完整版胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程筆記重點(diǎn)

1、語言學(xué)教程重難點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)提示第一章語言的性質(zhì)語言的定義：語言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多產(chǎn)性、移位、文化傳遞和互換性）；語言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、詢問、表達(dá)主觀感情、喚起對方的感情和言語行為）；語言的起源（神授說，人造說，進(jìn)化說）等。第二章語言學(xué)語言學(xué)定義；研究語言的四大原則（窮盡、一致、簡潔、客觀）；語言學(xué)的基本概念（口語與書面語、共時與歷時、語言與言學(xué)、語言能力與言行運(yùn)用、語言潛勢與語言行為）；普通語言學(xué)的分支（語音、音位、語法、句法、語義）；語言學(xué)的應(yīng)用（語言學(xué)與語言教學(xué)、語言與社會、語言與文字、語言與心理學(xué)、人類語言學(xué)、神經(jīng)語言學(xué)、數(shù)理語言學(xué)、計(jì)算語言學(xué)）等。第三章語音學(xué)發(fā)音器官

2、的英文名稱；英語輔音的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法；語音學(xué)的定義；發(fā)音語音學(xué)；聽覺語音學(xué)；聲學(xué)語音學(xué)；元音及輔音的分類；嚴(yán)式與寬式標(biāo)音等。第四章音位學(xué)音位理論；最小對立體；自由變異；互補(bǔ)分布；語音的相似性；區(qū)別性特征；超語段音位學(xué)；音節(jié)；重音（詞重音、句子重音、音高和語調(diào)）等。第五章詞法學(xué)詞法的定義；曲折詞與派生詞；構(gòu)詞法（合成與派生）；詞素的定義；詞素變體；自由詞素；粘著詞素（詞根，詞綴和詞干）等。第六章詞匯學(xué)詞的定義；語法詞與詞匯詞；變詞與不變詞；封閉詞與開放詞；詞的辨認(rèn)；習(xí)語與搭配。第七章句法句法的定義；句法關(guān)系；結(jié)構(gòu)；成分；直接成分分析法；并列結(jié)構(gòu)與從屬結(jié)構(gòu)；句子成分；范疇（性，數(shù)，格）；一致；

3、短語，從句，句子擴(kuò)展等。第八章語義學(xué)語義的定義；語義的有關(guān)理論；意義種類（傳統(tǒng)、功能、語用）；里奇的語義分類；詞匯意義關(guān)系（同義、反義、下義）；句子語義關(guān)系。第九章語言變化語言的發(fā)展變化（詞匯變化、語音書寫文字、語法變化、語義變化）；第十章語言、思維與文化語言與文化的定義；薩丕爾-沃夫假說；語言與思維的關(guān)系；語言與文化的關(guān)系；中西文化的異同。第十一章語用學(xué)語用學(xué)的定義；語義學(xué)與語用學(xué)的區(qū)別；語境與意義；言語行為理論（言內(nèi)行為、言外行為和言后行為）；合作原則。1.語言的普遍特征:任意性arbitrariness雙層Z構(gòu)duality既由聲音和意義結(jié)構(gòu)多產(chǎn)性productivity移位性displ

4、acement:我們能用語言可以表達(dá)許多不在場的東西文化傳播性culturaltransmission2。語言的功能：傳達(dá)信息功能informative人濟(jì)功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娛樂功能recreatinal元語言功能metalingual3 .語言學(xué)linguistics:包括六個分支語音學(xué)Phonetics音位學(xué)phonology形態(tài)學(xué)Morphology句法學(xué)syntax語義學(xué)semantics語用學(xué)pragmatics4 .現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學(xué)創(chuàng)始人：Ferdinanddesaussure提出語言學(xué)

5、中最重要的概念對之一：語言與言語languageandparole,語言之語言系統(tǒng)的整體，言語則只待某個個體在實(shí)際語言使用環(huán)境中說出的具體話語5 .語法創(chuàng)始人：NoamChomsky提出概念語言能力與語言運(yùn)用competenceandperformance1. Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:a. wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguageb. wecanusebothshuan

6、dtreetodescribethesamething.c. wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresentd. wecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore.2 .Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3 .ThefunctionofthesentenceAniceday,isntit?is_ainformativeb. phaticc. direc

7、tived. performative4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby_asaussureb.hallidayc. chomskyd. thepragueschool5.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidaydanomymous第二節(jié)語音學(xué)1 .發(fā)音器官由聲帶thevocalcords和三個回聲腔組成2 .輔音consonant：thereisanobstructionofthea

8、irstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.3 .輔音的發(fā)音方式爆破音completeobstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞輔音partialobstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4 .輔音清濁特征voicing輔音的送氣特征aspiration5 .兀首vowel分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舌翹位置，舌高和嘴唇的形狀6雙元音diphthongs,有元音過渡vowelglides1. Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies_.a. thephysicalpropertiesofthesound

