高級(jí)英語(yǔ)修辭歸納

1、I. Phonetic Devices語(yǔ)音修辭1. Onomatopoeia（擬聲）: The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.例：As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.All was quiet again in Han Mansion except for some people snoring, the hor

2、se chewing mash, and geese crackling at intervals.I can hear the water splashing, the bees humming, and the frogs croaking.2. Alliteration（頭韻）: It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals and since the sound

3、repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called “front rhyme”.例：The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst into that silent sea. Money makes the mare go. A good fame is better than a goo

4、d face.3. Consonance (輔韻)：It refers to the repetition of the same consonants in the end of a group of words. (一組詞，一句話或一行詩(shī)歌中，相同的詞尾輔音重復(fù)出現(xiàn))例1：He laughs best who laughs last. 例2：With his three hundred wagingThe battle, long he stood.And like a lion raging,Expires in seas of blood. (此處也稱詩(shī)歌的rhyme)4.

5、Homoeotoleuton (諧綴), meaning similarity of endings, refers to the use of identical or similar sounding suffixes (后綴) on the final words of phrases or clauses. Homoeotoleuton is usually used in a verse but it also has a wonderful effect in a prose.例：There is no security but opportunity on this earth.

6、 I need time to drink but I need more time to think.Education is not received but achieved. 5. Assonance（半諧音）：Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.例：All roads lead to Rome. A city that is

7、set on a hill cannot be hid.城造在山上，是不能隱藏的。 Little strokes fell great oaks. II Semantic Devices 語(yǔ)義修辭 6. Simile (明喻)：A simile is a comparison between two quite different things, designed to create an unusual, interesting, emotional or other effect often using words such as “l(fā)ike” , “asas”, “as if/thoug

8、h”.例：The poem he wrote is like a colorful painting.He is as stubborn as a mute. The two boys look as if of the same cast He had no more idea of art than a cow（明確的比喻“than”）7. Metaphor（隱喻）：A metaphor is a word or phrase that describes one thing being used to describe another. It is an implied comparis

9、on between two or more unlike things; achieved by identifying one with the other. Sometimes both the tenor and vehicle appear, while sometimes only the vehicle appears.A. to be 結(jié)構(gòu) be動(dòng)詞連接本體（the tenor）與喻體（the vehicle）例：Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound. Life's but a walking sh

10、adow. 人生不過(guò)是行走的影子Violence is the cancer of modern society.B. “of” 連接本體與喻體。Of表同位關(guān)系例：I fall upon the thorn of life! I bleed! 我落入生活的荊棘中，我淌血C. 用動(dòng)詞和形容詞表示比喻例：No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history.The street around the three-storey

11、 red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogsIn the background, a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows worked by a string attached to his big toe the red of the live coals, glowing bright and then dimming rhythmically to the strokes of the bellow

12、s.8. Metonymy (轉(zhuǎn)喻): Metonymy is a word or phrase that is used to represent something it is closely associated with although both things involved are not of the same kind. 轉(zhuǎn)喻是通過(guò)相近的聯(lián)想，借喻體代替本體。For example: When we say “The kettle is boiling”, we actually mean the water in the kettle is boiling. Here th

13、e kettle has nothing in common with water, but has something to do with it. Other examples are: the Press for newspapers in general, Wall Street for the American stock market, the Bench for the judiciary, and Dante for his works.例：His wallet would not allow him that luxury. 實(shí)際上指錢Pen is mightier than

14、 the sword. (前者指文字，后者指武力)He is fond of the bottle. 他嗜好喝酒。（bottle代替酒）He must have been spoilt from the cradle.（代童年）9. Synecdoche（提喻）：Synecdoche is a form of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole stands for a part, or an individual for a class, the material for the thing or vice v

15、ersa.例：She was dressed in silk. A hand is needed in our workshop.Two heads are better than one. He toiled all day long to earn his bread.Italy beat France in the World Cup Finals. There wasnt a sail in sight.10. Personification (擬人): Personification gives human form of feelings to animals, or life a

16、nd personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. It is thus a form of metaphor in which the inanimate thing is seen to have some similarity with humans.例：A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.The flowers nodded to her as she pass

