應用化學專業(yè)英語教案ppt課件

1、專業(yè)英語教案Teaching Plan on Specialized English Course for Applied Chemistry課程類型：化學系專業(yè)選修課Lesson Type: Specialized Course for Applied Chemistry Teaching Plan on Specialized English Course for Applied ChemistryPart 1 Physical PropertiesPart 2 Chemical EquationsPart 3 Chemical CalculationPart 4 Nomenclature

2、 Of Inorganic ChemicalsPart 5 Some Basic Chemical TheoriesPart6 TranslationPart7 A brief introduction to scientific writing in EnglishPart 1 Physical Properties物物 理理 性性 質質 disproportionation neutralization; hydrolysis exothermic reaction endothermic reaction reversible reaction forward reaction reve

3、rse reaction spontaneous reaction nonspontaneous reaction 1.反應名稱：化化 學學 方方 程程 式式Part 2 Chemical Equations2、反應條件 heat ; burn ignite/ignition electrolyze/electrolysis under/at ambient/room temperature under standard pressure with/in the prescence of catalyst 3、 讀 法 3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to

4、form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.N2+ 3H2 高溫高壓催化劑2NH3 1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.2 Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature

5、and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. Ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.3.3 Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia. At high temperature an

6、d pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place. Zinc treated with hydrochloric acid forms hydrogen and zinc chlorideZn +2HClZnCl2 + H23.4 Calcium carbonate when heated produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate is heated to yield calcium oxi

7、de and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when it is heated3.1 化 學 術 語 atomic mass/weight ； molecular weight amount (of substance)； mole number of moles ； molar mass molar volume ； concentration molarity ； excess agent limiting agent ； reactant product ；

8、yieldPart 3 Chemical Calculation化學計算化學計算 ）3.2 數(shù)學術語： 運算名稱 addition substraction mulplication division 動詞讀法add substract(ed)from multiply(ied)by divide(d)by 介詞讀法plus minus times over 運算結果 sum difference product quotient 0.001 o/zero point o o one 2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equa

9、l to less than greater than x2 x squared x3 x cubed x-10 x to the minus tenth power 100oc one hundred degrees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass, volume) （） round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braces基 本 形 狀 linear pyramidal 三角錐的 trigonal tetrahedral 正四面體的 square spherical 球形的 rectang

10、ular oval circle planarsteroscopic無機物質的命名Part 4 Nomenclature Of Inorganic Chemicals4.1 元素和單質的命名元素和單質的命名 “元素和“單質的英文意思都是“element”，有時為了區(qū)別，在強調“單質時可用“free element”。因此，單質的英文名稱與元素的英文名稱是一樣的。下面給出的既是元素的名稱，同時又是單質的名稱。S-block Element IA Hydrogen Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium IIA Beryllium Mag

11、nesium Calcium Strontium Barium RadiumIIIA boronAluminiumGalliumIndiumThallium IV A CarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLeadV A NitrogenPhosphorusArsenicAntimonyBismuthVIA OxygenSulfurSeleniumTelluriumPoloniumVIIA FluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatine0HeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadonP-block ElementCommon Trans

12、ition Elememt Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold4.2化合物的命名化合物的命名 化合物的命名順序都是根據(jù)化學式從左往右讀，這與中文讀法順序是相反的。表示原子個數(shù)時使用前綴：mono-di-tri- tetra-penta- hexa- hepta- octa-，nona-,deca-,但是在不會引起歧義時，這些前綴都盡可能被省去。1 化合物正電荷部分的讀法化合物正電荷部分的讀法 直呼其名，即讀其元素名稱。 如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: a

13、luminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后綴中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 對于有變價的金屬元素，除了可用前綴來表示以外，更多采用羅馬數(shù)字來表示金屬的氧化態(tài)，或用后綴-ous表示低價，-ic表示高價。 如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide 化合物負電荷部分的讀法：化合物負電荷

14、部分的讀法：.二元化合物. 非金屬氫化物 . 無氧酸. 含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子. 鹽4.2.1二元化合物 常見的二元化合物有鹵化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金屬氫化物等，命名時需要使用后綴-ide，如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide，sulfide，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; OH -的名稱也是用后綴-ide：hydroxide， 非金屬氫化物不用此后綴，而是將其看成其它二元化合物見4.）,非最低價的二元化合物還要加前綴， 如O22-: peroxide O2-: superox

