大學英語3課后習題加詳細翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上Unit11、whereby; 2. Pursuit; 3. Inhibit; 4. Maintain; 5. Patriotic; 6. Transcended; 7.endeavors; 8. Dedication; 9. Prestige; 10.nominate1. Most cities in the country have introduced（引進） "Clean Air Zones" whereby（憑此；借以） factories（工廠） and households （家庭）are only allowed to burn（燃

2、燒） smokeless fuel（無煙燃料）.中國的大多數(shù)城市都設立了“清潔空氣區(qū)”，工廠和家庭只能使用無煙燃料。2. He knows that the pursuit（n. 追求） of social status（地位） can consume（vt. 消耗） vast amounts of his time and effort（努力）.他知道追求社會地位會耗費他大量的時間和精力3. The doctors are at a loss because so far（到目前為止，迄今為止） no medicine（藥物） has been found to inhibit the sp

3、read（傳播） of the disease（疾?。?醫(yī)生們不知所措，因為到目前為止還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)能抑制疾病傳播的藥物。4. We see many Special education directors（導演，主管，董事長） trying to maintain （維持）the quality（質量） of their programs with much less money and much smaller staff（職員）.我們看到許多特殊教育主管試圖用更少的錢和更少的員工來維持他們項目的質量。5. People there are told it is their patriotic

4、 （愛國的）duty（責任） to support the national economy（經濟） by buying their own products.人們被告知，通過購買自己的產品來支持國家經濟是他們的愛國義務。6. Darwin's thinking both drew upon（總結） and transcended （超越）the conventional（傳統(tǒng)的） ideas of his time.達爾文的思想既借鑒又超越了他那個時代的傳統(tǒng)思想。7. In spite of （盡管）all your endeavor（努力）, there may be times

5、when you encounter （遭遇）difficulties in the training（培訓） process.盡管你做了很多努力，但在培訓過程中你可能會遇到困難。8. My advice to Mr. Stewart is to think carefully before entering into a career（生涯；職業(yè)） in medicine, as this is a field（領域） which requires（需要） a lot of dedication （奉獻）and long working hours.我給Stewart先生的建議是在進入醫(yī)學領

6、域之前仔細考慮一下，因為這是一個需要大量奉獻和長時間工作的領域。9. Most Chinese parents would prefer to choose some professions（職業(yè)） that are stable（穩(wěn)定） and could bring prestige （聲望）and economic benefits.大多數(shù)中國父母更愿意選擇一些穩(wěn)定、能帶來聲望和經濟效益的職業(yè)。10. It is legally（adv. 合法地；法律上） possible for an elderly （adj. 上了年紀的；過了中年的；稍老的）person to nominate（v

7、t. 推薦；提名；任命；指定） someone to act for them, should they become incapable（沒有能力的） of looking after themselves.在法律上，如果一個老人沒有能力照顧自己，他就有可能提名一個人來為他們做事。1. removed from; 2. Failed in; 3. in the pursuit of; 4. deviated from; 5. precludes, from; 6. triumph over; 7. work their way into; 8. written off1. When Fran

8、cis got back after Easter, he was far behind（被拋在后面） his classmates and he was removed from（被移除） the second into the third class at this own desire（要求）.當弗朗西斯在復活節(jié)后回來的時候，他遠遠落后于他的同學，他被按照自己的意愿從二等升到了三等。2. The president acknowledged（v. 承認；確認） that he had somehow failed in （失敗）his ability to communicate to

9、the American people.總統(tǒng)承認他在與美國人民溝通的能力上有些失敗3. Unfortunately, as history has shown, some of the companies （n. 公司，企業(yè)；伙伴）are guilty （adj. 有罪的；內疚的）of misconduct in the pursuit of（為了追求） profit（利潤）.不幸的是，正如歷史證明的那樣，一些公司在追求利潤時存在不當行為。4. The ship deviated from （偏離）the agreed voyage（航線） and arrived about 10 days

10、late and in the meantime（與此同時） the price of sugar（糖） had fallen（v. 落下；跌倒） and the merchants（商人） lost over $4000.船偏離同意航行并且遲到了10天左右,在此期間糖的價格下降，商人損失了超過4000美元5. Because the transcript（n. 成績單；抄本，副本；文字記錄） is still under seal（蓋上公章）, the law precludes them from reading and discussing the evidence（證據(jù)） in det

