高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)教案動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)教案專題六 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)【專題要點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)要點(diǎn)概述如下：1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示習(xí)慣性、個(gè)人能力、普遍真理；表示“已經(jīng)列入日程表”時(shí)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)；2.表示說(shuō)話人始料的事，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；3.進(jìn)行時(shí)與某些頻度副詞連用時(shí)，常帶有贊賞、厭煩等感情色彩；4.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般時(shí)表將來(lái)；5.will/be going to do/be about to do的用法區(qū)別；6固定句式中的時(shí)態(tài)搭配；7.用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義常見(jiàn)的幾種情況；8.was/were going to do以及had intended/hoped/expected/thought等可表

2、示本打算干某事，實(shí)際上未干成；9.固定句式中的時(shí)態(tài)：1）It/This is/was+the+序數(shù)詞+time+that-; It/This is/was+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+ -2）hardly/scarcely-when,no sooner-than結(jié)構(gòu)中when,than前的主句必須用過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)than,when所在的從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；3）It is(high)time that-(早)該-結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用過(guò)去時(shí)，是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的一種；4）It will be+一段時(shí)間+before+從句（從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)）It was+一段時(shí)間+before+從句（從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

3、一般用過(guò)去時(shí)）5）It is/has been+一段時(shí)間+since從句（從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）It was/had been+一段時(shí)間+since從句（從句用一般過(guò)去完成時(shí)）【考綱要求】時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)一直是熱點(diǎn)，也是廣大考生復(fù)習(xí)備考的難點(diǎn)。考綱要求考生應(yīng)該具備較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力，能在具體語(yǔ)境中恰當(dāng)、準(zhǔn)確地使用某一特定時(shí)態(tài)；熟練掌握常見(jiàn)的8種時(shí)態(tài)，弄清16種時(shí)態(tài)，同時(shí)還要熟練運(yùn)用特殊時(shí)態(tài)句式和用法以及不用被動(dòng)式但表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)?！窘谭ㄖ敢扛呖紝?duì)時(shí)態(tài)的考查非常靈活且難度較大，不易把握。大部分時(shí)態(tài)題答案的選擇取決于題干語(yǔ)境；但也有部分時(shí)態(tài)試題較易把握，其用法相對(duì)固定，常見(jiàn)于特定句式結(jié)構(gòu)中；還有部分

4、常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)用法特殊。綜觀近年來(lái)的高考單項(xiàng)填空題,動(dòng)詞成為考查的熱點(diǎn),在15個(gè)單項(xiàng)選擇中，考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的題一般不少于2道，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)常和語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行考查。教師在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)備考、答題中，要遵循如下思路： 這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在什么時(shí)間？題干句中可參照的時(shí)間信息有那些？ 這個(gè)動(dòng)作處于什么時(shí)態(tài)，是進(jìn)行中，還是已經(jīng)結(jié)束（完成）？限制或修飾這個(gè)動(dòng)作的狀語(yǔ)信息有哪些？ 這個(gè)動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)？只要全面細(xì)致地考慮了這些問(wèn)題的答案，試題的正確答案也就水落石出了?！局R(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)】 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) （一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常以動(dòng)詞原形表示，但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)

5、第三人稱形式。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要有以下幾種用法：1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的行為或狀態(tài)，常與usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 He always sleeps with the windows open.他總是開(kāi)著窗子睡覺(jué)。2、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard .他工作很努力3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理，也用在格言中。The sun rises in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方升起。4、在時(shí)間、條件、比較等狀語(yǔ)從句中表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作 在由when

6、, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但應(yīng)注意，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球賽將推遲5、表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，通常限于表示"運(yùn)動(dòng)"的動(dòng)詞，如：go, come, leav

7、e, start等。The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火車在上午10點(diǎn)發(fā)車（二）一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間連用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常和often, always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用1、表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。2、表

8、示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常與often，usually，seldom等表示頻度的副詞連用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在鄉(xiāng)村里，經(jīng)常去拜訪那里的朋友。3、在條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他們說(shuō)如果聽(tīng)到什么關(guān)于他的消息，就通知我們。4、表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣這一用法只適用于某些特定的句型，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的非真實(shí)、主觀意圖或愿望。