17、ed. The sun kissed the green fields.11. Pun (雙關(guān)) Pun is a play on words for a witty or humorous effect, which involves an amusing use of expressions with a double meaning or the same sound but different meanings. 雙關(guān)是指同形異義詞(homonym)或同音異義(homophone)詞的巧妙使用，是一種文字游戲。例：Seven days without water make one we

18、ak (week).    Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. (death) grave還指嚴(yán)肅It is better to live rich than to die rich (to live rich指過(guò)充實(shí)的生活，to die rich指死時(shí)很富有，同樣地詞rich意思不同)Is life worth living? It depends on the liver. (Here the play is upon the homonyms liver, meaning o

19、ne who lives and liver, an important organ in human body.) 12. Euphemism (委婉) Euphemism is when you substitute language that is less direct and vague for another that is considered to be harsh, blunt or offensive. It is often used out of courtesy or consideration for other peoples feelings.例：On the

20、14th of March, the greatest living thinker ceased to think.(die)The girl is hard of hearing (is deaf). landscape architect (gardener) sanitation engineer (garbage man) the disadvantaged (the poor) senior citizens (old people)paying guest (boarder) rest room (toilet)13. Hyperbole (夸張)：Hyperbole is ov

21、erstatement or exaggerated language that distorts facts by making them much bigger than they are if looked at objectively. It is often used to express ones strong feeling or violent emotions by remarkable imagination for the effect of strong impression, humor or sarcasm. Hyperbole should go beyond f

22、acts but cannot be divorced from reality.例：Her beauty made the bright world dim. She shed floods of tears.He complains and with millions of reasons. His words made my blood freeze. From his mouth flowed the speech sweeter than honey.14. Understatement (低調(diào)陳述) refers to a statement that is not strong

23、enough to express facts or feelings with full force, or that deliberately minimize the importance, therefore it is the opposite of hyperbole.例：According to the newspaper, the driver, who was returning from a wedding, seemed puzzled, “I only had two bottles of beer and cocktail. No one was more willi

24、ng to do a favor for a friend or neighbor than heThe country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. （雙重否定）It is not a disagreeable thing to be rich. (否定詞)15. Irony（反語(yǔ)）: a method of creating humor or subtle sarcasm in which the actual intent is expressed in words which carry

25、the opposite meaning.例. “Could you wait a few days for the money? I havent any small change about me.” “Oh, you havent? Well, of course, I know that gentleman like you carry only large notes.”This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.16. Oxymoron（矛盾修辭法）: Oxymoron is a rhetorical

26、figure in which an epigrammatic (警句的) effect is created by the conjunction of incongruous (不相稱的) or contradictory terms. It is a common device, closely related to antithesis (對(duì)立) and paradox, as in “bitter-sweet memories” and “mildly magnificent”.例：a victorious defeat (雖敗猶榮) tearful joy（喜極而泣）No ligh

27、t, only darkness visible. /He met his son with painful pleasure.To me, you are a familiar stranger.I wont say “yes” and I wont say “No”, but Im giving you a definite “Maybe”.17. Paradox (雋語(yǔ)): Paradox consists of a statement of proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or c

28、ontrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking may prove to be true, well-found. 雋語(yǔ)是指似非而是，表達(dá)一個(gè)意味深長(zhǎng)的意思的修辭格。 Make haste, less speed. 欲速則不達(dá)Failure is the mother of success. A man of great wisdom often seems slowwitted.A friend who always compliments you is not a true friend.The

29、child is father to the man. (Paraphrase: Everyone was once a child and has developed from a child.)The more you give, the more you have. (Paraphrase: The more help you give to others, the more help you will have from others.)18. Allusion（典故）: It is a figure of speech which makes brief, often casual

30、reference to a historical or literary figure, event or object.例：Achilles heel: a point of weakness, from Greek mythology.Pandoras Box: a source of innumerable troubles, from Greek mythology.Sword of Damocles (Greek myth) Siren song (Greek myth)Pound of flesh (Shakespeare)19. Transferred epithet （移就）

31、: A transferred epithet is an adjective modifying a noun which it cannot logically modify, yet which works because the metaphorical meaning remains clear. 移就指的是作為修飾語(yǔ)的形容詞與被修飾語(yǔ)沒(méi)有邏輯關(guān)系，但起到了通感的作用。其特點(diǎn)是把人的感覺(jué)溝通用于描摹客觀事物形象，表現(xiàn)主觀心理感受。 例：We spent sleepless nights on a project. (Night cannot be modified by sleepl