11、ail.因為這份筆錄還蓋章，法律禁止他們詳細閱讀和討論證據(jù)6. In carrying out（執(zhí)行） the plan we are likely to come across （v. 偶遇；無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)）difficulties, but we are determined（堅決的） to（下定決心） triumph over （擊?。﹖hem all.在執(zhí)行計劃時，我們很可能遇到困難，但我們決心要戰(zhàn)勝它們。7. Without increasing investment（n. 投資；投入） in education, it will be increasingly （adv. 越來越多地；

12、漸增地）difficult for low-income people to work their way into the middle class（中產階級）.如果不加大對教育的投資，低收入人群進入中產階級的難度將越來越大。8. All the passengers（乘客） in the plane that crashed（墜毀） in the middle of the Andes Mountains a week ago were written off（被認為） as dead（死亡）.一周前在安德斯山中部墜毀的飛機上的所有乘客都被認定已經死亡。Unit21. intervene;

13、 2. underestimate; 3. recede; ;4. deem; 5. bleak; 6. appraise; 7. paralyzed; 8. symptoms; 9. dismay; 10. brink1. Kids are more likely to intervene（干涉，介入） in a situation if they believe their parents expect（期望） them to help.如果孩子們相信他們的父母希望他們幫忙，他們更有可能介入。2. The first lesson I learned as a newcomer for t

14、he company was never to underestimate （vt. 低估；看輕）degree of difficulty（難度系數(shù)） I would face in career advancement.（進步，發(fā)展）作為公司的新人，我學到的第一課就是永遠不要低估自己在職業(yè)發(fā)展中所面臨的困難。3. Just as I started to think that I was never going to get well（恢復健康）, the illness（疾?。?began to recede.（減弱）就在我開始認為我永遠不會康復的時候，疾病開始消退 4. Whatever

15、 the decision is, I would like you to know that your department is my first choice and I deem （認為）it a great honor（榮譽） if I could study in your department.無論決定是什么，我希望你知道你的部門是我的首選，如果我能在你的部門學習，我將感到非常榮幸5. During one particularly（其中特別） bleak（荒涼的、暗淡的） moment（時刻） in my career, a senior colleague（同事） of mi

16、ne（我的） said to me, "If you follow your dreams, the money will come. Follow the money, and you'll lose your dreams."在我職業(yè)生涯中一個特別黯淡的時刻，我的一位高級同事對我說，“如果你追逐夢想，錢就會來。”跟著錢走，你就會失去夢想6. Unless we can find a way to appraise （評價、評估）nature and then invest in protecting it, our basic life-support syst

17、ems are going to collapse（坍塌）.除非我們能找到一種評估自然并投資保護自然的方法，否則我們的基本生命維持系統(tǒng)將會崩潰。7. The blizzard（暴風雪） moved south , turning into（轉變成） an icy（冰冷的） rain that paralyze（使癱瘓） the airports for three days.暴風雪向南移動，變成了一場冰冷的雨，使機場癱瘓了三天。 8. In this introduction we have diagnosed（被診斷為） some of the causes （原因）of the illne

18、ss and, in the following chapters（下一章） , we will draw attention to（ 吸引對的注意力） its various（adj. 各種各樣的；多方面的） unpleasant symptoms.（癥狀）在這篇介紹中，我們已經診斷出了一些致病的原因，在接下來的章節(jié)中，我們將注意到它的各種不愉快的癥狀。9. In those days, divorce（離婚） under any circumstances （在任何情況下；無論如何）was socially unacceptable （adj. 不能接受的；不受歡迎的）and t

19、here was great dismay （沮喪）in the family who went through it（經歷過這些）.在那些日子里，任何情況下的離婚在社會上都是不可接受的，這讓經歷過這一切的家庭非常沮喪。10. Every time she talked about being rejected（拒絕） in her hunt for a job, she seemed on the brink（邊緣） of tears（淚水）, and I would quickly switch（轉換） the conversation（交談） to another topic.每次她說自

20、己在找工作時被拒絕時，她似乎都快哭出來了，我很快就把話題轉到另一個話題上。1. pulled to a stop; 2. black out; 3. pop up; 4. stopped short; 5. plowed through; 6. threw himself into; 7. let yourself go; 8. grabbed for1. When the bus pulled to a stop（停下） and I got off（下車）, I was relieved（如釋重負） because I had finished school and I had the we

