現(xiàn)在完成時的用法解析

1、精品文檔，現(xiàn)在完成時Lead in一般過去時導(dǎo)入：一般過去時的概念一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。110st my pen.（過去時）I have lost my pen.（現(xiàn)在完成時）過去時一般表示過去所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)?！拔野压P丟了”，說話人只是想告訴對方在過去的某一個時間里他的筆丟了，僅此而已。（僅僅是在陳訴過去的一個事實(shí)，與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系）New lesson一.現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成：助動詞have/has（not） +動詞過去分詞She has turned on the lights.肯定式：have/ has+過去分詞否定式：haven 't/hasn

2、't+過去分詞疑問式：把have/has提到主語前面肯定回答：Yes,have/has否定回答：No, .haven, t/hasn't二.用法1 .表示過去發(fā)牛的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果.例如:She has gone.她走了 . She went in the past.(She is not here now.)I have just cleaned my hands.我剛洗過手。(“洗手”是發(fā)生在過去的動作，對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是“手 干凈了”)I have closed the door. (The door is close now.)She has turned o

3、n the lights. (The lights are on now.)He has written his name on the blackboard. (The name is on the blackboard now.)Mother has cooked the dinner. (We can have dinner now.)You have seen the film. (You know what the film is about.)We have cleaned the classroom. (The classroom is clean now.)2 .表示動作發(fā)生在

4、過去、并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在、甚至還可能繼續(xù)延 續(xù)下去。這時常和since所引導(dǎo)的短語或從句或for引導(dǎo)的短語連用 (for 有時可以省去 )。以及 so far, by now, these days, in the last/past years/days 等連用。I have lived here for over ten years.(表示他現(xiàn)在還在這里居住，并且還有可能繼續(xù)住下去)比較：I lived here ten years ago.(僅僅說明 了他十年前在這里記住過的事實(shí)，不代表現(xiàn)在他還住在這里)He has studied here since 2006.都用How long提

5、問，例：We have learned English for three years.We have learned English since three years ago.-How long have you learned English?They have written 15 songs so far.Mr. Green has been in China these years.附:have been 與 have gone 的用法比較1: “have been +in+地點(diǎn)名詞” 或 "have been + 位置副詞” 的意思是 “在某地呆過（多久）”.如： Mr

6、. Green has been in China for many years. 格林先生在中國 呆過好多年。I have been here since I began to work. 我工作以來一直呆在這兒。2: “have been + to + 地點(diǎn)名詞” 或 " have been+ 位置副詞” 意思是 “曾經(jīng)到過某地（多少次），已經(jīng)到了某地”。如： Miss Brown has been to Japan twice. 布朗小姐到日本去過兩 次。Have you ever been here before? 你以前至 口過這嗎？I have been to Xiame

7、n.（我曾經(jīng)去過廈門）3: “have gone to +地點(diǎn)名詞”或"have gone +副詞”意思是 “在去某地的路上，還沒有到”I have gone to Xiamen.（我已經(jīng)在去廈門的路上了 .）三.現(xiàn)在完成時句中常見的時間狀語（一）.just, already, yet, ever, never , before , recently 有止匕類國I詞時， 常強(qiáng)調(diào)動作完成，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù).She has never /just/ already /ever eaten a Mango.He has just/ already come.I have finished

8、your homework already.Have you milked the cow yet?He has not come yet.We have seen the movie before, 我們以前看過這個電影其中just用于肯定句，意為“剛剛”，already用于肯定句，意為“已經(jīng)”，yet用在疑問句中也意為“已經(jīng)” ，ever用于一般疑問句，意為 “曾今”。1. already意為“已經(jīng)”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助動詞之后，過去分詞之前，也可以放在句末。實(shí)例:1） I've already read this book.我已經(jīng)讀過這本書了。（“讀”這一動作發(fā)生在過去，

9、對現(xiàn)在造成的影響是“知道書中的內(nèi)容2） I've washed my clothes already .我已經(jīng)洗了衣服。（洗衣服的動作已完成，具結(jié)果是“衣服冼干凈了”。）注意：在表示吃驚或明知故問等感情色彩時，already也可用于（口語）疑問句中。實(shí)例：3） Have you met him already ?你（真的）已經(jīng)見過他了？2. yet用在疑問句中意為“已經(jīng)”，用在否定句中意為“還”，常放在 句末。實(shí)例:1. Has he found his watch yet ?他已經(jīng)找到他的手表了嗎？一No, not yet.不，還沒有。2. The woman hasn't

