第七講 船舶碰撞

1、 Chapter 7 Collision of Ships 1. Concept Article 1 of the 1910 Brussels Convention Where a collision occurs between sea-going vessels or between sea-going vessels and vessels of inland navigation, the compensation due for damages caused to the vessels, or to any things or persons on board thereof, s

2、hall be settled in accordance with the following provisions, in whatever waters the collision takes place. 船舶碰撞船舶碰撞是指海船與海船或海船與內(nèi)河船在任何是指海船與海船或海船與內(nèi)河船在任何水域發(fā)生接觸，致使有關(guān)船舶或船上人身、財物遭水域發(fā)生接觸，致使有關(guān)船舶或船上人身、財物遭受損害的事故。受損害的事故。 Article 165 of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “Collision of ships means an accident arising

3、from the touching of ships at sea or in other navigable waters adjacent thereto. Ships referred to in the preceding paragraph shall include those non- military or public service ships or craft that collide with the ships mentioned in Article 3 of this Code.” 海商法海商法第第165165條，條，船舶碰撞船舶碰撞，是指船舶在海上，是指船舶在海

4、上或者與海相通的可航水域發(fā)生接觸造成損害的事故?；蛘吲c海相通的可航水域發(fā)生接觸造成損害的事故。前款所稱船舶，包括與本法第三條所指船舶碰撞的前款所稱船舶，包括與本法第三條所指船舶碰撞的任何其他非用于軍事的或者政府公務(wù)的船艇。任何其他非用于軍事的或者政府公務(wù)的船艇。 Article 170 Where a ship has caused damage to another ship and persons, goods or other property on board that ship, either by the execution or non-execution of a manoeu

5、vre or by the non-observance of navigation regulations, even if no collision has actually occurred, the provisions of this Chapter shall apply. 海商法海商法第第170170條，船舶因操縱不當或者不遵守航行規(guī)章，條，船舶因操縱不當或者不遵守航行規(guī)章，雖然實際上沒有同其他船舶發(fā)生碰撞，但是使其他船舶以及船雖然實際上沒有同其他船舶發(fā)生碰撞，但是使其他船舶以及船上的人員、貨物或者其他財產(chǎn)遭受損失的，適用本章的規(guī)定。上的人員、貨物或者其他財產(chǎn)遭受損失的，適用本章

6、的規(guī)定。 最高人民法院最高人民法院關(guān)于審理船舶碰撞和觸碰案件財產(chǎn)損害賠關(guān)于審理船舶碰撞和觸碰案件財產(chǎn)損害賠償?shù)囊?guī)定償?shù)囊?guī)定，“船舶碰撞在海上或者與海相通的可航水域，兩船舶碰撞在海上或者與海相通的可航水域，兩艘或者兩艘以上的船舶之間發(fā)生接觸或者沒有直接接觸，造成艘或者兩艘以上的船舶之間發(fā)生接觸或者沒有直接接觸，造成財產(chǎn)損害的事故。財產(chǎn)損害的事故?！?Constitutive requirements： （1）a collision must occurs between vessels and ex parte must be sea-going vessels （2）a collision m

7、ust be arising from the touching of ships at sea or in other navigable waters adjacent thereto （3）a collision must have harmful consequences （4）indirect collision must be caused by negligence2. Three sorts of collision of ships 2.1 Fault of crew collision cause: fault of steering (or: steering fault

8、) ill management (or: misadministration; mismanagement) badness of maintenance The type of the fault: a. collision of unilateral fault b. collision of bilateral fault c. collision of multipartite fault 2.2 No-fault of crew collision 2.2.1 collision due to vis major 2.2.2 collision due to contingency