15、ide舉例：NaF: sodium fluorideAlCl3: aluminium chloride Mg2N3: magnesium nitride Ag2S： silver sulfide CaC2: calcium carbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II) hydroxide 有些物質常用俗稱，如NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide4.2 非金屬氫化物 1)除了水和氨氣使用俗稱water，ammonia以外，其它的非金屬氫化物都用系統(tǒng)名稱，命名規(guī)則根據(jù)化學式的寫法不同而有所不同。對于鹵族和氧族氫化物，在化學式中寫在前面，因此將其看成另一元素的二元化

16、合物。 舉例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride 2) 對于其它族的非金屬氫化物，在化學式中寫在后面，可加后綴ane，氮族還可加-ine 舉例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: meth

17、ane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane4. 無氧酸命名規(guī)則：hydro-詞根-icacid 舉例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosufuric acidB Boron Bor- Boride Br Bromine Brom- BromideCl Chlorine Chlor- ChlorideF Fluorine Fluor- FluorideH Hydrogen Hydr- HydrideI Iodine Iod- IodideN Nitrogen Nitr- NitrideO Oxygen Ox- OxideP Phospho

18、rus Phosph- PhosphideS Sulfur Sulf- or sulfur- SulfideSymbol Element Stem Binary name endings 4. 含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子 化學專業(yè)英語用前后綴的不同組合顯示不同價態(tài)的含氧酸和含氧酸根陰離子，價態(tài)相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根陰離子具有相同的前綴，不同的后綴。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亞酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亞酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前綴還有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代舉例：HClO4 perchloric

19、 acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion4. 鹽正鹽：根據(jù)化學式從左往右分別讀出陽離子和陰離子

20、的名稱。正鹽：根據(jù)化學式從左往右分別讀出陽離子和陰離子的名稱。 如如FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate酸式鹽：同正鹽的讀法，酸根中的讀做酸式鹽：同正鹽的讀法，酸根中的讀做hydrogen，氫原子，氫原子的個數(shù)用前綴表示。的個數(shù)用前綴表示。如如NaHCO3: sodium hydrogencarbonate 或或 sodium bicarbonate NaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate復鹽：同正鹽的讀法，并且陽離子按英文名稱的第復鹽：同正鹽的讀法，并且陽離子按英文名稱的第一個字母順序讀。一個字

21、母順序讀。如如 KNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonateN a N H 4 H P O 4 : a m m o n i u m s o d i u m hydrogenphosphate水合鹽：結晶水讀做水合鹽：結晶水讀做water或或hydrate如如AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或或aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4) 212H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water 有機物質的命名有機物質的命名烷烴的英文命名 1烷烴烷烴Alkanes ）

22、有機化合物的英文命名很不統(tǒng)一，有普通命名、有機化合物的英文命名很不統(tǒng)一，有普通命名、衍生命名、系統(tǒng)命名及衍生命名、系統(tǒng)命名及CA系統(tǒng)命名等。系統(tǒng)命名等。CH4 甲烷 methaneC2H6 乙烷 ethaneC3H8 丙烷 propaneC4H10 丁烷 butaneC5H12 戊烷pentaneC6H14 己烷 hexaneC7H16 庚烷 heptaneC8H18 辛烷 octaneC9H20 壬烷 nonaneC10H22 癸烷 decaneC11H24 十一undecaneC12H26 十二烷dodecaneC18H28 十三烷tridecaneC14H30 十四烷tetradecan

23、eC15H32 十五烷pentadecaneC16H34 十六烷hexadecan烷烴的英文名稱字尾都有-ane 2 不飽和烴Unsaturated HydrocarbonCH3甲 基 methyl methylCH3CH2乙 基 ethyl ethylCH3CH2CH2正丙基n-propyl propyl異丙基isopropyl (1-methyl ethyl)CH3CH2CH2CH2 正丁基n-butyl butylCH3(CH2)3CH2 正戊基n-pentyl或n-amyl pentyl異戊基isopentyl或isoamyl (3-methyl butyl)新戊基neopentyl

