Unit6獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1、王王 朋朋Nov. 22nd, 2013Nov. 22nd, 2013Fall in love at first sightFall in love at first sightBlind dateBlind dateDate Date Propose Propose Engage Engage Marry Marry 一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法1 1、不定式、不定式2 2、現(xiàn)在分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞3 3、過去分詞、過去分詞四、使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項四、使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項五、獨立主格

2、結(jié)構(gòu)練習(xí)題五、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)練習(xí)題獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語），加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點：1. 1. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2.2. 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。3.3. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。獨立主格獨立主格類型類型1 1：名詞（代詞）：名詞（代詞）+ +現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞The question The question being settled, we went home. , we went hom

3、e. 問題解決之后，我們就回家了。問題解決之后，我們就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. . 明天假設(shè)天氣好，我們就進(jìn)行比賽。明天假設(shè)天氣好，我們就進(jìn)行比賽。The monitor The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. , wed better put the meeting off. 班長病了，我們最好還是延期開會吧。班長病了，我們最好還是延期開會吧。獨立主格

4、獨立主格類型類型2 2：名詞（代詞）：名詞（代詞）+ +過去分詞過去分詞The job The job finished, we went home. , we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。The last bus The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. , we had to walk home. 最后一班公車已經(jīng)走了，我們必須走路回家。最后一班公車已經(jīng)走了，我們必須走路回家。獨立主格獨立主格類型類型3 3：名詞（代詞）：名詞（代詞）+ +不定式不定式Nobody Nobody to come t

5、omorrow, we will have to put off the we will have to put off the meeting till next week. meeting till next week. 如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。 So many people So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。獨立主格獨立主格類型類型4 4：名

6、詞（代詞）：名詞（代詞）+ +介詞短語介詞短語A girl came in, book A girl came in, book in hand. . 一個少女進(jìn)來了，手里拿著書。一個少女進(jìn)來了，手里拿著書。He was waiting, his eyes He was waiting, his eyes on her back. . 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。獨立主格獨立主格類型類型5 5：名詞（代詞）：名詞（代詞）+ +形容詞或副詞形容詞或副詞He sat in the front row, his mouth He sat in the front row,

7、 his mouth half open. . 他坐在前排，嘴半開著。他坐在前排，嘴半開著。She sat at the table, collar She sat at the table, collar off, head , head down. .她坐在桌前，衣領(lǐng)解掉，頭低下來。她坐在桌前，衣領(lǐng)解掉，頭低下來。獨立主格獨立主格類型類型6 6：There being +There being +名詞（代詞）名詞（代詞）There being nothing else to do, we went home. nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可

8、做，我們就回家了。沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。獨立主格獨立主格類型類型7 7：It being +It being +名詞（代詞）名詞（代詞）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. Christmas, the government

9、offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。WITH WITH 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Dont sleep Dont sleep with the windows open. . 別開著窗睡覺。別開著窗睡覺。He stood before his teacher He stood before his t

10、eacher with his head down. . 他低著頭站在老師面前。他低著頭站在老師面前。She came in She came in with a book in her hand. . 她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。He fell asleep He fell asleep with the lamp burning. . 他沒熄燈就睡著了。他沒熄燈就睡著了。He sat there He sat there with his eyes closed. . 他閉目坐在那兒。他閉目坐在那兒。I cant go out I cant go out with

11、all these clothes to wash. . 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴主要表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句或并列句。1. 1. 用作時間狀語用作時間狀語The work The work done (=After the work had been done), we went (=After the work had been done), we went home. home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。工作完成后，我們就回家了。2. 2

12、. 用作條件狀語用作條件狀語Weather Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。3. 3. 用作原因狀語用作原因狀語An important lecture An important lecture to be g

13、iven tomorrow (=As an important (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. late into the night. 因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 4. 用作伴隨狀語用作伴隨狀語He was lying o

14、n the grass, his hands He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。5. 5. 表示補(bǔ)充說明表示補(bǔ)充說明A hunter came in, his face A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his

15、 face was red (=and his face was red with cold). with cold). 一個獵人走了進(jìn)來，他的臉凍得通紅。一個獵人走了進(jìn)來，他的臉凍得通紅。注：注：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時間、條件或原因時，相當(dāng)于一個狀語表示時間、條件或原因時，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時，相當(dāng)于一個并列句，通常放于句末。或補(bǔ)充說明時，相當(dāng)于一個并列句，通常放于句末。1. 1. 名詞或代詞名詞或代詞+ +不定式不定式其中的不定式通常表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動作。如：

16、其中的不定式通常表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動作。如：Nobody Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the , we will have to put off the meeting till next week. meeting till next week. 如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。 So many people So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. , he is sure to succeed. 有如