9、 (or: fortuitous accident; misadventure) 2.2.3 collision due to unclear cause 2.3 Fault of pilot collision 案情簡介案情簡介 下列碰撞事故皆與船員過失無關(guān)，那么究竟因何所致呢？下列碰撞事故皆與船員過失無關(guān)，那么究竟因何所致呢？ 設(shè)若設(shè)若1 A1 A船為避臺風(fēng)而停泊于港內(nèi)，并加固纜繩及拋錨船為避臺風(fēng)而停泊于港內(nèi)，并加固纜繩及拋錨以做好一切防御準備，然臺風(fēng)來勢太猛，錨鏈、纜繩均被吹斷以做好一切防御準備，然臺風(fēng)來勢太猛，錨鏈、纜繩均被吹斷而走錨（即被吹走），后與停泊之而走錨（即被吹走），后與停泊

10、之B B船碰撞。船碰撞。 設(shè)若設(shè)若2 2 甲船為了避免與乙船相碰而立即倒車，但由于活甲船為了避免與乙船相碰而立即倒車，但由于活塞突然失靈而使倒車未能成功，結(jié)果與乙船相撞。后經(jīng)查明，塞突然失靈而使倒車未能成功，結(jié)果與乙船相撞。后經(jīng)查明，甲船船員已恪盡職責(zé)，即對活塞已進行過合理的檢查和維修，甲船船員已恪盡職責(zé)，即對活塞已進行過合理的檢查和維修，但仍未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何缺陷。但仍未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何缺陷。 設(shè)若設(shè)若3 3 在一個風(fēng)平浪靜、能見度極好的白日里，兩船竟在一個風(fēng)平浪靜、能見度極好的白日里，兩船竟莫名其妙地相撞后沉沒，船員全部遇難，究系何方之責(zé)任亦無莫名其妙地相撞后沉沒，船員全部遇難，究系何方之責(zé)任亦無從查清。

11、從查清。 法律規(guī)定法律規(guī)定 1. Article 167 Neither of the parties shall be liable to the other if the collision is caused by force majeure or other causes not attributable to the fault of either party or if the cause thereof is left in doubt. 海商法第海商法第167167條條 船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或者其他不能歸責(zé)于任何一方的原因或者無法查明的原因

12、造成的，者其他不能歸責(zé)于任何一方的原因或者無法查明的原因造成的，碰撞各方互相不負賠償責(zé)任。碰撞各方互相不負賠償責(zé)任。 2. Article 2 of the 1910 Brussels Convention If the collision is accidental, if it is caused by force majeure, or if the cause of the collision is left in doubt, the damages are borne by those who have suffered them. 如果碰撞的發(fā)生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，

13、或如果碰撞的發(fā)生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，或者出于碰撞原因不明，其損害應(yīng)由受損方自負。者出于碰撞原因不明，其損害應(yīng)由受損方自負。 This provision is applicable notwithstanding the fact that the vessels, or any one of them, may be at anchor (or otherwise made fast)at the time of the casualty. 即使在發(fā)生碰撞時，有關(guān)的船舶或其中之一是處于錨即使在發(fā)生碰撞時，有關(guān)的船舶或其中之一是處于錨泊（或以其他方式系泊）狀態(tài)，本條規(guī)定亦得適用。

14、泊（或以其他方式系泊）狀態(tài)，本條規(guī)定亦得適用。 3. Principles for liabilities of the colliding vessels 3.1 Principle of self-responsibility for loss Article 2 of the 1910 Brussels Convention If the collision is accidental, if it is caused by force majeure, or if the cause of the collision is left in doubt, the damages are

15、borne by those who have suffered them. This provision is applicable notwithstanding the fact that the vessels, or any one of them, may be at anchor (or otherwise made fast)at the time of the casualty. 如果碰撞的發(fā)生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，或如果碰撞的發(fā)生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，或者出于碰撞原因不明，其損害應(yīng)由受損方自負。即使在發(fā)生者出于碰撞原因不明，其損害應(yīng)由受損方自負。即使

16、在發(fā)生碰撞時，有關(guān)的船舶或其中之一是處于錨泊（或以其他方式碰撞時，有關(guān)的船舶或其中之一是處于錨泊（或以其他方式系泊）狀態(tài)，本條規(guī)定亦得適用。系泊）狀態(tài)，本條規(guī)定亦得適用。 Article 167 of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “ Neither of the parties shall be liable to the other if the collision is caused by force majeure or other causes not attributable to the fault of either party or if th