9、sproducedinspeechb. theperceptionofsoundsc. thecombinationofsoundsd. theproductionofsounds2. Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin_a. theplaceofarticulationb.theobstructionfairstreamc. thepositionofthetongued. theshapeofthelips3. Whatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:p,kta. voicelessb. spre

10、adc.voicedd.nasal4. Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd.nasality5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?a.voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6 .Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkare_a. voicedstopb. voicelessstopc. vo

11、icedfricatived. voicelessfricative7 .pisdivverentfromkin_a. themannerofarticulationb. theshapeofthelipsc. thevibrationofthevocalcordsd.thepalceofarticualtion8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin_a.aspirationb.nasalityc.obstructiond. voicing第三節(jié)音位學(xué)phonology1 .音位學(xué)與語音學(xué)的區(qū)別：語音學(xué)著重于語音的自然屬性，主要關(guān)注所有語言中人可能發(fā)出的所有聲音

12、；音位學(xué)則強(qiáng)調(diào)語音的社會功能，其對象是某一種語言中可以用來組合成詞句的那些語音。2 .音位phoneme：最小語音單位3 .音位變體allophones:讀音差別4 .對比性分布：如果兩個音段出現(xiàn)在同一個語音環(huán)境中，而且產(chǎn)生了兩個不同的單詞，5 .互補(bǔ)性分布；如果兩個基本相似的音段絕不會出現(xiàn)在相同的語音環(huán)境中，那么它們之間就是互補(bǔ)性分布的關(guān)系，如送氣p絕不會出現(xiàn)在s之后，不送氣的p絕不會出現(xiàn)在詞首6 .音節(jié)syllable,分為節(jié)首o(hù)nset,節(jié)峰peak,節(jié)尾coda7 .輔音群：一般作為音節(jié)節(jié)首的輔音群不能超過三個福音，節(jié)尾不能超過4個8 .最小語音對minimalpairs1. Intr

13、oduction1.1 WhatisLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.2 WhatisLinguistics（語言學(xué)）Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.3.50 meBasicDistinctions（區(qū)分）inLinguistics3.51 SpeechandWritingOnegeneralprinciple（原貝U）oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Wr

14、itinggiveslanguagenewscope（范疇）andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.3.52 Descriptive（描述性）orPrescriptive（說明性）Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesforcorrectbehavior.3.53 Synchronic（共時）andDiachronic（歷時）StudiesThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepo

15、intintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.3.54 Langue（語言）andParole（言語）ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure（索緒爾）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheac

16、tualized（實(shí)際的）language,orrealizationoflangue.3.55 Competence（能力）andPerformance（行為）Competenceistheideallanguageusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances（發(fā)聲）.4.TheScopeofLinguisticsGenerallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics（語音學(xué)）isth

17、ebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology（音韻學(xué)）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.Morphology（詞法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax（句法）isthebranchofl

18、inguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Semantics（語義學(xué)）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics（應(yīng)用語言學(xué)）isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholing

19、uisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics（歷史語言學(xué)）isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics（人文語言學(xué)）usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.Neurolinguistics（神經(jīng)語言學(xué)）stud

20、iestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.Mathematicallinguistics（數(shù)學(xué)語言學(xué)）studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.Computationallinguistics（計(jì)算語言學(xué)）isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareapplied,oftenwiththea

21、idofacomputer.II.Phonetics（語音學(xué)）1. scopeofphoneticsSpeechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:Articulatoryphonetics（發(fā)音語音學(xué)）wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate（協(xié)調(diào)）intheprocess.Auditoryphoneti

22、cs（聽覺語音學(xué)）wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated（調(diào)節(jié)）bytheear,theauditorynerve（神經(jīng)）andthebrain.Acousticphonetics（聲學(xué)語音學(xué)）westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted（傳送）betweenmouthandear.2. ThevocalorgansThevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatorofth

23、eair-stream,（氣流發(fā)生器官）theproducerofvoice（聲音發(fā)生器官）andtheresonatingcavities.（聲音共振器官）3. Consonants（輔音）Placesofarticulation（發(fā)音部位）：bilabial,（雙唇）Labiodentals,（唇齒）dental,（齒）alveolar,（齒齦）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-akeolar,（上齒齦）palatal,（上顆）velar,（軟腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal（聲門）Mannersofarticulation:plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）tr

24、ill,（顫音）lateral,（邊音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）4. Vowels（元音）Theclassificationofvowels:theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）,thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）,andthedegreeofliprounding（rounded,unrounded）III.Phonology（音韻學(xué)）1. phonemes（音素）：adistinctive（有區(qū)另1J的）s