10、found her dog yet那位婦女還沒有找到她的狗。（沒找到狗，心里著急，這就是對現(xiàn)在的影響）3. just意為“剛剛”、表示行為剛剛過去、常放在助動詞與過去分詞 之間。實(shí)例:He has just come back from school .他剛從學(xué)?；貋怼?注意 just now用于過去時4. ever 意為 “曾經(jīng)”，用于疑問句或否定句中，放在助動詞與過去 分詞之間。實(shí)例:1） Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去過香港嗎？2） I haven't ever spoken to her .我未曾和她說過話。5. never意為 “從來

11、沒有"常與 before 連用（before 要放在句尾、而never多放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。實(shí)例:I have never travelled by plane before . 我以前從來沒有乘飛機(jī)旅 行過。6. before 意為 “以前”，養(yǎng)1過去不確定的某個時間，總是放在句末， 不受句型的限制。實(shí)例:1） Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去過海南嗎？2） I haven't eaten Guangdong food before .我以前沒吃過廣東菜（二）表示從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，要用表示一段時間的時間狀語來強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)、

12、不能是具體過去時間。廠 for + 時間段如： for ten yearssince + 時間點(diǎn)如：since nine o ' clock< since + 時間段 + ago如：since ten years agosince + clause 主句現(xiàn)在完成時，從句一般過去時.、如：since you came since you got home(三)現(xiàn)在完成時不能和明確表示過去的時間連用.如: yesterday /last year / two years ago / in 1999 / just now / on Sunday / on April Fool'

13、s Day 四.一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別1) 一般過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情、強(qiáng) 調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響， 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。2)過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時 間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。(1)一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week , ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的 時間狀語現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語For + ，since + ，so far , up to/till now, ever, never, just, yet, till / un

14、til, in past years, always,(3)共同的時間狀語this morning, tonight ,this April, now, once , before, already, recently , lately不確定的時間狀語3）現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)、動詞一般是延續(xù)性的.如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.一般過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。舉例：I saw this film yesterda

15、y.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。）I have seen this film.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。）Who hasn't handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）She has returned from Paris.她已從巴黎回來了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回來了。He has been in the League for three years.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）He has been a League memb

16、er for three years.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）He joined the League three years ago.（三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。）I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-He's already been sent for.句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960 ）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。（錯） Tom has written a letter to his parents las

17、t night.（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.理解：現(xiàn)在完成時、強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動作產(chǎn)牛的結(jié)果對現(xiàn)在的影響、與現(xiàn)在有關(guān).一般過去時，僅僅表示在過去某一時刻曾發(fā)生過這一動作，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)?，F(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系， 即對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的 結(jié)果、影響等，而一般過去時只表示過去的事實(shí)， 不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān) 系?，F(xiàn)在完成時不可與表示過去的時間副詞連用，而一般過去時則可 以。試比較：1）I have lost my pen.我把鋼筆丟了。（意即還沒找到，現(xiàn)在我沒 有筆用。）She lost her pen yes today她昨天把筆丟了。（筆是

18、昨天丟的， 現(xiàn)在找到與否，沒有說明。）2）I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看過這個農(nóng)業(yè)展覽會。（強(qiáng)調(diào)我知道它的內(nèi)容）I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week. 我上周參觀了 這個農(nóng)業(yè)展覽會。（只說明我上周參觀過展覽會這件事）3） Who has opened the door?誰把門開了 ？（現(xiàn)在門還開著）Who opened the door?誰開的門？（指過去，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。現(xiàn)在 門是關(guān)著還是開著，沒有說明。）4） A : Have you had your lunch? 你吃過年飯

19、沒有？（意即你現(xiàn)在 不餓嗎?）B： Yes, I have.吃了。（意即我現(xiàn)在飽了，不要再吃了。）A: When did you have it 你什么時候吃的？（說話人感興趣的是“吃”這一動作發(fā)生在什么時候。）B ： I had it about half an hour ago.我是大約半小時前吃的The plane has arrived .飛機(jī)已經(jīng)來了。（說明現(xiàn)在的情況：飛機(jī)在這 兒）The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飛機(jī)是一刻中以前來的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動作 發(fā)生的時間在過去）I have taught here for fifteen years.我在這兒已經(jīng)

20、教了十五年。（表示十五年前的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能會繼續(xù)。）I taught here for a year.我過去在這兒教過一年。（表示“我“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在這兒任教了）五.現(xiàn)在完成時的動詞問題常見的短暫性動詞這類動詞常見的有：come ,go , begin , arriveleave , stop , die , marry , borrow , return , buy , joinbecome短暫性動詞不能和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用，但是他們可以轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)件動詞.短暫性動詞延續(xù)性動詞diebe dead borrowkeep buy/catchhaveget up-come.