24、(2,2-dimethyl propyl)烷基的名稱烷基的名稱 CH2=CH2 乙 烯 ethylene ethylene,CH3CH=CH2 丙 烯 propylene propene,1丁烯1-butylene 1-butene,(CH3)2C=CH2 異丁烯isobutylene propene, 2methylCH3CH2CH2CH=CH2 1戊烯1-amylene 1-pentene,異戊二烯isoprene 1,3butadiene,2-methyl-烯基alkenyl是將烯的字尾-ene 改為-enyl。烯類化合物的名稱烯類化合物的名稱烯基的名稱CH2=CH 乙烯基vinyl e

25、thenyl烯丙基allyl (2-propenyl)丙烯基propenyl (1-propenyl)2-丁烯基(2-butenyl)炔類化合物的名稱炔類化合物的名稱HCCH 乙炔 acetylene ; ethyne,CH3CCH 丙 炔 methyl acetylene ;propyne,2丁炔dimethyl acetylene;2-butyne,丙烯基乙炔propenyl acetylene;3-penten-1-yne,系統(tǒng)命名是以芳香環(huán)為母體，取代基根據(jù)環(huán)上的位置而定位，苯環(huán)上表示2個基團的相對位置普通命名常用鄰O,對P，間m表示 芳香烴芳香烴Aromatic Hydrocarbo

26、n Compounds苯 benzene,萘 naphthalene ,蒽 anthracene ,菲 phenanthrene ,甲苯 toluene; methyl- benzene鄰二甲苯o-xylene; 1,2-dimethyl-benzene對二甲苯p-xylene; 1,4-dimethyl-benzene間二甲苯m-xylene; 1,3-dimethyl-benzene苯乙烯styrenestyrene;ethenyl-benzxene鹵代烴鹵代烴Organic HalidesCH3Cl 氯甲烷methyl chloride; chloro-methaneCH2Cl2 二氯甲

27、烷methylene dichloride;dichloro-methaneCHCl3三氯甲烷氯仿） chloroform; trichloro- methaneCCl4 四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride; tetrachloro- methaneCH3CH2Br 溴乙烷ethyl bromide;brormo- ethane1,2二溴乙烷ethylene dibromide;1,2-dibromo- ethaneCH2=CHCl 氯乙烯vinyl chloride; chloro- ethyleneCH2=CH-CH2Cl 烯丙基氯allyl chloride;3-chlor

28、o-1-propene氯 苯 phenyl chloride; chloro-benzene二氯苯p-phenylene dichloridebenzene, 1,4-dichlorop-dichlorobenzene5 醇、酚、醚Alcohols, Phenols and EthersCH3OH 甲醇 methyl alcohol; carbinol methanol,C2H5OH 乙醇 ethyl alcohol; carbinol ethanol,CH3CH2CH2OH 正丙醇n-propyl alcohol;ethyl carbinol 1-propanol,異丙醇isopropyl

29、alcohol;dimethyl carbinol 2-propanol,CH2(CH2)3OH 正丁醇n-butyl alcohol; propyl carbinol 1-butanol,苯甲醇(芐醇) benzyl alcohol;phenylmethanol,醇的英文名稱醇的英文名稱 苯苯 酚酚 phenol, -萘酚萘酚-naphthol ;1-naphthalenol,-萘酚萘酚-naphthol ; 2-naphthalenol,對甲苯酚對甲苯酚p-cresol phenol, 雙酚雙酚A bisphenol A; 1-methylethylidene bis-phenol, 酚的

30、英文名稱酚的英文名稱CH3CH2OCH2CH3 乙乙 醚醚 diethyl ether或或ethyl ether, 1,1-oxybis-ethaneCH3OCH2CH2CH2CH3 甲丁醚甲丁醚n-butyl methyl ether, 1-methoxy-butane苯甲醚苯甲醚methyl phenyl ether或或methoxy-anisole 醚的英文名稱醚的英文名稱烷氧基的英文名稱烷氧基的英文名稱CH3O- 甲氧基甲氧基methoxy C2H5O- 乙氧基乙氧基ethoxyC3H7O- 丙氧基丙氧基propoxy 含氮有機化合物含氮有機化合物(Nitrogenous Organi