25、oundinalanguage.2. Allophones（音位變體）：Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.3. Minimalpairs（最小對立體）：wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.4. Freevariation（自由變異）：Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment（環(huán)境）,theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthes

26、ameword.5. Complementarydistribution（補(bǔ)充分類）：Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.6.Suprasegmentalphonology（超音段音位）：thestudyofphonologicalproperties（性質(zhì)）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable（音節(jié)）,stress,（重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch

27、（音調(diào)）andintonation（語調(diào)）IV. Morphology（詞法）1. inflection（構(gòu)形法）：thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.（屈折詞綴）2. Word-formation（構(gòu)詞）：theprocesses延程）ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.（表明詞法關(guān)系）Theyarecompound（合成）andderivation（派生）.3. Morpheme（詞素）：thesmallestunitintermsofr

28、elationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.4. Allomorph（同質(zhì)異象變體）：somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.5. Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,（詞根）affix（詞綴）andstem（詞干）6. Lexicon（語言詞7匚）：initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.7. Closed-classwords（封閉性）andopen-c

29、lasswords（開放性）：theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple（實(shí)際上）indefiniteorunlimited.8. Wordclass（詞性）：Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.9. Lexeme（詞位）：thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.10. Idio

30、m（習(xí)語，成語）：Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords（詞序）whichissemantically（語義上）andoftensyntactically（句法上）restricted.（限制）11. Collocation（搭配）：thehabitual（習(xí)慣的）co-occurrences（同時出現(xiàn)）ofindividuallexicalitems.V. Syntax（句法）1. Positionalrelationorwordorder（詞序）：thesequential（順序）arrangeme

31、ntofwordsinalanguage.2. Constructionorconstituent（句子結(jié)構(gòu)）：theoverallprocessofinternal（內(nèi)部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.3. Syntacticfunction（句法功能）：therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffunctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates

32、,modifiers,（修飾語）complements（補(bǔ)語）,etc.4. Category（范疇）：Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Thecategoriesofthenounincludenumber,gender,caseandcountability.5. Phrase:asingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject

33、-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.6. Clause:agroupofwordswithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.7. Sentence:Itistheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressesacompletethought.VI.Semantics1. Conceptualismormentalism（概念主義）：FollowingF.DeSaussure（索學(xué)爾）ssigntheory,thelinguisticsignissaidtoc

34、onsistofasignifier（所指）andsignified（被指），i.e.,asoundimageandaconcept,likedbyapsychological（心理的）associativebond.（相關(guān)聯(lián)系）2. Mechanism（機(jī)械主義）：Somelinguists,Bloomfield,（布魯費(fèi)爾德）forexample,turnedtosciencetocounter（反）-acttheprecioustheoriesandthisleadstowhatcallthemechanisticapproachi（方法）.Thenatureofthistheoryha

35、snothingtodowiththescientificstudyofmentalphenomena.（智力現(xiàn)象）3. Contextualism（語境主義）：Itisbasedonthepresumption（假定）thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreduceittoobservablecontext.4. Behaviorism（行為主義）：Behavioristsattempttodefine（定義）themeaningofalanguageformasthesituation（情景）inwhichthespeakerutters（說話）itandtheres

36、ponse（反應(yīng)）itcallsforthinthehearer.5. functionalism（功能主義）：functionalistsasrepresented（代表）bythePragueschool（布拉格學(xué)派）linguistsandneo-Firthian（新弗斯）linguists,approachtheproblemfromanentirelyneworientation（方法）.Theyargue（爭thatmeaningcouldonlybeinterpreted（解釋）fromitsuseorfunctioninsociallife.6. Senserelationsh

37、ips:Whilereferencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,words,sentences,etc.,andthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,senserelatestothecomplexsystemofrelationshipsthatholdbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves.Theyincludesynonymy（同義詞）,antonym（反義詞），hyponymy（下層次）Polysemy（一詞多義）andHomonymy（同

38、音異義詞）7. Semanticanalysis:Itincludes1）componential（成分）analysiswhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.（意義成分）2）predication（表述）analysisinwhichthemeaningofasentenceisnotmerelythesumofthemeaningsofthewordswhichcomposeit.3）relationalcomponentsinwhichthesemanticanalysisofsomeword

39、spresentsacomplicatedpicture,becausetheyshowrelationsbetweentwoandperhapsmoreterms.VII.Languagevariation（語言變化）1. Lexicalchange（詞匯的變化）：changesinlexis.2. Invention:（新造詞）newentities.93j3. Compounding-噎合成tBJ）Newwordsaresometimesconstructedbycombiningtwooldwords.4. Blending:（混合詞）：Itisarelativelycomplexformofc