21、ekend ahead of（在，之前） me to enjoy myself.當公共汽車停了下來，我下了車，我如釋重負，因為我已經完成了學業(yè)，而且我還有一個周末要去享受。2. When my car crashed（撞上） into the big tree, I could feel the blood draining from my face and I wondered whether I was about to black out.（中斷，昏迷）當我的車撞到那棵大樹時，我能感覺到臉上的血在流，我不知道自己是不是要昏過去了。3. All kinds of questions con

22、cerning（涉及） the soaring housing price（房價飆升） begin to pop up （突然出現(xiàn)）on cable television and the blogosphere (博客圈).各種各樣的問題關于飛漲的房價開始出現(xiàn)在有線電視和博客圈(博客圈)4. The soldiers' rapid（快速行軍） march was stopped short（打斷） by the general's command; （將軍的指令）they were uncertain whether to go back or forward（沖鋒）.士兵們的

23、快速行軍被將軍的命令打斷了。他們不知道是后退還是前進。5. A car crashed into the side of a house after the driver lost control and plowed through （費力的通過）a hedge (樹籬).一輛車撞到一所房子的側面后司機失去控制, 費力的通過樹籬。6. Charles reappeared(再出現(xiàn)), after half an hour's absence（缺席）, and threw himself into （ 撲向）an armchair, where he lay back for

24、 some time with his eyes shut.查爾斯離開半個小時后又出現(xiàn)了，他撲到一把扶手椅上，閉著眼睛躺了一會兒。7. No special equipment is needed other than inspiring（鼓舞人心）, motivating（激勵的） music that you can dance passionately to and let yourself go.（放松自己）沒有什么特別的設備是需要的，除了鼓舞人心的音樂，你可以激情地跳舞，放松自己。8. As her door began to open , she grabbed for （抓?。﹖

25、he telephone, and then dropped（放下） the receiver（聽筒） as Luke walked in.當她的門再次打開時，她抓起電話，然后在盧克走進去的時候把聽筒放下。Unit31. integral; 2. cherish; 3. afflicted ; 4. noteworthy; 5. portray; 6. compliment; 7. domain; 8. anonymous; 9. conscientious; 10. perpetual1. As a number of authors point out（指出，指明）, the urge （

26、n. 強烈的欲望）to migrate（移民） is a(n) integral （部分）part of human nature.正如許多作者指出的那樣，移民的沖動是人性不可分割的一部分2. Children should be allowed to cherish（珍愛） those few years of innocence（天真） before they real world have to learn the truth about the real world.應該讓孩子們珍惜這幾年的純真，然后他們才能真正了解現(xiàn)實世界的真相。3. He has been afflicted （折

27、磨）by a horrible（可怕的） disease, from Which one of his best friends died two weeks ago.他患有一種可怕的疾病，兩周前他最好的一個朋友死于這種疾病。4. The results of the survey are noteworthy（adj. 值得注意的；顯著的） and useful despite（盡管） being from a small sample.這項調查的結果是值得注意的和有用的，盡管是從一個小樣本5. The director said that they needed a young actre

28、ss（女演員） who could portray（扮演） someone who was both unbalanced and confident at the same time.導演說他們需要一個年輕的女演員來扮演一個既不平衡又自信的人。6. Praise（表揚，稱贊） must be used wisely（明智地） to compliment （稱贊）students who perform （vt. 執(zhí)行；）up to expectations（期望） and to encourage students to perform to maximum level.表揚必須被明智地用來

29、贊揚那些表現(xiàn)達到期望的學生，并鼓勵學生發(fā)揮到最高水平。7. In the domain （領域）of research, it is an accepted（公認） fact that scientific publications（出版物） have to be written or translated into English to get published（出版）, acknowledged, and cited（引用）.在研究領域，一個公認的事實是，科學出版物必須被書寫或翻譯成英語才能出版、承認和引用。8. He received a(n) anonymous （匿名的）call

30、threatening（恐嚇） to disclose（公開） details （細節(jié)）of his affair（私事） if he didn't pay the money.他收到了一個匿名電話威脅披露他的細節(jié)如果他不支付這筆錢。9. The movie presents Lincoln as a strong-willed, conscientious （盡責的）man who led the US through a moral, constitutional（憲法的） and political（政治的） crisis（危機）.這部電影把林肯描繪成一個意志堅強、盡職盡責的人，

31、帶領美國度過了一場道德、憲法和政治危機10. It is understandable that the health and welfare（福利） of their family is a(n) perpetual （永久的）concern for this young couple.可以理解，他們家庭的健康和福利是這對年輕夫婦永遠關心的問題1. embark on 2. be deprived of; 3. turn down; 4. taken captive; 5.live on;6. share in; 7. was stricken by; 8. led by example1.