32、ess)She has expensive tastes in clothes (Tastes can not be modified by expensive）There was a short thoughtful silence.The moment he saw us, he gave us a sunny smile.The photo recorded many hopeful eyes of the small village.The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 20. Synaesthesia（通感）Synaest

33、hesia refers to the spontaneous association of sensation of different kinds.例：The flowers smell sweet.She said “Hello” to me with a sweet smile. She has a soft voice.21. Contrast (對(duì)比) Contrast is the dissimilarity or difference between things. 對(duì)比是把對(duì)立的意思或事物、或把事物的兩個(gè)方面放在一起作比較，讓讀者在比較中分清好壞、辨別是非。 Today we

34、 have more materiel but less spirit; more money but less joy.With the development of the society, many people are rich in goods, but ragged in sprit.The old always look back on yesterday while the young always look forward to tomorrow. 22. Analogy (類比) Analogy is also a form of comparison, but unlik

35、e simile or metaphor, which usually concentrates on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.類比證論是一種通過(guò)已知事物(或事例)與跟它有某些相同特點(diǎn)的事物(或事例)進(jìn)行比較類推從而證明論點(diǎn)的方法。 The nests of social insects are as complex as a man-made c

36、ity. In some insect nests special accommodation is provided for the young and for food storage. Many nests also have devices for regulating the temperature. So insect nests are as functional as human houses. (The analogy has been made between social insects and human society.)23. Parody （仿擬） Parody

37、is an imitation of a proverb, epigram, saying or idiom for humorous effect. The imitation is usually manifested in the form of given words, sentences, tones or even the whole piece of writing. Their humorous effects depend largely on the readers knowledge of the original expressions. 仿擬是根據(jù)家喻戶曉的成語(yǔ)或諺語(yǔ)

38、，臨時(shí)更換其中的某個(gè)部分，造成新的成語(yǔ)或諺語(yǔ)；或者根據(jù)古今名言警句，在保持其原句不變的情況下，更換其中部分詞語(yǔ)，這種修辭方式叫仿擬。 例：When in China, do as Chinese do. (When in Rome, do as Romans do.)Where there is a friend, there is a favor. (Where there is a will, there is a way.)III. Syntactic devices （話語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)修辭）24. Parallelism (平行) Parallelism is recurrent syntac

39、tical similarity. In this structural arrangement several parts of a sentence or several sentences are developed and phrased similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance. Parallelism also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence. In

40、parallelism, the parallel parts must be identical in form, relevant in meaning and sound in logic.平行是指在一個(gè)句子或一組句子中重復(fù)使用相同的或相似的話語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，即詞、短語(yǔ)、從句等保持平行是句子有平衡感、節(jié)奏感和清晰感。a. Words parallel.Responsibility, technique and cooperation are all needed in the job.b. Phrases parallelHe was a man of such great courage, o

41、f such deep simplicity, and of such intense honesty.c. Clauses parallelThey vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieve nothing; where they have left no sign that they had existed.d. Sentence parallelWater is indispensable to fish; air is crucial to man. Kind hearts are

42、 the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits.25. Antithesis (對(duì)偶) establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure. Function：to make the opposite or different m

43、eanings attractive or noticeable.對(duì)偶是將字?jǐn)?shù)相等、結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似的兩個(gè)詞組或句子成對(duì)地排列起來(lái)的修辭法。對(duì)偶的句式看起來(lái)整齊美觀，讀起來(lái)節(jié)奏鏗鏘，便于記誦。A wise person controls others; a foolish person is controlled by others.Speech is silver; silence is golden.United we stand, divided we fall.注：parallelism由結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似的兩項(xiàng)或三項(xiàng)以上構(gòu)成，相似于漢語(yǔ)的排

44、比；antithesis把意義相反或相對(duì)的排列在對(duì)稱的結(jié)構(gòu)里，求的勻稱和強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比感，相似于漢語(yǔ)的對(duì)偶，而contrast不要求結(jié)構(gòu)相似或相同，只表達(dá)相反的意思。26. Repetition (反復(fù)): Repetition is to repeat the same word, phrase or clause with intention. It is a major rhetorical strategy for producing emphasis, clarity, amplification, or emotional effect. 反復(fù)是把詞、詞組、從句等進(jìn)行有意識(shí)的重復(fù)，以達(dá)到

