語言學形態(tài)學（課堂PPT）

1、1Morphology形態(tài)學2 Q1. What is morphology? Q2. A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion? Q3. Morpheme: free morpheme vs. bound morpheme; derivational morpheme vs.

2、 inflectional morpheme Q4. Affix: prefix vs. suffix Q5. Compounding and compounds31.什么是形態(tài)學？研究范圍？ 形態(tài)學是涉及語素系統(tǒng)的研究，它研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構和構形態(tài)學是涉及語素系統(tǒng)的研究，它研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構和構造規(guī)則造規(guī)則 Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Q1. What is morphology?4Q2. A distinctio

3、n is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion?Open class words: content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverb

4、s. E.g.hacker, email, internet, surf, spam, blogsphere, songlifting (song+shoplifting), workaholic, surgiholic, tree-huggerTaikonaut, ginormous, fantabulous菜鳥、驢友、槍手、做秀、粉絲、帖子、拍磚、下課、前衛(wèi)、PK、丁克、爽、酷、飯局、充電、月光族、黃牛、房奴5 Closed class words: grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, prepos

5、ition and pronouns. “e” “偶”6Q3.語素的定義 語素是語言最小的意義單位。句子是由單詞構成的，詞可以被分成更小的成分。我們把這些處于單詞最低一層的、有意義的成分稱為”語素”。Q3: What is morpheme?7Q3: What is morpheme? Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit How many morphemes does each of the following words contain? boy, desire boyish, desirable boyishness, desirability ge

6、ntlemanliness, undesirability antidisestablishmentarianism 8根據(jù)結(jié)構 語素分為 自由語素 和 粘著語素 (morpheme) (free morpheme) (bound morpheme) 具有完整詞匯意義 具有一定詞匯意義 能夠獨立使用 不能單獨使用根據(jù)語義 語素分為 詞根 (root）和 詞綴(affix） 自由，粘著 屈折，派生 free root, bound root inflectional affix, derivational affix 前綴，后綴 prefix， suffix9詞根、詞綴、自由語素和粘著語素的關系

7、詞根、詞綴、自由語素和粘著語素的關系 10Free vs. bound morpheme Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance. Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-” in “di

8、sclose”, “-ed” in “recorded”.11Derivational vs. inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes are morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of the words to which they are conjoined, or change their lexical or dictionary meaning. E.g. modern: modernize; length: lengthen; fool: foolish;

9、do: undo; selfish: unselfish etc.12Inflectional morphemes When a word changes in form but not in lexical meaning, we say it has undergone an inflection. E.g? Inflectional morphemes are morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as person, number, gende

10、r, case, tense, aspect and so on; they never change the grammatical category of the base words or their lexical meaning.133.詞根、詞基和詞干 去掉派生詞綴得到的詞是詞基詞基，去掉屈折詞綴得到的詞為詞干詞干。如果去掉詞綴后的單詞在不改變身份和詞義的情況下不能再去任何詞綴，則這個詞是個詞根詞根。 144.構詞法構詞法構詞方法構詞方法 (word formation)復合法復合法 (compound) 混合法混合法 (blending) 派生法派生法 (derivation)

11、縮略法縮略法 (abbreviation) 逆構法逆構法 (backformation) 借詞法借詞法 (borrowing)造詞法造詞法 (invention)15 Q4. Affix: prefix vs. suffix and some other terms: root, stem, base16 A root is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional as well as derivational) are removed. E.g. _ in “desirable”, _ in “unbelie

12、vable” A stem is part of a word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. E.g. _ in “undesirables”, _ in “enriched” A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means any stem and root can be termed as a base. E.g. “desire” in “desired” is a _? “enrich

13、” in “enriches” is a _?17Basic ways/rules of forming words in English1. Free morpheme forming a word 自由語素成詞2. Derivation 派生-a free morpheme plus at least a derivational morpheme (bound), a derivative3. Compounding 復合-two free morphemes merged, a compound18Examples of Compounding Noun compounds daybr

14、eak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V) callgirl (V+N) windmill (N+N) Verb compounds brainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V) Adjective compounds maneating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved) dutyfree (N+adj.) Preposition compounds into (P+P) throughout (P+P)19Some points about compounds When the two words a

15、re in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-cold When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong, pickpocket Compounds have differen

16、t stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence, e.g. red coat, green house The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts20Chinese morphology Do there exist affixes, free vs bound morphemes, derivational vs inflectional morphemes, and compounds in Chinese?21 on

17、e-morpheme words that may comprise two or more Chinese characters 單純詞 ： 人，水，走，吃，紅 琵琶，枇杷，葡萄，菩提，仿佛，猶豫，巧克力，蘇維埃 Derivatives 派生詞 老-; 小-；阿-；第-；初-；見- -子；-頭；-兒；-者；-員；-士；-手；-化 Compounds 復合詞 思想，動靜，看見，紙張，車輛，注意，關心，筆試22Chinese inflectional morphemes? Do the le element in the following two Chinese sentences expre

18、ss the same grammaticalized meaning? 他吃壞肚子了。 他吃壞了肚子。 Le is undoubtedly a grammatical marker. But is it an aspect marker or a tense indicator? A debatable matter. And it seems that the sentence final le differs from the le following the verb phrase in that they are associated with different meanings. Change of state or contrary to expectation? What do you think is the progressive aspect marker? Zai or zhe? What does the guo morpheme indicate?231. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and _. A. affixation B. etymology C. inflection D. roo