32、 Clearly, most of the students there are full time workers（全職工） who would not otherwise （另外的）have sustained （維持）been able to embark on （從事）sustained further study.顯然，那里的大多數(shù)學生都是全職工作者，否則他們無法繼續(xù)進行持續(xù)的深造。2. The court（法院） ruled that this man be deprived of（被剝奪） his political rights for a further four years

33、 after he has served（服役） his 13-year sentence（判決）.法院裁定，在這名男子被判13年徒刑后，他的政治權利將被剝奪4年。3. I would love to have kids. I would turn down （拒絕）an Oscar to see my boy at a baseball game or my girl at a song recital（演唱）.我喜歡孩子。我會拒絕奧斯卡獎去看我的兒子在棒球比賽或我的女孩在歌曲獨奏會上。4. Richard was finally released（釋放） on February 4, on

34、e year and six weeks after he'd been taken captive（關押）理查德最終在2月4日被釋放，一年零六個星期后他被俘虜5. She hoped Vincent would understand that her life had not been empty（adj. 空的；無意義的；無知的；徒勞的）, because her love would live on（繼續(xù)存在）.她希望文森特能理解她的生活并不是空虛的，因為她的愛會繼續(xù)存在。6. All people, whether they be rich or poor, strong or

35、 weak, privileged（adj. 享有特權的；有特別恩典的） or deprived（adj. 缺少食物的；缺乏足夠教育的）, are interdependent（adj. 相互依賴的；互助的）, and share in（分擔） the common task of seeking to（追求） achieve（獲得） mankind's（人類的） full potential（潛能）.所有人，不論貧富、強弱、貧富、貧富，都是相互依存的，都有實現(xiàn)人類全部潛力的共同任務。7. In September 1944 he was able to（能夠） return to h

36、is academic（學術的） duties, but soon after the war ended he was stricken by （受災，患?。゛ serious（嚴重的） illness and did relatively little research thereafter (從那以后).1944年9月，他得以重返學術領域，但戰(zhàn)爭結束后不久，他患上了重病，此后幾乎沒有做過什么研究。8. She retired from（從.退休） the company where she has led by example（以身作則） and been a source（源泉，水源）

37、 of encouragement to others.她從她所領導的公司退休了，并成為了鼓勵他人的源泉。Unti4pulsory ; 2. contemplate ; 3. imprisoned; 4. globalize ; 5. offset6. groan ; 7. stubborn ; 8.cluster ; 9.ambiguity ; 10.consoled1. Although secondary（中等的） education is compulsory（必修的）, parents are not required to send their children to state

38、schools（公立學校）.雖然中等教育是強制性的，但是父母不需要把孩子送到公立學校。2. The economic（經濟的） situation has been worsening（惡化）, causing economists（經濟學著） to contemplate （沉思，注視）whether the present（當前的） policies are sustainable.經濟形勢一直在惡化，這讓經濟學家們開始思考當前的政策是否具有可持續(xù)性。3. He was found guilty（被認定為有罪） and was imprisoned（囚禁） in the Tower of

39、London, where he died very quickly, aged only 47.他被判有罪并被囚禁在倫敦塔，在那里他很快死去，年僅47歲。4. It is obvious that the future of the Internet is to globalize（vt. 使全球化） more and more areas of the world, and that e-commerce(電子商務) and e-entertainment(電子娛樂) are going to go for more and more markets.很明顯，互聯(lián)網的未來是使世界上越來越多

40、的地區(qū)全球化，電子商務和電子娛樂將走向越來越多的市場。5. However, your current（現(xiàn)在的） losses should soon be offset（vt. 抵消；彌補） by gains; the fund（基金） will produce a positive return of 11.6 percent over a nine month period.（n. 周期，期間；時期）但是，你目前的損失很快就會被收益所抵消;該基金將在九個月內產生11.6%的正回報。6. Because she was so tall and slim, all the clothes l