21、finish，leaver-openclose-begin-become interested in -be upbe inbe overbe awaybe openbe closedbe onbe interested incatch/get a cold have a cold六.補(bǔ)充1:since 和 forSince用來說明動作起始時間、for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic

22、since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。（如何區(qū)別?I worked here for more than twenty years.（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）I h

23、ave worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）小竅門：在現(xiàn)在完成時+一段時間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動詞在完成時中的誤使。1）（對）Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studyingit now.2）（錯）Harry has got married for six years.=Harry began to get married six years ago, a

24、nd is still gettingmarried now.顯然，第二句不對，它應(yīng)改為Harry got married six years ago. 或Harry has been married for six years.2:since 的四種用法1) since +過去一個時間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six）。I have been here since 1989.2) since + 一段時間 + agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +從句(一般過去時)

25、Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is + 一段時間+ since從句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student3:since 作連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的用法。(1)若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終升性的過去時、則從句 表示的時間是 從動作開始的那一時刻起 工如：He has studied very hard since he came to ou

26、r school.自從他來到我們學(xué)校，他學(xué)習(xí)就非常努力。We have been missing them since they left here 自從他們離開這里，我們就一直很想念他們。這是最常見的一種用法，此處不再多述。(2)若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續(xù)性動詞或表示狀態(tài)的 動詞的過去時時，則從句表示的時間是從那持續(xù)動作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時算起”。如：I haven ' t heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 為持續(xù)性動詞， sleep的動作結(jié)束時，即 醒來”時，這句應(yīng)譯為 我醒后還未聽到任何 聲音”。John is now with h

27、is parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher約翰現(xiàn)在和父母一起住在紐約，他不當(dāng)教師 已經(jīng)三年了。本文開始出現(xiàn)的那個句子就可以譯為自從我離開上海，就再也沒有收到他的信?！边@種譯法常被人們誤用，我們不妨再多舉幾個例子看 看：How long is it since you lived in Shanghai? 你離開（沒住在）上海多 久了？It is half a month since he was a League member. 他退團(tuán) （不當(dāng)團(tuán) 員）半個月了。It ' s been

28、quite some time since I was last in London 我離開倫敦已 很長時間了。比較：He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來，他屢次給我寫信。（從句謂語為狀態(tài)動詞）He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來，他就屢次給我寫信。（從句謂語為終止性動詞）（3）若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語為持續(xù)件動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時，則 表示動作和狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（說話時刻）、其表示的時間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從 動作發(fā)生之時算起。如：I haven '

29、; t heard from him since he has lived there。這里has lived表示動作的持續(xù)性，時間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從：開始居住”時算 起。因此此句可理解為 自從他（開始）住在那兒起，我就一直沒收 到他的來信Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year 。自 從我們自己有了汽車，我們每年都去野營。試比較：1. Since I ' ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自從我到這所學(xué)校，我們已換了三個校長了。Since I

30、was at this school, they have had three headmasters. 自從 我離開這所學(xué)校，他們已換了三個校長了。2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill.自從我生病以來，他從未來看過我。He has never been to see me since I was ill.自從我病愈以來，他從未來看過我。由此可見，since引導(dǎo)的從句持續(xù)動詞的一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時所 表示的意思恰好相反。換言之，前者以肯定的語法形式反映著否定的 邏輯內(nèi)容，而后者的形式與內(nèi)容是一致的。至于It is + 一段時間+since的句型與It has been + 一段時間+since意思相同。前者是規(guī)范說法，后者是口語說法。應(yīng)注意的是，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對不能用否定式的 謂語動詞來表示否定意義，下面兩句都錯了：It is a long time since he didn' t study English.It ' s two months since you didn' t come to see me.正確的說法為：It ' s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學(xué)英語了。You haven