17、此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。2. 2. 名詞或代詞名詞或代詞+ +現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞其中的其中的現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動作正在進(jìn)行（或當(dāng)時正在進(jìn)行）。通常表示動作正在進(jìn)行（或當(dāng)時正在進(jìn)行）。She ran up to me, her hair She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. . 她向我跑來，秀發(fā)在風(fēng)中飄揚著。她向我跑來，秀發(fā)在風(fēng)中飄揚著。注：有時現(xiàn)在分詞不表示進(jìn)行，而表示一般情況。如：注：有時現(xiàn)在分詞不表示進(jìn)行，而表示一般情況。如：Their room was on the third f

18、loor, its window Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. . 他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶俯視著操場。他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶俯視著操場。3. 3. 名詞或代詞名詞或代詞+ +過去分詞過去分詞其中的過去分詞通常表示被動意義。如：其中的過去分詞通常表示被動意義。如：This This done, they next set to clean the room. , they next set to clean the room. 做完這件事之后，他們接下來就開始清理房

19、間。做完這件事之后，他們接下來就開始清理房間。She gazed, her hands She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. . 她凝視著，雙手叉在胸前。她凝視著，雙手叉在胸前。在通常情況下，在通常情況下，分詞作狀語時它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語一致，若不一致，則應(yīng)改用其他句型。如：若不一致，則應(yīng)改用其他句型。如：誤：誤：Crossing the road, the road, a car knocked him down. knocked him down. 正：正：Crossing the road, the road, he was knoc

20、ked down by a car. was knocked down by a car. 過馬路時他被車撞倒了。過馬路時他被車撞倒了。正：正：When he was crossing the road, was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. knocked him down. 他過馬路時車子把他撞倒了。他過馬路時車子把他撞倒了。解決狀語解決狀語分詞的邏輯主語分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的問題，也可在分與句子主語不一致的問題，也可在分詞前加一個名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語。由于加在詞前加一個名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語。由于

21、加在分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，故稱分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，故稱分詞的獨立主格分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)。如：如：The job The job finished, we went home. , we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。The weather The weather being fine, we went swimming. , we went swimming. 天氣很好，我們就去游泳了。天氣很好，我們就去游泳了。1. 1. 獨立主格與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換獨立主格與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用當(dāng)狀語

22、從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class After class was over (=Class being over / Class / Class over), the ), the students soon left the classroom.students soon left the classroom.下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了教室。下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了教室。2. 2. 不能省略不能省略being (having been)b

23、eing (having been)的情形的情形在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的beingbeing（或（或having beenhaving been）不能省略：不能省略：(1) (1) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church. we went to church.因為是星期天，我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。因為是星期天，我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。(2) (2) 在在There beingThere being名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There being no bu

24、s, we had to go home on foot. we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。3. 3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語名詞（或代詞）介詞短語”構(gòu)成的構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. .史密斯先生走

25、進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書。史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書。比較比較withwith的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Miss Smith entered the classroom, Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. .4. 4. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。主編來了，我們開始開會。比較動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：比較動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：The

26、 chief-editors arriving made us very surprised. made us very surprised.5. 5. 獨立主格的時態(tài)問題獨立主格的時態(tài)問題獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如：發(fā)生在謂語之前。如：The listeners The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。1

27、 All things_, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. consideringB. be considered C. consideredD. having considered 2 The speech_, a lively discussion started. A. to be delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered 3 All examination paper_, the teacher let the students

28、leave. A. handing in B. having handed in C. to be handed in D. having been handed in 4 _, he slipped through the window. A. With anyone noticing B. With anyone noticed C. Without anyone noticing D. Without nobody noticed 5 The question_finally, we went home. A. to be settledB. settling C. having set

29、tled D. settled 6 _, they made their way through the street. A. He guided B. With his guiding C. He is guiding D. He had guided 7 _, the rivers were open and navigable. A. Being summer B. Been summer C. To be summer D. It was summer 8 The meeting_over, the representatives went to visit the farm. A.

30、bee B. being C. is D. to be 9 Her children_far away from her, the old lady feels lonely sometimes. A. to liveB. living C. livedD. having lived 10 I cant do my homework with all this noise_. A. is going onB. to go on C. gone onD. going on 11 We redoubled our efforts, each man_like two. A. workedB. be

31、en working C. workingD. to be worked 12 With John_theres more room in the house. A. to be awayB. been away C. awayD. was away 13 The temperature_, the chemical reaction is being speeded up. A. raisedB. being risen C. risingD. raising 14 The country is faced with great problems, starvation_the top of

32、 them. A. has beenB. is C. beingD. is being 1 5 T h e s o l d i e r s j u m p e d i n t o t h e river_past their ears. A. with bullets whistling B. with bullets whistled C. with bullets to whistle D. with bullets being whistling1. He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age. his dusty face masking his age2. Mary heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast. her heart beating fast3. The old beggar sat at the corner. Tears welled up in his eyes. tears welling up in his eyes4. Tom continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in fro