41、ooked marvelous （adj. 了不起的；非凡的；令人驚異的；不平常的）on her and the other girls would groan their envy.因為她長得又高又瘦，所有的衣服在她身上都很好看，其他的女孩子都會羨慕她。7. This can be a helpful approach（方法途徑） in discussion- someone may regard（看待） you as stubborn since you never want to change your mind, whereas you see yourself as determin

42、ed.這可能是一種有益的討論方式有人可能認為你很固執(zhí)，因為你從來不想改變自己的想法，而你卻認為自己是堅定的。8. On weekends, the school parking lot is almost empty（空的） except（prep. 除之外） that a few cluster（vt. 使聚集） cars near the entrance（入口）.周末的時候，學校的停車場幾乎空無一人，只有幾輛車停在門口附近。9. In the photographer's finest（adj. 好的，出色的（fine的最高級） pictures there is also a

43、degree（程度） of ambiguity（n. 含糊；不明確；曖昧；模棱兩可的話） which allows them to be interpreted （v. 理解；解釋）in a variety of ways.在攝影師最出色的作品中，也存在一定程度的模糊性，這使得它們可以以多種方式進行解釋。10. Tim stretched out（伸出） a hand in apology for his thoughtless remarks（言辭） and was consoled（安慰） by a firm（堅定的） handshake（握手） from Mark.蒂姆伸出一只手，為自己

44、輕率的言論道歉，馬克堅定的握手安慰了他。1、Settle for; 2.more often than not; 3.mingled with; 4.traded for; 5.was saturated with; 6.are open to; 7. Endowed with; 8. make up for1、 Virginia was a perfectionist（完美主義者）. She was just not prepared（準備） to settle for（無奈接受；勉強同意） anything that was second best.維吉尼亞是一個完美主義者。她只是不準備接

45、受任何次等的東西。2、 He could be quite（adv. 很；相當；完全） casual（隨意的） in his attitude to his wife's anxiety（n. 焦慮；渴望）, and more often than not（通常；多半） failed to let her know when he would be back from a business trip（出差）.對于妻子的焦慮，他的態(tài)度可以相當隨意，而且常常會讓她知道他什么時候出差回來。3、 "You'll kill yourself with those things,

46、" Arty said in a tone（語氣） in which disappointment （失望的）was mingled with（混合） disgust（厭惡）.“你會用這些東西自殺的，”亞蒂說，語氣中夾雜著失望和厭惡。4、 Thanks to modern transportation, agricultural（農業(yè)的） products in these remote（遙遠的） mountainous（多山的） regions（地區(qū)） can also be traded for （交易）goods.由于現(xiàn)代交通，這些偏遠山區(qū)的農產品也可以用來交換商品5、 As

47、the market was saturated with（被所飽和） a wide variety of goods, the economy （經濟）became more balanced and the competition（競爭） forced the prices down.當市場被各種各樣的商品飽和時，經濟變得更加平衡，競爭迫使價格下降。6、 Going with the flow doesn't mean that we don't know where we're going; it means that we are open to （是開放的）m

48、ultiple（多重的） ways of getting there.隨波逐流并不意味著我們不知道我們要去哪里;這意味著我們對實現(xiàn)目標的多種途徑持開放態(tài)度7、 The athlete had been endowed with（被賦予） long legs and a persistent（adj. 固執(zhí)的，堅持的；持久穩(wěn)固的） temperament （性格）so he was very successful.這位運動員天生腿長，性情堅韌，所以他很成功。8、 The wrongly accused man（被告人） asked for extra compensation（賠償） to ma

49、ke up for（補償） the stress he had suffered during the case.被冤枉的人要求額外的賠償以彌補他在案件中所承受的壓力。Unit51. gauged; 2. dedicate; 3. commonplace; 4. suffice; 5. revenue; 6.simultaneous; 7.incentive; 8.prone; 9. innovations; 10.fostered1. The general considered all the information that had been gathered （集中）and gauge

