英語中有不少詞組，從形式看好象只有冠詞之差，而實(shí)際上卻是意義完全不同的新詞組。1. in front of 在（外）的前面 ; in the front of 在（內(nèi)）的前面 Theres a garden in front of the classroom. Theres a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 2. in charge of 掌管；負(fù)責(zé); in the charge of 在負(fù)責(zé)之下 An experienced worker is in charge of the pr

9、oject. The project is in the charge of an experienced worker. 3. at table 在用飯；吃飯時(shí); at the table 在桌旁 He seldom talks at table. They sat at the table, talking and laughing. 4. by day 白天；日間 ; by the day 按日計(jì) He works in an office by day. Cleaning women in big cities get paid by the day. 5. take place 發(fā)生

10、；舉行 ; take the place 代替；接替 When did this conversation take place? Electric train has now taken the place of steam trains in England. 6. in words 用言語 ; in a word 總之 Please express your thought in words. In a word, I dont trust you. 7. at times 有時(shí)；不時(shí) ; at a time 一次 I do feel a little nervous at times.

11、 Pass me the bricks two at a time. 8. little 少；不多的 ; a little 一些；一點(diǎn)點(diǎn) Hurry up, theres little time left. Dont hurry, you still have a little time. 9. few 很少；幾乎沒有的; a few 有些；幾個(gè) He is a man of few words. Only a few of the children can read. 10.a most interesting 非常有趣的 ; the most interesting 最有趣的（形容詞的最高

12、級） This is a most interesting story. This is the most interesting story of the three. 11.a doctor and nurse 一位醫(yī)生兼護(hù)士 ; a doctor and a nurse 一位醫(yī)生和一位護(hù)士 A doctor and nurse is standing there. A doctor and a nurse are standing there. 12.A number of 許多；好些 ; the number of （的）數(shù)目 A number of students are in t

13、he classroom. The number of students in the classroom is forty. II、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練（一）用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空，不需要的劃“”.1.-Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? -Sorry, wrong number. There isn't_ Mr. Smith here.2. I know you don't like _ music very much. But what do you think of _ music in the film we saw yesterday?3. - I

14、knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over _ keyboard. - You shouldn't put drinks near _ computer.4. Of all _ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father's advice was _ most important one.5. According to _World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in

15、all big cities to prevent _ spread of AIDS. 6. For him _ stage is just _ means of making a living. 7. I think it really _ honor for me to speak here. 8. This lab used to be in _ charge of Mr. Wang.9 I know there is _ Mr. Smith next door, who has gone on _ business.10 He devotes most of his time to _

16、 football. And I am sure he promises _ excellent footballer. 11 Dont lose heart. Please have _ second try.12 Those who are rich should help _ poor.13 When stealing the thief was caught by _ arm by a policeman.14 In some factories workers get paid by _ piece.15 It is a bad habit to go to work without

17、 _ breakfast.16 John is _ university student from _ European country.17 Teachers play _ active and important part in building up students character.18 _ Zhangs live on the second floor.19 Cotton is grown in _ north of China.20 It is known to us all that _ light travels faster than _ sound.21 A tower

18、 is seen in _ distance.22In case of fire please press _ red button.23 Shenzhen has _ population of more than 10 million.24_ days I spent with Catherine in Beijing were so wonderful.25A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in _ leg.26He loved writing and his first novel was _ great success when

19、it came out.27 My brother was born in _ spring of 1990.28 Mr. Smith is _ most learned scholar and you can turn to him for help.29 How sweetly she sings! I have never heard _ better voice.30 Beijing is _ second largest city in China.31 My trip to Tibet was really _ unforgettable experience.32 This wa

20、tch is _ 18th century watch, which has been passed down from my great grandpa.（二） 語法填空在括號中填入適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~There once was a king who offered 1 prize to 2 artist who would paint 3 best picture of peace. Many artist tried. The king looked at all 4 pictures. But there were only two he really liked, and he had to

21、 choose between them.One picture was of a calm lake. The lake was a perfect mirror for peaceful high mountains all around it. Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds. All who saw this picture thought it was 5 perfect picture of peace.The other picture had mountains, too. But these were rugg