31、c Compounds)CH3NH2 甲甲 胺胺 methyl amine;methanamine,CH3NHC2H5 甲乙胺甲乙胺ethyl methyl amine; N-methyl-ethanamine醛和酮醛和酮Aldehydes and Ketones醛和酮醛和酮Aldehydes and KetonesCH2O 甲醛甲醛 formaldehyde,CH3CHO 乙醛乙醛 acetaldehyde,CH3CH2CHO 丙醛丙醛 propionaldehyde;propanal,CH3CH2CH2CHO 正丁醛正丁醛n-butyraldehyde;butanal,CH3(CH2)3C

32、HO 正戊醛正戊醛n-valeraldehyde;pentanal,-甲基丁醛甲基丁醛-methyl butyraldehyde;2-methyl- butanalCH2=CHCHO 丙烯醛丙烯醛acrolein 2-propenal,丙丙 酮酮 acetone; 2-propanone,acetone2-戊酮戊酮methyl propyl ketone 2-pentanone,環(huán)己酮環(huán)己酮cyclohexanone cyclohexanone,二苯酮二苯酮diphenyl ketone benzophenone methanone, diphenyl-羧酸和取代酸羧酸和取代酸Carboxyl

33、ic Acids and Substitute Carboxylic AcidsHCOOH 甲酸甲酸 formic acid,CH3COOH 乙酸乙酸 acetic acid,CH3CH2COOH 丙酸丙酸 propionic acid,CH3(CH2)2COOH 正丁酸正丁酸n-butyric acid;butanoic acid,CH3(CH2)3COOH 正戊酸正戊酸n-valeric acid;pentanoic acid,CH3(CH2)4COOH 正已酸正已酸n-caproic acid; hexanoic acid,乳乳 酸酸 lactic acid; 2-hydroxy-pro

34、panoic acidCH2=CHCOOH 丙烯酸丙烯酸acrylic acid;2-propenoic acid,草草 酸酸 oxalic acid; ethanedioic acid,丙二酸丙二酸malonic acid; propandioic acid,已二酸已二酸adipic acid; hexanedioic acid,順順-丁烯二酸丁烯二酸maleic acid; Z-2-butenedioic acid, 反反-丁烯二酸丁烯二酸fumaric acid; E-2-butenedioic acid, 苯甲酸苯甲酸benzoic acid; benzoic acid,Part6 T

35、ranslation(English-Chinese and Chinese-English)I.Important Role of Translation Translation is a rendering from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written orsaid in another language. As ameans of communication, translation play an important role in

36、human civilization. In the west, literary translation can traced back to300 BC, While in china, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from the Zhou Dynasty(1100BC).Hower, not until recent centuries,especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get u

37、nderway. In the past decadestranslation theories and activities have developed fast at home and abord. A morden society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasion. If a foreign language is generlly accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of empl

38、ooying this tool. A proper and dexterous translation helps to promote mutual understanding between pepoles of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas a misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion.Nature and Scope of Translation What is Translation?

39、 Some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather, a skill. Of these varied opinions, which one holds true for our purpose? If it refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, if it refers

40、to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like a n art, If it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or a skill. Translation covers a very broad range. In terms of languages ,it can be divided into two categories: from native languages i

41、nto foreign languages and vice versa; in terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation, written translation and machine translation; in terms of materials to be translated, there is translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels, poety drama, etc.,

42、translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc., in terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.Principles and Criteria of Translation The so-called principles and criteria of translation are act

43、ually the two sides of the samething. The former lays emphasis on the translator; while the latter on the reader or critic. Yan Fus “three-character guide”: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.Literal Translation and Free Translation The so-called literal translation, generally speaking, means

44、 “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”. Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convery the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or

45、figures of speech. 1. Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid 2. Little fish does not eat big fish3. What the tongue says, the neck pays for4. What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster5. A gift is the key to open the door closed agaist you. Translation Techniques Generally speaking, the b

46、asic translation techniques that merit our attention and that are to be applied in English-Chinese and Chinese-English translations include:(1)Diction(2)Amplification(3)Omission(4)Repetition(5)Conversion(6)Restructuring(7)Negation(8)Division科技英語的寫作科技論文中文寫作科技論文英文寫作科技論文的寫作明確所研究的方向設計實驗著手實驗撰寫論文科技論文的中文寫作

