考研英語閱讀理解真題精選及答案

1、青年人網(wǎng)考研頻道：The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterpri se, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be p roduced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private bus in essme n. strivi

2、ng to make profits, produce these g oods and services in competiti on with other bus in essme n;and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and servic es are produced. Thus, in the America n econo mic system it is the dema nd of in div idual con s

3、umers,coupled with the desire of bus in essme n to maximize profits and the desire of in dividuals to maximize their in comes, that together determ ine what sh all be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which con sume

4、r dema nds can be expressed and resp on ded to by producers.In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in resp onse to relative dema nds of con sumers and supplies offe red by sellerproducers. If the product is in short supply relat

5、ive to the dema nd, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, o n the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to in crease the supply offered by seller-producers. which in turn will lower the price and permit mo

6、re consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regul ating mechanismin the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterpriseeconomy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire l abor, gain control over natura

7、l resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces n ot only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determ ine the price of a product or to make a free con tract with ano t

8、her p rivate in dividual.51. In Line 7, Para. 1, the desire of in dividuals to maximize their in comes m eansA America ns are n ever satisfied with their in comesB America ns tend to overstate their in comesC America ns want to have their in comes in creasedD America ns want to in crease the purchas

9、 ing poweroftheir in comes52. The first two sentences in the second paragraphtellus that .A producers can satisfy the con sumers by mecha ni zed product ionB con sumers can express their dema nds through producersC producers decide the prices of productsD supply and dema nd regulate prices53. Accord

10、ing to the passage, a private-enterpriseeconomy is characterizedA private property and rights concernedB man power and n atural resources controlC ownership of productiveresourcesD free con tracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about.A how American goods areproducedB how American consumersbuy t

11、heir goodsC how American economicsystem worksD how America n bus in essme n make their profits答案:DDACOne hun dred and thirtee n milli on America ns have at least one ban k-issued credit card. They their owners automatic credit in stores, restaura nts, and hotels, at home, across the coun try, and ev

12、en abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, maki ng it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locati ons, whether or not the local branch bank is ope n. For many of us the cashless society is not on the

13、horiz on - its already here.byadvaWhile computers offer these conveniences to consumers. they have many ntages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ringup sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This in formati on a

14、llows bus in essme n to keep track of their list of g oods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisi ons to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time t hese computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most effici

15、e nt, allow ing pers onnel and staffi ng assig nments to be made accord in gly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are r elied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reportscan help to decide which products to emphasize now,

16、which to develop for the fut ure, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commerical enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring bett

17、er and more efficient ser vices to consumers through the use of computers.55. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to .A withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishesB obtain more convenient services than other people doC enjoy greater trust from the storekeeperD cash mone

18、y wherever he wishes to56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that .A in the future all the America ns will use credit cardsB credit cards are mainly used in the United States todayC no wadays many America ns do not pay in cashD it is now more convenient to use credit cards than

19、before57. The phrase ring up sales (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means IIA make an order of goodsB record sales on a cash registerC call the sales managerD keep track of the goods in stock58. What is this passage mainly about?A Approaches to the commercial use of computers.B convenien ces brought

20、about by computers in bus in ess.C Significanee of automation in commercial enterprises.D Adva ntages of credit cards in bus in ess.答案：BCBBExceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the sa me age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential. their educa

21、tion m ust be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptionalchildren, we find ourselves describing their environmentas well. While the leading actor on the stage captures ourattention, we are aware of the importanee of the supporting players and the seen ery of the play i

22、tself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public scho ols that we find the full expression of societys understanding- the knowledge,hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education

23、 in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses,the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values ofthe culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public educati on over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling

24、in our society that all c itize ns, whatever their special con diti ons, deserve the opport unity to fully develop th eir capabilities.All men are created equal. Weve heard it many times, but it still has importa nt meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used b y this

25、 countrys founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpr eted to mean equality of opport un ity. That con cept implies educati onal opport unity f or all children - the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of hi s or her capacity, whether that capacity

26、be small or great. Recent court decisionshave con firmed the right of all childre n - disabled or not - to an appropriate educat ion, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to ch

27、ildre n who are excepti on al, to those who cannot profit substa ntially from regul ar programs.59. In paragrah 2 . the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that A the growthof exceptionalchildren has much to do with their family and the青年人網(wǎng)考研頻道：青年人網(wǎng)考研頻道：societyB except

28、ionalchildre n are more in flue needby their families tha n no rmal childr en areC exceptional children are the key interest of the family and societyD the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the excepti onal children60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much