17、e cause thereof is left in doubt. ” 船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或者其他不能歸責(zé)于任船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或者其他不能歸責(zé)于任何一方的原因或者無法查明的原因造成的，碰撞各方互相不何一方的原因或者無法查明的原因造成的，碰撞各方互相不負賠償責(zé)任。負賠償責(zé)任。 3.2 Principle of unilateral liability Article 3 of the 1910 Brussels Convention If the collision is caused by the fault of one of the vessels, liabilit

18、y to make good the damages attaches to the one which has committed the fault. 碰撞公約第碰撞公約第3 3條規(guī)定：條規(guī)定：“如果碰撞是由于一艘船舶的過如果碰撞是由于一艘船舶的過失所引起，損害賠償?shù)呢?zé)任便應(yīng)由該艘過失船舶承擔。失所引起，損害賠償?shù)呢?zé)任便應(yīng)由該艘過失船舶承擔?！?Article 168 of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “ If the collision is caused by the fault of one of the ships, the one in faul

19、t shall be liable therefor. ” 我國海商法第我國海商法第168168條規(guī)定，條規(guī)定，“船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于一船船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于一船的過失造成的，由有過失的船舶負賠償責(zé)任。的過失造成的，由有過失的船舶負賠償責(zé)任。” 3.3 Principle of proportional fault 所謂所謂“比例過失比例過失”是指對互有過失的船舶碰撞當是指對互有過失的船舶碰撞當事方，按各自所犯的過失程度來分擔碰撞損害。但事方，按各自所犯的過失程度來分擔碰撞損害。但在各方過失程度相當，或過失程度比例無法判定的在各方過失程度相當，或過失程度比例無法判定的情況下，則平均分擔原則仍然

20、適用。情況下，則平均分擔原則仍然適用。 Article 169(1) of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “ If the colliding ships are all in fault, each ship shall be liable in proportion to the extent of its fault; if the respective faults are equal in proportion or it is impossible to determine the extent of the proportion of the re

21、spective faults, the liability of the colliding ships shall be apportioned equally.” 我國我國海商法海商法第第169169條第條第1 1款規(guī)定：款規(guī)定：“船舶發(fā)生碰撞，碰船舶發(fā)生碰撞，碰撞的船舶互有過失的，各船按照過失程度的比例負賠償責(zé)任；撞的船舶互有過失的，各船按照過失程度的比例負賠償責(zé)任；過失程度相當或者過失程度的比例無法判定的，平均負賠償責(zé)過失程度相當或者過失程度的比例無法判定的，平均負賠償責(zé)任。任?！?3.4 Principle of joint and several liability Articl

22、e 4(2) of the 1910 Brussels Convention The damages caused, either to the vessels or to their cargoes or to the effects or other property of the crews, passengers, or other persons on board, are borne by the vessels in fault in the above proportion, and even to third parties a vessel is not liable fo

23、r mort than such proportion of such damage. Article 169(2) of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “The ships in fault shall be liable for the damage to the ship, the goods and other property on board pursuant to the proportions prescribed in the preceding paragraph. Where damage is caused to the property

24、 of a third party, the liability for compensation of any of the colliding ships shall not exceed the proportion it shall bear.” 互有過失的的船舶，對碰撞造成的船舶以及船上貨物和互有過失的的船舶，對碰撞造成的船舶以及船上貨物和其他財產(chǎn)的損失，依照前款規(guī)定的比例負賠償責(zé)任。碰撞造其他財產(chǎn)的損失，依照前款規(guī)定的比例負賠償責(zé)任。碰撞造成第三人財產(chǎn)損失的，各船的賠償責(zé)任均不超過其應(yīng)當承擔成第三人財產(chǎn)損失的，各船的賠償責(zé)任均不超過其應(yīng)當承擔的比例。的比例。 Article 169(3) of Chinese Maritime