22、ed and bare. Above was 6 angry sky, from which rain fell and in which lightning played. Down 7 side of the mountain tumbled(翻騰) a foaming(水泡) waterfall. This did not look peaceful at all.But when the king looked closely, he saw behind 8 waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bu

23、sh 9 mother bird had built her nest. There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird on her nest-in perfect peace.The king chose 10 second picture. 答案：I 1 a 2 /; the 3 the; a 4. the; the 5 the; the 6 the; a 7 an 8 the 9 a; / 10 /; an 11 a 12 the 13 the 14 the 15 the 16 a; a 17 an

24、 18 The 19 the 20 /; / 21 the 22the 23 a 24 The 25 the 26a 27the 28a 29a 30 the 31 an 32 anII 1 a 2 the 3 the 4. the 5 a 6 an 7 the 8 the 9 a 10. the專題二 名詞I、重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析名詞的高考命題導(dǎo)向名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能s。有些抽象名詞卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但意義與原來的不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)有兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個(gè)和單數(shù)含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內(nèi)容。詞語的固定搭

25、配及名詞作定語也是高考命題的注意點(diǎn)。一 名詞的分類及常見用法可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞teacher, student, piano功能集體名詞family, committee, people名詞在句中可做主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、同位語或狀語不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞wood, water, steel抽象名詞friendship, progress專有名詞John, Smith, Beijing名詞所有格一般由名詞右上方+s；以s結(jié)尾的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)只加“”表有生命的東西或時(shí)間,空間,距離,價(jià)格,重量等名詞的所有格如：Womens Day, an hours walk,students readin

26、g-room, todays paper 介詞of名詞無生命的東西的名詞所有格如：a map of China, the top of the mountain可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化1.一般詞后+sdays, boys, Americans2.s, x, sh, ch結(jié)尾+esbuses,dishes;(stomachs除外)3.輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i+esbabies, factories4.以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f/fe為v+esleaves,wives;(roofs,proofs,gulfs,beliefs,chiefs,staffs,safes除外)5.以o結(jié)尾，有生命+es，無生命+

27、sheroes,potatoes;pianos,radios(hippos, bamboos)除外6.數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)+s或 “s”in the 1930s/1930s不規(guī)則變化1改變詞中元音字母woman-women, goose-geeseman-men,foot-feet,tooth-teeth2形式復(fù)數(shù)，意義單數(shù)news,maths,politics, economics等3單復(fù)同形means,deer,sheep,fish,works(工廠),species, Chinese等4其它c(diǎn)hild-children, bacterium-bacteria,crisis-crises,ox-ox

28、en,phenomenon-phenomena等二 名詞其他需要注意的幾點(diǎn)：1 名詞的數(shù)1） 復(fù)合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則 有主體名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（lookers-on，passers-by等）和無主體名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（grown-ups，go-betweens等）。2） 集體名詞的數(shù) 有些集體名詞只能用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：cattle，police，people等。 注意：people意為“民族；種族”時(shí)有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 有些集體名詞只能用作單數(shù)。如：machinery，furniture，jewellery，mankind等。 有些集體名詞作為整體看待時(shí)，用作單數(shù)；指其中各個(gè)成員時(shí)，用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：class

29、family，couple，audience，government，public等。 The whole family are watching TV now全家人現(xiàn)在都在看電視。 His family is a big one他家是個(gè)大家族。3） 只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞 由兩部分構(gòu)成的名詞：glasses，trousers, shorts，scissors，gloves，scales，compasses等。 4） the +姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)，表全家人: the Blacks, the Wangs5） 具有雙重特性的名詞 (1)意義不同的可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞 a room房間一room空間 a chick

30、en雞一chicken雞肉 an experience經(jīng)歷一experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)an agreement協(xié)議一agreement同意 (2)單、復(fù)數(shù)意思不同的名詞 arm手臂一arms武器 brain腦一brains智力custom風(fēng)俗一customs海關(guān) force力量一forces軍隊(duì) regard注意,關(guān)心一regards問候 time時(shí)間一times時(shí)代 work工作一works作品,工廠manner態(tài)度一manners禮貌spirit精神一spirits心情,情緒 content內(nèi)容一contents目錄loss損失一losses損失物condition狀況一conditions