9、If only I had a better memory.要是我的記憶力好一點(diǎn)就好了。If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比賽就會(huì)延期舉行。（三）一般將來(lái)時(shí)1、一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般將來(lái)時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形"構(gòu)成。2、一般將來(lái)時(shí)的其他表達(dá)法（1）"be going to+動(dòng)詞原形"表將來(lái)這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算、計(jì)劃、決定要做的

10、事或肯定要發(fā)生的事。They are going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門(mén)口見(jiàn)面。還可表示說(shuō)話人根據(jù)已有的事實(shí)或跡象，認(rèn)為某事即將發(fā)生、肯定會(huì)發(fā)生或可能出現(xiàn)的情況。I think I'm going to die. 我想我要死了。(現(xiàn)在生命垂危) Look at the cloud. It's going to rain.瞧那烏云，天要下雨了。(烏云密布，使我斷定天要下雨) 這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示"肯定、預(yù)測(cè)，注定會(huì)"。在這種情況下可以和"think, hope, want, belive, like&q

11、uot;等表示靜態(tài)的動(dòng)詞連用。 He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他沒(méi)考及格，他一看試卷就知道考不及格。The voters aren't going to like him.選民們不會(huì)喜歡他的。"be about to+動(dòng)詞原形"表將來(lái)（2）"be about to+動(dòng)詞原形"表示打算或據(jù)安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它不與表示時(shí)間的副詞或其他時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。The English evening is about to start

12、.英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)即將開(kāi)始。（3）"be to+動(dòng)詞原形"表示約定的、計(jì)劃中的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)要求要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意見(jiàn)。There's to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻燈。You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10點(diǎn)你得交上試卷。（4）用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)來(lái)表示將來(lái)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，還有join

13、, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。When are you going back to your factory? 你什么時(shí)候回工廠？（5）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示根據(jù)規(guī)定預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生、安排或計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The

14、plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飛機(jī)上午8點(diǎn)起飛。When does the show begin?展覽什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始？（四）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞be（is/am/are）+ v-ing"構(gòu)成。它的用法如下：1、表示說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，它不涉及該動(dòng)作的發(fā)生和結(jié)果，譯成漢語(yǔ)"正在"，這一用法常和表示此刻的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。2、表示現(xiàn)階段但并非眼下正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作常與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用

15、，如these days , this week等。3、表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,表示某個(gè)按最近的計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或即將開(kāi)始或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用的這類詞go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，以區(qū)別此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要來(lái)看你。4、表達(dá)褒貶等感情色彩和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, cont

16、inuously等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行性。表達(dá)厭煩、憤怒、抱怨、贊揚(yáng)等情感。He is constantly leaving his things about.他時(shí)常亂丟東西。（表責(zé)怪）She is always changing her clothes.她老是換衣服。（表責(zé)怪）He is always working hard.他總是學(xué)習(xí)很用功。（表贊賞）They're forever quarrelling about something.他們老是為某件事?tīng)?zhēng)吵。(不滿)5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示

17、婉轉(zhuǎn)的語(yǔ)氣I'm wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚來(lái)一會(huì)兒。（五）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常由"助動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去時(shí)was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞"構(gòu)成。用法如下：1、表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在或過(guò)去某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)作發(fā)生的特定時(shí)間常用一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表明。注意：在含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，延續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如果表示兩個(gè)延續(xù)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻同時(shí)進(jìn)行，而不考慮動(dòng)作的先后長(zhǎng)短，則主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

18、。When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我進(jìn)屋的時(shí)候，她正坐在書(shū)桌前面。The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.學(xué)生們?cè)诳磿?shū)，而老師在批改他們的家庭作業(yè)。2、用來(lái)描寫(xiě)故事發(fā)生的背景 在口語(yǔ)或記敘文中，可以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的持續(xù)動(dòng)作作為背景，以此引出由一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的新動(dòng)作。It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavil

19、y. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一個(gè)漆黑的夜晚，狂風(fēng)大作，大雨傾盆，一位年輕的婦女突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上。3、代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她問(wèn)我他是否第二天就走4、表達(dá)褒貶等感情色彩過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等連用，表示說(shuō)話人的主觀感情，如贊揚(yáng)、不滿、厭煩等

20、。He was always trying out new ideas.他總是試驗(yàn)一些新的設(shè)想He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨這怨那5、wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的語(yǔ)氣-Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor? -打擾了,先生。你能幫我個(gè)忙嗎？ -Of course. What is it? -當(dāng)然。什么事？ -I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this for

21、m. -我一直在想你是否能告訴我怎樣填這張表 （六）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞have/has+過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)成?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法如下：1、表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)到說(shuō)話時(shí)剛剛完成或結(jié)束，通常使用不具有延續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞，arrive, become, begin, break等。這種用法可帶有迄今意義的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如up to now, so far, already, not.yet等。也可帶有包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。I have already posted the ph

22、otos.我已經(jīng)把照片寄出了2、表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也許還將繼續(xù)下去。這種用法通常用于具有延續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞，如live, stay, work等，并帶有表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)或迄今意義的時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如for, since等They have lived in Beijing since 2002.他們自從2002年以來(lái)就住在北京。注意：表示短暫的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能用于這種用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能說(shuō)：She has come to our school for 2 years.3、表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與oft

23、en, always 等連用He has been late for class every morning this week.這個(gè)星期他每天早晨都遲到。My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向騎車上班4、用于時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)要完成的動(dòng)作或一個(gè)動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)動(dòng)作。He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他會(huì)回來(lái)的。 5、用在"It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ that從句"

24、中在這種從句中，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞為is/will be時(shí)，that-從句的動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，that 可以省略。主句中的主語(yǔ)還可用this, this evening等; 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其他序數(shù)詞；time也可由其他名詞替代This is the first time I have been here.這是我第一次來(lái)這里。It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.這將是我第一次當(dāng)眾講話。6、 "It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名詞+從句&quo

25、t;結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要求用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) This is the best film I've ever seen.這是我所看過(guò)得最好的一部電影 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.這是他寫(xiě)得最好的一部小說(shuō)。7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示反問(wèn)的語(yǔ)氣（與when連用）或感情色彩- Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?庫(kù)珀是誰(shuí)呀？- Haven't you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你還沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他？我看見(jiàn)你和他在開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)

26、握手了。Now you've done it.你這下可闖禍了。When have I been treated like this?我什么時(shí)候吃這一套？8、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示完成的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，它可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。I have seen the film.我看過(guò)這部電影。（我了解這部電影的內(nèi)容

27、）I saw the film last week.我上星期看了這個(gè)電影。（只說(shuō)明上星期看了這個(gè)電影，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況）He has lived here since 1972.1972年以來(lái)他一直住在這里。（他現(xiàn)在還住在這里）He lived here in 1972.1972年他們住在這里。（不涉及到現(xiàn)在是否還住在這里）9、使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和明確表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)連用，但可以和下列不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如never, ever, always, y

28、et, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等She has already come.她已經(jīng)來(lái)了。I have met him before.我以前曾見(jiàn)過(guò)他。（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以和表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 (包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi))的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很熱。(說(shuō)話時(shí)仍是夏天)I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我寫(xiě)了兩封信。(說(shuō)話時(shí)仍是上午)

29、（3）表示短暫意義的動(dòng)詞，如open，go，come，die，leave，arrive，begin， return，stop等，不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如要表達(dá)"他離開(kāi)這兒已經(jīng)3年了"這一意思時(shí)，不能說(shuō)" He has left here for three years. "而要把其中的動(dòng)詞換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或用其他表達(dá)法。如上句可用下列方式表達(dá):He has been away from here for three years.He left here three years ago. It is three years since he left

30、 here. （4）have/has been to表示到過(guò)某個(gè)地方，而have/has gone to表示已經(jīng)去了某處。He has been to the Great Wall.他到過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。(現(xiàn)在他已不在長(zhǎng)城)He has gone to the Great Wall.他去長(zhǎng)城了。(現(xiàn)在他不在此地)（七）過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞had+過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)成。用法如下：1、過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)的時(shí)間是"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"。表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間可用by, before等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)，也可用when, before，

