專升本動詞的時態(tài)

1、實用英語語法詳解連載之五：動詞的時態(tài)第一章、動詞的時態(tài)時間一般時態(tài)進(jìn)行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在workworks一般現(xiàn)在時amis workingare 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時hashave worked現(xiàn)在完成時hashave been working 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時過去worked一般過去時waswere working過去進(jìn)行時had worked過去完成時had been working過去完成進(jìn)行時將來shallwill work一般將來時shallwill be working將來進(jìn)行時shallwill have worked將來完成時shallwill have been workin

2、g將來完成進(jìn)行時過去將來shouldwould work一般過去將來時shouldwould be working過去將來進(jìn)行時shouldwould have worked過去將來完成時shouldwould have been working過去將來完成進(jìn)行時動詞的現(xiàn)在時1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性的動作或狀態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性動作或狀態(tài)時，常與often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等時間狀語連用。如：The shop opens at nine every day. 這家商店每天九點開門。It seldom snows

3、here. 這兒很少下雪。(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時表示客觀存在或普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比聲速快。Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天氣熱時食物容易壞。(3) 一般現(xiàn)在時表示主語的特征或狀態(tài)The picture looks very beautiful. 這幅畫看起來很美。Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空氣含有氧和氮。(4) 一般現(xiàn)在時在時間和條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)I'll tell her about it as soon as I see he

4、r.When does the train arrive? 火車幾點到？(5) 用于圖片說明或劇本中的動作提示和背景說明INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart. 防空洞中：斯道克頓慢慢轉(zhuǎn)過身，面對他的妻子。那群人正在離去，而他們憤怒的尖叫聲卻還回響在他們的耳邊。(6) 電視節(jié)目直播解說It's Carter to serve- he needs jus

5、t one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter. 該卡特發(fā)球了，他只需再得一分就贏了。他發(fā)球了，史密斯接球失誤。多漂亮的發(fā)球！冠軍屬于了19歲的哈利-卡特。2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示說話時或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，通常有表示現(xiàn)階段的時間狀語，如：today, this week, this month, this year, this term,now等。如： He is

6、writing a novel now. 他目前正在寫一部小說。(2) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示經(jīng)常性的動作 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時在表示經(jīng)常性、重復(fù)性或習(xí)慣性的動作時必須與only, merely, simply, really,fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等頻度副詞連用。如： She is always complaining. 她總是在抱怨。(3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示按計劃或已安排好要做的事 這一用法只適用于某些動詞，如：go, come, leave, sta

7、rt, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如： The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火車走。(4) 補(bǔ)充說明1 在不少情況下，表示正在進(jìn)行的動作的漢語句子，并沒有“正在”這樣的字眼，但在譯為英語時必須用進(jìn)行時態(tài)。如： It's raining heavily. 下大雨了。 How is everything going? 事情進(jìn)展如何？2 有些動詞通常不能用進(jìn)行時。不能用進(jìn)行時的動詞有： 表示感覺或感情的詞，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, no

8、tice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。 表示存在或所屬的詞，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。 表示認(rèn)識或理解的詞，如：understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時的這種用法通常與由since或for引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。如：The old man have lived here for

9、 more than twenty years. 老人已在此住了20多年了。(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的對現(xiàn)在有影響的動作1 現(xiàn)在完成時的這種用法有時不帶時間狀語，有時可以和already, before, ever, just, lately, never, once, recently, yet等一些所指時間不具體的時間狀語連用。如：Have you ever been to Australia? 你去過澳大利亞嗎？2 有時現(xiàn)在完成時和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示現(xiàn)在的時間狀語連用。如：I haven' t

10、seen him today. 我今天沒見過他。I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只見過他一次。(3) 現(xiàn)在完成時在時間和條件狀語從句中表示將來完成的動作I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.我完成作業(yè)后就去參加聚會。(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示從某時到目前這段時間的狀語連用 I have not heard from her

11、 so far. 到目前為止，我沒有收到過她的信。We have learned five hundred words up to the present.到目前為止，我們已學(xué)了五百個生詞。但要注意：當(dāng)意義明確時，適用現(xiàn)在完成時的句子可以不用時間狀語。如：He has done a lot of work. 他干了許多工作。She has told me about her story. 她跟我講過她的故事。4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(1) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或剛剛結(jié)束的動作I've been writing letters all this morning. 我寫

12、了一上午信。（動作不再繼續(xù)）O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.奧尼爾在病中，已臥床3個星期了。（動作會繼續(xù)下去）(2) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示從過去到現(xiàn)在的重復(fù)性動作現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的這種用法所表示的并不是一直在進(jìn)行的動作，而是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。如：What have you been doing all this time? 你一直都在干什么來著？（動作可能繼續(xù)下去）That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine a

13、ll these years.這些年那個記者一直為這家雜志撰稿。（斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作） 第二章、動詞的過去時1. 一般過去時(1) 一般過去時表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)1 一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。與一般過去時連用的時間狀語有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。例句：Lucy turned off all the lights before