31、條件 expression表達(dá)一expressions短語feeling感覺一feelings感情wood木頭一woods樹林2 名詞的所有格1） 表示兩者或兩者以上共同所有，在最后一個(gè)詞的后面加s；表示各自擁有時(shí)，每個(gè)名詞后都要+s”。如Li and Mas room李和馬共有的房間; Lis and Mas rooms李和馬各自的房間2） 表某人家或店鋪，診所。如：Lis李家，the doctors診所；the barbers理發(fā)店3） 所有格除了用于有生命的物體外，也可以用于表示國家、城市等的名詞。如：China's prosperity中國的繁榮 the country'

32、;s plan國家計(jì)劃4） of所有格也可用于有生命的物體，用于名詞較長或名詞的定語較長時(shí)。如：a story of a famous doctor一個(gè)名醫(yī)的故事the son of the man you iust talked to剛剛和你說話的那個(gè)男人的兒子5） 雙重所有格 “of +名詞的s所有格或名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格。of后的賓語必須是人，而且是特指。如： an old friend of my uncle's我叔叔的一個(gè)老朋友 a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亞的一部戲劇 some houses of my grandfather

33、9;s我爺爺?shù)囊恍┓孔? 名詞作定語1） 一般用單數(shù)形式。如：country music鄉(xiāng)村音樂 shoe shops鞋店 traffic lights交通燈 注意：sports，customs，arms，clothes，sales, goods作定語時(shí)，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： sports meeting運(yùn)動(dòng)會 customs officiers海關(guān)官員 arms production武器生產(chǎn) 2） man和woman作定語時(shí)，與中心詞一起變。如：men doctors男醫(yī)生 women teachers女老師II、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練一、用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或所給詞的正確形式填空：1. There are fift

34、y-six _ (people) in China.2. We need much _ (room) for all the furniture.3. This kind of dress was popular in the _ (1980)4. _ (girl) students and _ (woman) teachers are in the majority in our school.5. There used to be a lot of milu _ (deer) in China.6. These are art _ (work) of the Tang Dynasty.7.

35、 _ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department.8. We can see many _ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference.9. I had my hair cut short at the _ (barber) nearby yesterday.10. On the whole, he was a _ (fail) in his life.11. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating h

36、abits and a _ of exercise .12. Now more and more people prefer to have a _ at home-a little dog, a cat or some other animals.13. My parents always let me have my own _ of living.14. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake.15. We all know that _ speak louder than words.答案： 1.

37、peoples2. room3. 1980s/1980s 4. Girl, women5. deer6 works7.Childrens 8. editors-in-chief9. barbers 10. failure11. lack12. pet 13. way14.victims 15. actions二 語法填空Charles Pink was a young 1 (Canada) who had a good house and he knew how to enjoy himself. Every Saturday, he went to the theatre and 2 (pa

38、rty). His car was one of the best in his city. He had lots of money and one day bought 3 plane. He learned to fly and flying became one of his main 4 (enjoy).One day about thirty 5 (yearly) ago, he set off in his small plane on a trip across 6 (Mexican). At first everything went well, but when he wa

39、s over the part of the country 7 engine of the little machine failed.Fortunately, Pink was flying at a good 8 (high) when the bad thing happened, and he had time to find a place to land. Below him he could see a number of 9 (field) which looked nice enough to land on, and he managed to bring his mac

40、hine down on one of 10 .答案：1. Canadian 2. parties 3. a 4. enjoyments 5. years 6. Mexico 7. the 8. height 9. fields 10. them三、完形填空閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從21-30各題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。Do some FL (Foreign Language) reading every day and try to finish one FL book at least every week. You are no doubt

41、21 with little spare time, and this may sound unrealistic. But if you read in the 22 described, it is perfectly possible. The key is to be honest with yourself about 23 you really enjoy: thrillers, women's magazines, newspapers-it really doesn't matter what you read as 24 as it genuinely int