47、寫作步驟3結論2結果與討論1實驗部分引言作者及單位標題參考文獻摘要作者為幾個單位的，請在右上角用上標形式標出去，姓名間空一格，作者單位標至二級單位，單位間用分號隔開； 作者及單位例如注意項目、順序、英文大小寫、標點符號）例如注意項目、順序、英文大小寫、標點符號） 離體培養(yǎng)條件下半夏葉柄形成珠芽過程中內源激素的變化離體培養(yǎng)條件下半夏葉柄形成珠芽過程中內源激素的變化* 常常 莉莉1) 徐有明徐有明1) 薛建平薛建平2)*(1)華中農業(yè)大學園藝林學學院，武漢華中農業(yè)大學園藝林學學院，武漢 430070；2安徽省淮北煤炭師范學院生物系，淮北安徽省淮北煤炭師范學院生物系，淮北 235000)首頁面腳注示

48、例注意項目、順序及標點符號）首頁面腳注示例注意項目、順序及標點符號）*國家農業(yè)成果轉化基金國家農業(yè)成果轉化基金(05EFN213400124)和淮北市重點項目和淮北市重點項目(06125)資助資助*通訊作者通訊作者. : xuejp2000yahoo常莉常莉,女女,1981年生年生, 華中農業(yè)大學園藝林學學院碩士研究生華中農業(yè)大學園藝林學學院碩士研究生,武漢武漢 430070趙銘欽，男，趙銘欽，男，1964年生，副教授年生，副教授.工作單位工作單位: 河南農業(yè)大學農學院河南農業(yè)大學農學院,國家煙國家煙草栽培生理生化基地草栽培生理生化基地,鄭州鄭州 450002. :mqzhao999tom 中

49、文摘要為報道式摘要，包括簡要介紹研究目的、 資料、方法和結論，結果要求詳細 。摘要關鍵詞間用分號隔開，分號后空半格。 關鍵詞摘要示例摘要示例 為研究黃花蒿生長發(fā)育過程中青蒿素含量的動態(tài)變異特性，對黃花蒿生長發(fā)育過程中青蒿素含量的變化進行了研究，實驗闡明：黃花蒿下部葉中青蒿素含量明顯高于中、上部；黃花蒿上午采收樣青蒿素含量明顯高于下午；時間越長，青蒿素的含量越黃花蒿生長高；黃花蒿在整個的生長發(fā)育過程中，從營養(yǎng)生長末期到花蕾期，青蒿素含量有遞增趨勢，開花后青蒿素含量明顯下降。關鍵詞：黃花蒿；青蒿素；動態(tài)變異；含量摘要：為了探討不同穗型品種水稻的穗部性狀與產量和稻米品質的關系表示目的），以遼寧省近年

50、育成的水稻品種品系為試材（交待材料），（必要時介紹方法進行了品種類型間的比較研究。結果表明：根據(jù)水稻著粒密度可將試材分為散穗型、半散穗型、半緊穗型和緊穗型四種類型。各類型間稻谷產量差異顯著，其中半散穗型和半緊穗型品種產量較高。緊穗型品種的一次枝梗數(shù)、二次枝梗數(shù)和每穗空秕粒數(shù)都較多，成粒率較低。除了散穗型品種整精米率顯著高于半散穗型和半緊穗型品種外，散穗型、半散穗型和半緊穗型間其它品質性狀差異不顯著，三者品質明顯好于緊穗型品種。著粒密度與每穗成粒數(shù)、產量呈拋物線，與堿消值呈顯著負相關，與谷草比呈顯著正相關；產量與食味值呈顯著的正相關。在籽粒灌漿結實期，半散穗型和半緊穗型品種的單葉凈光合速率較高，

51、后期生產的干物質較多，谷草比較大明確介紹結果）。半緊穗型和半散穗型品種在產量較高，食味品質較好，選擇適宜著粒密度的材料，容易育出高產優(yōu)質品種得出結論）。 包括研究的重要意義、前人研究進展、研究切入點及擬解決的關鍵問題。 前言前言示例：【本研究的重要意義】穗型是株型的重要組成部分，是水稻的重前言示例：【本研究的重要意義】穗型是株型的重要組成部分，是水稻的重要形態(tài)特征之一，隨著水稻穗型由彎到直，穗型與稻米品質的協(xié)調關系已成為要形態(tài)特征之一，隨著水稻穗型由彎到直，穗型與稻米品質的協(xié)調關系已成為日益重要的研究內容日益重要的研究內容1-3?！厩叭搜芯窟M展】徐正進等?！厩叭搜芯窟M展】徐正進等4按頸穗彎曲角