14、she went out. 出門前露茜關(guān)了所有的燈。2 一般過去時也可以與today, this week(month, year)等時間狀語連用，但這些時間狀語應(yīng)指過去。如：Did you see him today? 你今天見他了嗎？（today指今天已過去的某一時刻）3 一般過去時還可以和for或since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。如：I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了兩個月。Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都沒有發(fā)生。(2) 有時一般過去時的時間狀語或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中Who was that? 那人是誰

15、？I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看見了克爾。(3) 一般過去時在時間和條件狀語從句中表示過去將來的動作或狀態(tài)。Hans said he would let us know if he got any news. 漢斯說要是得到消息就告訴我們。2. 過去進(jìn)行時(1) 過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某時正在進(jìn)行的動作1 過去進(jìn)行時通常和時間狀語連用。如：We were having dinner when they came.他們來的時候，我們正在吃飯。2 過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)的動作。如：Carlos was staying at home all last week.上周整整一周

16、卡洛斯都在家呆著。They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他們一直在修一個水壩。3 過去進(jìn)行時表示與過去某個動作同時發(fā)生的動作。如：I was reading while she was writing. 我在讀書，她在寫字。4 有時過去進(jìn)行時用于主句，位于其后的when引導(dǎo)的從句表示意外發(fā)生的情況：I was walking in the street when it began to rain. 我正在街上走著，突然下起了雨。(2) 過去進(jìn)行時表示過去將來的動作過去進(jìn)行時的這種用法多表示過去的打算，通常僅限于come, go, leave, de

17、part, start等一些表示移動的動詞。如：He didn't know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否會來。The delegation was departing three days later. 代表團(tuán)打算三天后動身。3. 過去完成時(1) 過去完成時表示過去某時之前結(jié)束的動作或狀態(tài)When he got there, the train had already left.他到了那兒時火車已經(jīng)離開了。Ina realized she had made a mistake.艾娜意識到她犯了個錯誤。(2) 過去完成時與when等從句連用had+j

18、ust / barely / hardly / scarcely+done.when., no sooner.than. 是表示“剛就”或“不等就”的固定句型。如：No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. 我們剛離開家就開始下雨了。I had not gone much farther before I caught them up.我沒有走多遠(yuǎn)就趕上他們了。(3) 過去完成時表示持續(xù)到過去某時之前的動作或狀態(tài)We had finished the work by nine o'clock yesterday.昨晚九點

19、前我們已完成了工作。The company had completed the project by the end of 1999.到1999年底公司已完成了那個項目。(4) 過去完成時表示未實現(xiàn)的愿望過去完成時表示未實現(xiàn)的愿望的用法僅限于expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think,want等動詞，過去時間往往由一般過去時表達(dá)。如：I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言，可是時間不允許。I had hoped you might know. 我本希望你會知道的。4. 過去完成進(jìn)行時過去

20、完成時主要表示持續(xù)到過去某時之前的動作。如：I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 這個東西，我找了好多天才找著。The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.電話鈴響了三分鐘才有人接。He was tired. He'd been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。After he'd been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Brown had

21、a drink of water.布朗教授講了半小時課之后，他喝了一點水。 第三章、動詞的將來時1. 一般將來時(1) 基本用法1 一般將來時常用來表示將來時間的動作或狀況。如：Helena will be twenty next year. 海倫娜明年就二十歲了。2 一般將來時用于真實條件句和時間狀語從句的主句中表示將來的情況。如：I'll tell you as soon as he comes. 他一來我就告訴你。3 用于條件狀語從句表示愿望或意愿。如：If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon.如果你愿意等我，我馬上

22、就回來。4 一般將來時可用來表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動作。如：The shop won't open until nine. 這家商店九點才會開門。Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。(2) be going to 動詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算或準(zhǔn)備好要做的事或有跡象表明要發(fā)生的天氣變化等情況。如：What are you going to do during the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么？ The train is going to arrive. 火車就要到了。(3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時（be 現(xiàn)在分詞）有些動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可以表示將要發(fā)

23、生的動作，表示按計劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。這類動詞有：go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要來吃飯。(4) be to 動詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)可表示約定、命令或按計劃要做的事。如：When are they to come? 他們什么時候來？We are to meet at the school gate. 我們約好在校門口見。(5) be about to 動詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示“即將做”或“馬上做”的意思。如：He i

24、s about to leave. 他馬上就要動身。The vacation is about to start. 假期即將開始。2. 將來進(jìn)行時將來進(jìn)行時表示將來某一時間正在進(jìn)行的動作。常表示已安排好之事，給人一種期待感。如：What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天這個時候你將做什么？The train will be leaving in a second. 火車馬上就開。3. 將來完成時(1) 將來完成時表示在將來某一時間之前完成的動作，往往對將來某一時間產(chǎn)生影響。如：I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this wee