42、erests you, because that is the only certain way to make yourself read. It is 25 to reach good speeds by practising on material that is difficult or dull. If you pursue this program for only few months, you should achieve a very marked increase in your reading 26 . What you do with your FL reading s

43、kill when you have developed it is to study for a further qualification. The 27 is that in order to develop the 28 , a great deal of practice on easy interesting materials is essential. If you can 29 this to yourself by developing your own reading skill by this method, your teaching will carry the c

44、ertainty that comes only from 30 .21. A. bored B. helpless C. free D. busy22. A. key B. problem C. way D. job23. A. which B. when C. whoD. what24. A. much B. good C. longD. well25. A. impossible B. possible C. necessaryD. easy26. A. efficiency B. effects C. methodD. capacity27. A. question B. point

45、C. ideaD. problem28. A. habit B. idea C. skill D. task29. A. realize B. tell C. improveD. prove30. A. work B. experience C. theoryD. doing21-30 DCDCA ABCDB專題三 代詞I、重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析 代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。代詞類別例 詞功 能人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, i

46、t, we, you, they只做主語賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them做及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their只做定語名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs做主語、賓語、表語反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves做賓語、同位語、表語指示代詞this, that, these, thos

47、e做主語、賓語、定語、表語相互代詞each other, one another做賓語疑問代詞who, whom, what, which, whose, etc.引出疑問句關(guān)系代詞that, who, whom, whose, etc.連接定語從句不定代詞some, any, no, either, neither, all, none, each, somebody, no one, everybody, etc.視情況而定，一般的可做定語、主語、賓語等下面舉例說明，其中疑問代詞見“句子種類”，關(guān)系代詞見“定語從句”。一 人稱代詞的用法1 作主語，用主格。作賓語用賓格。She teache

48、s us English.2 在句中作表語，常用賓格。Who is it? Its me. 但有時(shí)用主格。 If I were she, I wouldt go there. It was I who told him about it.二 物主代詞的用法1形容詞性物主代詞只作定語： This is our classroom. His father is an engineer.2名詞性物主代詞所作成分例句1作主語This is her coat. Mine is over there.2賓語Something has gone wrong with my bike. May I use y

49、ours ?3表語This book isnt mine; its Toms. 說明： 英語中必須有形容詞性物主代詞，而漢語中往往省略不譯。如： Jack took off his coat and went to bed. 杰克脫掉外套就上床睡覺了。 “of + 名詞性物主代詞”可用作定語。如： Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party. 我的一些朋友要出席我的生日晚宴。三 反身代詞所作成分例句1賓語動(dòng)賓Tom taught himself Chinese.介賓She loves me for myself, not for my

50、money.2表語She is not quite herself today. （be oneself: 身心自在）3同位語I myself can repair the bike. The table itself has only three legs.四 指示代詞的用法1.時(shí)空的差別 e.g. There is this seat here, near me, or there is that one in the fourth row. Which will you have, this or that？2. This 和 that 在行文敘述上的差別。E.g. I shall sa

51、y this to you: he is a poor man. He was ill. Thats why he didnt come.3.that 和 those 用于表比較的結(jié)構(gòu)。 The weather of Zhanjiang is better than that of my hometown. TV sets made in Nanjing are better than those made here.4. 打電話時(shí)this 表示我,that表示你.五 不定代詞的用法可數(shù)one, each, many, both, another, either, neither, (a) f

52、ew 不可數(shù)much, (a) little可數(shù)不可數(shù)none, any, other, all, some 復(fù)合不定代詞anyone, anybody, anything; someone, somebody, something; everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing 1none, no one, nothing 的用法區(qū)別1）none 既可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指概念，常用來回答how many /much 引導(dǎo)的疑問句；no one 只能指人，且只能是泛指概念，常用來回答who 引導(dǎo)的疑問句；nothing “什么也沒有”，否定一切，常用來回答what 引導(dǎo)的疑問句。如： How many people are there in the room now ? None. Who is in th