52、度劃分按頸穗彎曲角度劃分為直立、半直立和彎曲為直立、半直立和彎曲3種穗型；周開達等種穗型；周開達等5按單穗重劃分為重穗型、中穗型按單穗重劃分為重穗型、中穗型和輕穗型；和輕穗型；Yamamoto6等按著粒密度劃分為緊穗型、半緊穗型、半散穗型和等按著粒密度劃分為緊穗型、半緊穗型、半散穗型和散穗型。徐正進等按穗型指數(shù)散穗型。徐正進等按穗型指數(shù)2（PTI劃分為上部優(yōu)勢型、中部優(yōu)勢型和下劃分為上部優(yōu)勢型、中部優(yōu)勢型和下部優(yōu)勢型。穗部性狀與結實率部優(yōu)勢型。穗部性狀與結實率7，與碾米品質，與碾米品質8 、物質積累與分配、物質積累與分配9，籽粒，籽粒灌漿特性灌漿特性10以及產量潛力以及產量潛力11關系密切?！?/p>

53、本研究切入點】近年來，隨著水稻關系密切?！颈狙芯壳腥朦c】近年來，隨著水稻品品種產量不斷提高和要求品質的改善，介于緊穗型和散穗型之間的中間類型有種產量不斷提高和要求品質的改善，介于緊穗型和散穗型之間的中間類型有增加的趨勢。【擬解決的關鍵問題】本文以遼寧省近年育成的水稻品種品系增加的趨勢?！緮M解決的關鍵問題】本文以遼寧省近年育成的水稻品種品系為材料，對以著粒密度為指標，對不同穗型品種的穗部性狀和稻米品質進行探為材料，對以著粒密度為指標，對不同穗型品種的穗部性狀和稻米品質進行探討。旨在探索穗型分類與指標，為水稻產量提高和品質的改良提供理論依據(jù)。討。旨在探索穗型分類與指標，為水稻產量提高和品質的改良提

54、供理論依據(jù)。 有機磷農藥作為高效殺蟲劑, 對蔬菜、稻米、瓜果生長作出了巨大貢獻,但是,這些農藥對水體和生態(tài)環(huán)境的污染也日益嚴重，這些污染影響了人類的生存,它對人畜毒性較大,近年來許多食物中毒事件都是由于有機磷等農藥殘留所引起的,農藥殘留嚴重威脅著人類健康。目前除了推廣使用低毒農藥外, 研究此類農藥的有效降解方法也有重要意義。近年來逐漸發(fā)展起來的光催化降解技術為這一問題的解決提供了良好的途徑1-2。 二氧化鈦(TiO2)光催化降解技術是近年來逐漸發(fā)展起來污染治理的技術之一。TiO2在環(huán)保方面的突出優(yōu)點就是活性高、穩(wěn)定性好、對人體無害、過量使用也不會引發(fā)污染問題，成為最受歡迎的一種光催化劑，被稱為

55、“綠色的污染治理技術3-4。TiO2及其改性物對農藥的催化作用在國內較少報道,尤其是稀土改性的TiO2對農藥降解的相關報道甚少,本文研究了鉺摻雜TiO2對甲胺磷的光催化降解的影響?？萍颊撐牡挠⑽膶懽鲗懽鞑襟E4.Conclusion3.Rusults and discussion2.Experimental section1.IntroductionAuthor and his workTitleRefferenceAbstractFigure captionsAcknowledgement Figures Tables Keep these in mind when you read What

56、 is the major question addressed in this paper? Is this question important and why? What are the approaches used in this paper, and whether they are adequate for the questions?What are the novel idea or using innovative approaches? What is the concept coming out of this paper? Do the results present

57、ed support this new concept?How to Read Scientific Papers?How to Read Scientific Papers?Titles Important/significant Unexpected/unusual Function Mechanisms Straight forward Rationale “remain unknown”; “To determine” Summary statement “Here we show” Body Dont go into details; dont use many special termsAbstractStudy on Dynamic Variance Character of Arteannuin Content in Artemisia annual1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008)2The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for the study and utilize of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources, Huaihu