31、after，until等引導(dǎo)的從句或通過(guò)上下文表示。When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.當(dāng)我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。2、表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的這一時(shí)間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常和for, since構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)或引導(dǎo)的從句連用。3、用于表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件從句或as if從句中表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就會(huì)問(wèn)你這件事了。Had I known

32、that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要這本書(shū)，我會(huì)送來(lái)的。4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的后面，表示在這些動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告訴我，他已通過(guò)了考試。5、用在 "It was the first/second/thirdtime that"句型中，that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。This was the first time they

33、 had met in thirty-nine years. 這是39年里他們第一次見(jiàn)面。It was the first time we had spoken together. 這是我們第一次在一起說(shuō)話。6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的設(shè)想、意圖或希望等，含有某種惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本來(lái)昨天打算要去看你，但我來(lái)了個(gè)不速之客。7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用

34、結(jié)構(gòu)有"hardly, scarcely, barely when, no sooner than等副詞的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他剛睡下鈴就響了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他們剛剛離開(kāi)大樓，一顆炸彈就爆炸了。（八）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般由 "助動(dòng)詞would(第二、三人稱)/should(第一人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形"構(gòu)成。不論什么人稱，美國(guó)英語(yǔ)皆可用would。用法如下：1、表示對(duì)過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)而言將要

35、發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。I thought they would come to help me.我認(rèn)為他們會(huì)來(lái)幫我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他說(shuō)他要在車站等我們。2、表示過(guò)去的某種習(xí)慣行為He would sit for hours doing nothing.過(guò)去他常常坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.過(guò)去星期天他經(jīng)常來(lái)看望我們。3、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的其它表達(dá)法（1）was/were going to表示過(guò)去的打算和意圖He was going to

36、start work the following week.他打算下星期開(kāi)始工作。（打算）表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算和意圖He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚來(lái)，但下雨了。(沒(méi)實(shí)現(xiàn))I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想這部電影會(huì)很有趣的。（結(jié)果不是）（2）was/were to+動(dòng)詞原形這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常指過(guò)去的計(jì)劃安排或注定要發(fā)生的事情。如果計(jì)劃的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)，要用動(dòng)詞的完成式。At that time he did not know that quitting the job

37、 was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要發(fā)生的事情)那時(shí)他不知道辭職將會(huì)成為他生活的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他說(shuō)他打算上任。She said she was to have taken up the position.( 計(jì)劃但未能實(shí)現(xiàn)) 他說(shuō)他本打算上任。（3）was/were about to動(dòng)詞原形was/were about to動(dòng)詞原形，表示過(guò)去即將發(fā)生的事。The meeting was about to be held the followin

38、g day.會(huì)議打算第二天開(kāi)。（4）表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞 (如go，come，leave，start等)的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示按照過(guò)去的計(jì)劃安排將在過(guò)去將來(lái)發(fā)生的事情。I didn't know you were coming.我不知道你會(huì)來(lái)。（九）其他時(shí)態(tài)1、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞have/has been+ -ing形式"構(gòu)成。用法如下：（1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常和for，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。They have been living here for 10 years. 他們住在這里十年了。（2）

39、表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)候剛結(jié)束。I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大約一個(gè)小時(shí)了。(說(shuō)話時(shí)"等"的動(dòng)作剛結(jié)束)（3）表示重復(fù)（只斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，而非一直不停） We've been discussing the matter several times this year.我們今年已數(shù)次討論那件事。（4）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較A. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成，或者在過(guò)去曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往表示仍將繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。I have written an article.我

40、寫(xiě)了一篇文章。（已完成）I have been writing an article.我一直在寫(xiě)一篇文章。（還在寫(xiě)）B.當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示剛剛結(jié)束時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在不久以前持續(xù)進(jìn)行的情景，并帶有感色彩。Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in .現(xiàn)在房子打掃好了，我們可以往里搬東西了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)打掃完了的結(jié)果）-You look so tired. What have you been doing?你看起來(lái)很累，你干什么了？-I've been playing football.我