45、強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。例：Well work for freedom; well fight for freedom; well die for freedom.The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do.27. Loose Sentence (松散句) and Periodic Sentence (掉尾句 )a. A loose sentence is a type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by depe

46、ndent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period (句號(hào)) were placed at the end of the sentence containing many loose sentences, the sentence often seems informal, relaxed and conversational.松散句是把主要的思想放在句子開(kāi)頭直接陳述，把次要的思想作為補(bǔ)充放在后面的一種句式。英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的句子為松散句。這種辭格可使句子意義一目了然，容易使讀者抓住重點(diǎn)。 例：You can not ma

47、ke great progress in English without good study habits.Beauty is powerful no matter how we argue against it or pretend to be immune.You had better reserve your seats today if you want to watch the game.b. A periodic sentence is one in which the main thought is not completed until the very end of the

48、 sentence. Often this type of sentence is more effective than one in which the main thought is given first, followed by one or more modifying clauses or phrases. This is so because withholding the key word or words of the sentence until the end creates a sense of anticipation in the reader. Thus, a

49、periodic sentence is likely to be more emphatic than a sentence with a loose construction.與松散句相反，掉尾句是把次要的思想放在句子開(kāi)頭，把主要的思想放在后面的一種句式。掉尾句能制造懸念，使讀者的興趣和注意力保持到最后，使用掉尾句是一種有效的強(qiáng)調(diào)方法。 例：Unable to join the others at the dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie.Despite heavy winds and nearly impenetr

50、able ground fog, the plane landed safely.28. Ellipsis（省略）a figure of speech characterized by the leaving out of a word or words from a sentence when the meaning can be understood without them. The purpose is to achieve emphasis, compactness and brevity. 注意，為了修辭效果省略才是修辭手段, 句子仍然較完整。省略之處與前句或后句有很強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系。

51、例：The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be)When (you are) in need, dont hesitate to ask for help.Sometimes it does rainand (it does rain) hard.He saw her lying there. Dead. 可改成He saw her lying there, dead.29. Sentence fragment (句段) refers to the irregular sentence that omits some part of the s

52、entence with the purpose for compactness, emphasis, or for dramatic effect in conveying mood or atmosphere in some fictions, prose and advertising. 注意句段與病句的差異。例：The decision! What a decision! No time to get a specialist down! No time for anything.Fifteen yesterday. Curious, fifteen of the month, too

53、. Her first birthday away from home30. Asyndeton（散珠）It is a condensed form of expression in which words, phrases, or clauses customarily joined by conjunctions are presented in series without the conjunctions.例：A lack of response to dependency needs, poor nutrition, brutality, unhappy relationships,

54、 disease, continuing disappointments, inadequate physical care are among the many experiences that contribute to making people losers. (此句最后disappointments與physical care間無(wú)and)31. Polysyndeton (連詞疊用) It is a stylistic device that uses many conjunctions to link up a series of things, ideas, or events.

55、 The effect is cumulative, as attention is drawn to each detail.例：Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the seaHaving once got hold they never let go, but struggle and wrestled and rolled on the chips incessantly.32. Inversion (倒裝) is t

56、o put some part of a sentence at the beginning or at the end to show emphasis or to create poetic effect.例：Not until yesterday did I know her name.Woman as she is, she is braver than any man.At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.33. Anaphora (首語(yǔ)重復(fù)法) is the repetition of the same word or

57、 words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences, commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism. 例：We can learn from our grandparents because they might have experienced what we are facing to. We can learn from our parents because they are models standing in front of u

58、s. We can learn from our brothers and sisters because we always do the same thing and get different results. 34. Antimetabole（回環(huán)）is reversing the order of repeated words or phrases (a loosely chiastic structure, AB-BA) to intensify the final formulation, to present alternatives, or to show contrast.例：Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. J. F. KennedyHuman beings destroy the environment and the environment revenges on human beings.The seed is in the fruit and the fruit is in the seed. IV. Stylistic Devices 話語(yǔ)文體修辭 35. Climax遞進(jìn)T