29、concern in education is that .A they are expected to be leaders of the societyB they might become a burden of the societyC they should fully develop their potentialsD disabled childre n deserve special con sideratio n61. This passage mainly deals with .A the differences of children in their learning

30、 capabilitiesB the definition of exceptional children in modern societyC the special educational programs for exceptional childrenD the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptionalchildren .A is now enjoying legal

31、supportB disagrees with the tradition of the countryC was clearly stated by the countrys foundersD will exert great in flue nee over court decisi ons答案:ACDAI have great con fide nee that by the end of the decade well know in vast deta il how cancer cells arise, says microbiologist Robert Wein berg,

32、an expert on cance r. But, he cautions, some people have the idea that once one understands the c auses, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.IIThis year, 50 percent of the 91

33、0,000 people who suffer from cancer will surviv e at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging- 13 perc

34、ent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as many as 120 varieties in existenee, discovering how cancer works is n ot easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they disco vered that on coge nes, which are can cer-caus ing gen es, are in active in no

35、rmal cells.Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how rema ins unknown. If several on coge nes are drive n into action, the cell, un able to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that man y

36、 cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. Changes are a normal part of the evolutionaryprocess, says oncologistWilliam Hayward, Environmentalfactors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, We cant prepare a medicine against cosmic r

37、ays.The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.First, we need to understandhow the normal cell controls itself, Second, we h ave to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are al-ways responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understandhow c

38、ancer works, we can counteract its action.63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ?.A predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decadeB indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are brightC prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty yearsD warn that there is st

39、ill a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64. The author implies that by the year 2000, .A there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patie ntsB 90 percent of he skin-cancer patients today will still be livingC the survival statistics will be fairly even amon

40、g patients with various cancer sD there won t be a drastic in crease of survival rate of all cancer patie nts65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ?.A that are always in operation in a healthy personB which rema in un harmful so long as they are not activatedC that can be driven out of normal cells

41、D which normal cell cant turn off66. The word dormant in the third paragraph most probably means A deadB ever-presentC inactiveD potential答案:DDBCDiscoveries in scie nee and tech no logy are thought by un taught min ds to com e in blinding flasher or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander

42、 Flemingdid not, as lege nd would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get t he idea for penicillin there and then. He experimentedwith antibacterial substancesfor nine years before he made his discovery.Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. In

43、novation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than th ey score.They point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the mos t shots at the goal?-and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The pri me differe

44、nee between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets i deas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fan ciful abstracti ons, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.Crea

45、tive thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particular virt ue in doing things the way they have always been done, wrote Rudolph Flesch, a Ian guage authority. This acco unts for our react ion so seem in gly simple inno vatio ns like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that

46、 make life more convenient: How come no body thought of that before?The creative approach beg ins with the propositi on that nothing is as it appears.Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with g etting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out o

47、n the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, whi ch may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and ch allenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.67. What do

48、es the author probably mean by untaught mind in the first paragr aph?A A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.B A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.C A person who has had no education.D An in dividual who ofte n comes up with new ideas by accide nt.68. A

49、ccording to the author, what distinguishesinnovators from non-innovators?A The variety of ideas they have.B The intelligenee they possess.C The way they deal with problems.D The way they present their findings.69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because .A Rudolph Flesch is the best-

50、known expert in the study of human creativityB the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for ne w ways of doing thingsC the reader is familiar with Rudolph Fleschs point of viewD the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented70. The phrase march to

51、 a different drummer (the last line of the passage)suggests that highly creative individuals are .A diligent in pursuing their goalsB relucta nt to follow com mon ways of doing thingsC devoted to the progress of scieneeD concerned about the advanee of society答案:ACBBMoney spent on advertising is mone

52、y spent as well as any I know of. It serve s directly to assist a rapid distributi on of goods at reas on able price, thereby establi shing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at comp etitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise stand

53、ards of liv ing. By help ing to in crease dema nd it en sures an in creased n eed for lab our, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs ofmany services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your televisi on lice ne

54、e would n eed to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasona ble value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-sev en acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,

55、 no regular advertiser dare pr omote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He migh t fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior arti cle more than

56、 once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest pr oof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertis ing does more for the material ben efit of the com munity tha n any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel

57、I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a wellkno wn television personalitydeclarethat hewas againstadvertising becauseit persuades rather tha n in forms.He wasdraw ing excessivelyfine dist in cti ons. Ofcourse advertising seeks to persuade.If its message wereconfinedmerelyto information-and that in itself would bedifficult if not impossibleto achieve, for even a detailsuch as the choiceof the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that n