41、踢足球了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)不久前踢球的情景）2、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞shall/will+be+v-ing"構(gòu)成，用法如下:（1）表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與this time tomorrow, at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。I'll be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2點(diǎn)我將拜訪李教授。At this time tomorrow we'll be flying over the Atlantic. 明天此時(shí)我們正在飛越

42、大西洋的上空。（2）表示一種已經(jīng)決定或肯定的動(dòng)作或情況，或表示某動(dòng)作將在按計(jì)劃發(fā)生而未完成。 We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我們一會(huì)兒就要開(kāi)會(huì)。Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening? 今晚你會(huì)見(jiàn)王先生嗎？3、將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。將來(lái)完成時(shí)由"shall /will +have +v-ed"構(gòu)成。用法如下：（1）將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，通常與before或by連用。By the end of this month ,

43、 we'll have studied 10 units.到這月末，我們將學(xué)完10單元。（2）表示持續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)也可能將繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他們搬到這里時(shí)，我們已住在該市五年了。（3）表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)可能完成動(dòng)作的推測(cè) It is seven. He will have got up.現(xiàn)在7點(diǎn)，他可能已經(jīng)起床了4、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由&quo

44、t;助動(dòng)詞had+ been+ v-ing"構(gòu)成。（1）過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開(kāi)始并延續(xù)到過(guò)去這一時(shí)間。這一動(dòng)作可能己經(jīng)停止也可能還在進(jìn)行。She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告訴我她己經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)5年了。（仍繼續(xù)）She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告訴我她己經(jīng)等我一個(gè)鐘頭了。（不再繼續(xù)）（2）表示反復(fù)的動(dòng)作、企圖、情緒、最近的情況You had been giving me everything.你對(duì)我真

45、是有求必應(yīng)。（感激）I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究這首詩(shī)。（我還沒(méi)懂）二、動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)（一）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，也就是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，一般說(shuō)來(lái)只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)變化為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，由"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can, may must, have to等）+be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used t

46、o, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其構(gòu)成為"be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。（二）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的適用范圍1、當(dāng)我們不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。這時(shí)不用by短語(yǔ)。This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。2、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí) Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。3、出于策略、委婉、禮貌等不提出動(dòng)作

47、的執(zhí)行者You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說(shuō)你最近很活躍。常用于如下短語(yǔ)：It's not known that 不得而知 It's said that 據(jù)說(shuō)It's reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It's not decided that尚未決定It's believed that 據(jù)認(rèn)為 It's announced that據(jù)宣布（三）主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要遵循以下原則：主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)（如果是人稱代詞，賓格變?yōu)橹鞲瘢话阎鲃?dòng)句中的謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)；主動(dòng)句中的

48、主語(yǔ)變?yōu)閎y介詞短語(yǔ)（如果是人稱代，主格變?yōu)橘e格），有時(shí)介詞短語(yǔ)可省去。1、含有單個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句 在一般情況下，將主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)閎y的賓語(yǔ)，但是短語(yǔ)可以不要。Everyone likes the book. (active voice)大家都喜歡這本書(shū)。The book is liked by everyone. (passive voice)這本書(shū)受大家喜歡。2、含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟"賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)被稱作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。含復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)

49、變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留不動(dòng)，這時(shí)它就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。可以充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。（1）行為動(dòng)詞They advised her to take the medicine. (active voice)他們勸她吃這種藥。She was advised to take the medicine. (passive voice)她被勸告吃這種藥。（2）感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)在主動(dòng)句中，動(dòng)詞不定式做感官動(dòng)詞（see, watch, hear等）和使役動(dòng)詞（make ,have）的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，通常省去動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to。但改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