50、d （v. 測量；判定；校準）what possible moves the enemy（敵人） might make before issuing （發(fā)布）his orders.將軍考慮了收集到的所有信息，并在發(fā)布命令之前估計了敵人可能采取的行動。2. The new president said she would dedicate （vt. 致力；獻身；題獻）herself to protecting the rights（權利） of the old and the homeless, who are otherwise helpless and vulnerable.（adj. 易受

51、攻擊的，易受的攻擊；易受傷害的；有弱點的）新總統(tǒng)說，她將致力于保護老年人和無家可歸者的權利，這些人本來就是無助和脆弱的。3. Cell phone conversations（會話）, which are fairly（相當?shù)兀?commonplace （常見的）on commuter trains, can be annoying to fellow commuters.手機通話在通勤列車上相當常見，但對其他通勤者來說可能很煩人。4. Ask your doctor whether a low-fat diet（飲食） and a daily walk will suffice（足夠） to

52、 reduce your high blood pressure.問問你的醫(yī)生，低脂飲食和每天散步是否足以降低你的高血壓。5. The revenue （n. 稅收收入；財政收入；收益）from tourism（n. 旅游業(yè)；游覽） is the biggest single contribution to GDP in the Maldives; every year many tourists（游客） from all corners（角落） of the world spend their holidays there.旅游業(yè)收入是馬爾代夫GDP的最大貢獻;每年都有許多來自世界各地的游客

53、在那里度假。6. Since the beginning of this century, China has built many modern conference（會議） centers with underground（地下的） parking, air-conditioning and simultaneous （adj. 同時的；聯(lián)立的；同時發(fā)生的）translation systems.自本世紀初以來，中國建立了許多現(xiàn)代化的會議中心，包括地下停車場、空調和同聲傳譯系統(tǒng)。7. While advertising offers a stimulus(刺激) to buy, sales

54、 promotion（提升） offers a(n) incentive （動機）to buy, but consumers must have their own reason to buy.而廣告提供了一個刺激購買,促銷提供了購買的動機,但消費者購買必須有他們自己的理由。8. In general, smokers living in cities are slightly more prone （adj. 俯臥的；有傾向的，易于的）to lung cancer than smokers who are living in the country.一般來說，住在城市的吸煙者比住在鄉(xiāng)下的吸煙

55、者更容易得肺癌9. A large proportion（比例） of important innovations（創(chuàng)新，改革） are brought（v. 帶來（bring的過去分詞） about by people who step outside of conventional（傳統(tǒng)的） categories（類別） or traditional assumptions（假定）.很大一部分重要的創(chuàng)新是由超越傳統(tǒng)范疇或傳統(tǒng)假設的人帶來的。10. The habit of going to coffee houses was fostered （培養(yǎng)）by the city's r

56、elatively small size, safe streets, good public transportation, and moderate（溫和的） climate（氣候）.這個城市相對較小的面積、安全的街道、良好的公共交通和溫和的氣候，養(yǎng)成了去咖啡館的習慣。1. correlate with; 2. refrain from; 3. count down; 4. slaving away; 5.coincided with ; 6.contended with; 7. be designated 8. conformed to 1. The results of this ex

57、periment do not correlate with （找出一一對應的關系；使與發(fā)生關系）those of the studies that the team of scientists had conducted previously（以前地）. 這個實驗的結果與之前科學家團隊所做的研究并不相關。2. It was a moment of overwhelming（adj. 壓倒性的；勢不可擋的） excitement （興奮）when Steve was given the first prize; Tiffany couldnt refrain from（克制） hugging

58、and kissing him.那是一個激動人心的時刻，史蒂夫獲得了一等獎;蒂凡尼忍不住擁抱和親吻他。3. As we count down （倒數(shù)）to tonight's presidential debate, it's time to go over（回顧） the political agendas（議程） which the candidates（候選人） are trying to promote（推進）. 當我們倒數(shù)到今晚的 辯論時，是時候回顧一下兩位候選人試圖推動的政治議程了。4. she spent the next 10 years taking in washing, slaving away （埋頭苦干）to pay back（償還） the money they had borrowed from the bank.在接下來的10年里，她負責洗衣服，努力償還從銀行借的錢。5. Indeed, it seems that the upward shift（向上偏移） in the rate of economic growth in the mid-1990s coincided with （與此同時）a sudden（突然的）, substantial（大量的）, and rapid（急速的） decline（下降） i