50、后，要把省略了to再加上。They made him go there alone. 他們讓他自己去那里。 He was made to go there alone. 他被迫自己去那里。注意：動(dòng)詞是let時(shí)，其被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式仍不帶to。They let John go. 他們讓約翰走。John was let go. 約翰不得不走。3、含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句直接賓語(yǔ)是名詞、代詞時(shí)有些動(dòng)詞（give, tell, buy等）在句中做謂語(yǔ)時(shí)可有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)），又稱雙賓語(yǔ)。含雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以將其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)保留不動(dòng)。一般是將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓

51、語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前應(yīng)加介詞to（有時(shí)可以省去）或for。She gave me the book. (active voice)她給了我這本書(shū)。I was given the book. (passive voice)有人送給我一本書(shū)The book was given to me. (passive voice)。這本書(shū)是別人送的。注意：被動(dòng)句中兩個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)對(duì)比時(shí)，其前的介詞to不可省略。This apple is given to me, not to you. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果是給我的，不是給你的。直接賓語(yǔ)是從句時(shí)如果直接賓語(yǔ)是從句時(shí)，一般只能構(gòu)成以

52、間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句。Someone told me where the accident had happened. （passive voice）有人告訴我事故是在何處發(fā)生的。I was told where the accident had happened. (passive voice)我被告知事故在何處發(fā)生。4、帶賓語(yǔ)從句的主動(dòng)句換為被動(dòng)句（1）帶賓語(yǔ)從句的主動(dòng)句換為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式主語(yǔ)。We believed that he was ill. 我們相信他病了。It was believed that he was ill. 都相信他病了。（2）帶賓語(yǔ)從句的

53、主動(dòng)句換為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可以改為不定式結(jié)構(gòu) He said the play was very interesting. 他說(shuō)這臺(tái)戲劇很有趣。 The play was said to be very interesting. 據(jù)說(shuō)這臺(tái)戲劇很有趣。5、帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be going to的主動(dòng)句換為被動(dòng)句如果主動(dòng)句帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to )等，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be going to等不變，只是后面的主動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。He is going to give me a book. 他打算給我一本書(shū)。I

54、am going to be given a book. 有人打算給我一本書(shū)。We must take measures to stop pollution. 我們必須采取措施制止污染。Measures must be taken to stop pollution. 必須采取措施制止污染。（三）被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)是由be的不同時(shí)態(tài)+及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式來(lái)構(gòu)成的1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是由"be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（am/is/are）+及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。Football is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球。2

55、、一般過(guò)去式一般過(guò)去式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是由"be的一般過(guò)去式（was/were）+及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式" 構(gòu)成。The building was built in 1559. 這座建筑是1559年建成的。3、一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是由"be的一般將來(lái)時(shí)（shall/will be）+及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式" 構(gòu)成。More factories will be built in my hometown. 我們家鄉(xiāng)會(huì)建更多的工廠。4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是由"be的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（am/is/are being）+及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式&q

56、uot; 構(gòu)成。The life of the milu is being studied at present. 目前人們正在研究麋鹿的生活習(xí)慣。5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由"be的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（has/have been）+及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式" 構(gòu)成。All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start. 任務(wù)的準(zhǔn)備工作業(yè)已完成，我么們準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)始。6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由"be的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（was/were being）+及

57、物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式" 構(gòu)成。 When I got there a new road was being built by them. 我到那里時(shí)，他們正在建一條新路。7、過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由"be的過(guò)去完成時(shí)（had been）+及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式" 構(gòu)成。 He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year. 他問(wèn)我到那年我學(xué)了多少英語(yǔ)單詞。8、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be going to 的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是由"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be going to(

58、be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式" 構(gòu)成。This bike can be mended in two hours. 兩個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)可修好該自行車。They have to be given a lot of money. 必須給他們很多錢(qián)。9、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 通常只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分隔的整體，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可去掉構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的介詞或副詞。Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生了嗎?Has the doc

59、tor been sent for?派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生了嗎?注意：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為"不及物動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞"構(gòu)成的及物的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常把它看成一個(gè)整體。但也可將這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞本身的名詞用作主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，尤其是在名詞前有定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)。Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill. 必須仔細(xì)照料這些孩子，尤其是在他們生病時(shí)。You should pay more attention to your pronunciation. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)注意你的發(fā)音。More attention should be paid