中石化英語分級測試-閱讀(ppt)ppt課件

1、Reading Skills2009/11/101.five skills in fast English reading surveying, skimming, scanning, surmising and studying, 5S 技巧，即瀏覽(Surveying)、略讀(Skimming) 、尋讀(Scanning)、猜讀(Surmising)和研讀(Studying 2Reading strategies skimming for main ideas and guessing the meaning of unknown words 區(qū)分主要和細節(jié)內(nèi)容、根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞的含義、

2、在快速閱讀中抓住中心思想 3Common reading skills intensive reading, evaluative reading, browsing, skimming, silent reading, fast reading, questionable reading and consultative reading, etc. 普通閱讀技能主要有：精讀、評讀、略讀、瀏覽、默讀、速讀、問讀、查讀等 4Some reading skills making global inferences, making lexical inferences, skimming and s

3、canning 預測、推理文章內(nèi)容、猜測文中生詞的大意、略讀、跳讀 selective and restraining actions for certain purposes 閱讀者為達到預期目的而采取的有選擇性和控制性的行為 5four reading skills Skimming Scanning Perusing Critical reading 略讀、尋讀、細讀和批評性閱讀 6Fast Reading Techniques Fast reading techniques help you to browse text and extract the key points. The

4、skills require practice, but once you have got the hang of them youll find you can get through a substantial amount of reading in quite a short time. Scanning a useful first step before reading more deeply. Skimming handy when youre looking for particular things within a text, or trying to find out

5、whether a text will be useful.7some useful techniques and suggestions predication,skimming and scanning; reading according to the sense of group,up-down and down-up comprehension; the information gap by the board covering method learning new words,phrases analysis of sentences,paragraphs and recitat

6、ion of texts 預測、快讀與略讀、按“意群”閱讀、“自上而下”與“自下而上”理解法、使用“板罩” ; 適當學習生詞、短語 ,適當分析句子、段落 ,背誦等 8Skimming not only helps you to know something you are reading, but also helps read faster and improve your abilities of reading comprehension 略讀不僅幫助你對將要閱讀的東西有所了解，還幫助你讀得快些，提高你的閱讀理解力。9SkimmingLocate specific information

7、 to give an overview of a text, for example a reference document, by finding out what its called who produced it when it was produced who it was produced for why you think it was produced. This overview will help you decide whether you should read further, and how useful the document might be for yo

8、ur study. 10略讀 略讀(skimming)，指的是快速瀏覽全文的閱讀方法。略讀的對象是文章的標題、開始段、結束段、每段的段首句和結尾句。文章內(nèi)容的概括性陳述一般都在這些位置。略讀的目的是：(1)了解文章的主題;(2)對文章的結構獲得一個整體概念;(3)對各部分的內(nèi)容獲得一個粗略印象;(4)對文章主旨做出判斷。 對快速閱讀而言，略讀最重要的意義在于對各部分的內(nèi)容獲得一個粗略印象，以方便在尋讀時迅速確定答案所在的部分或段落。11CET略讀略讀(skimming) 對于有小標題的文章，把握開頭或結尾部分就把握住了文章的主題與寫作目的。小標題相當于段落的主題句，把握住小標題就把握住了文章的

9、主要內(nèi)容。這些小標題在尋讀時也顯得格外重要，從題干中的定位信息可以快速找到相關的小標題(模糊定位)，再在小標題下的內(nèi)容中查找就可以了(精確定位)。這對于提高做題速度非常有幫助。 對于沒有小標題的文章，需要把握文章開頭或結尾部分來把握文章的主題與寫作目的。更重要的是瀏覽每段的段首和結尾，對每一段的主題和內(nèi)容獲得一個粗略印象。建議考生在瀏覽時將本段的主題詞用筆圈出。這些主題詞將起到小標題的作用。其重要性不再贅述。 12ScanningRead quickly to get an overview prior to in-depth reading. Although you may still n

10、eed to read the entire text, by scanning first you can decide where you want to concentrate your time.Run your eyes down the page tospot new concepts or terminology so you can check the meaning before you start reading find information on a specific topic look for key words to give an indication of

11、the scope of the textread the first and last paragraphs to get the main points look at the first sentence of each paragraph to get a feel for the content note the key points in the summaries. 13尋讀 尋讀尋讀(scanning)，是指以問題為線索、帶著問題去尋找某一特定信息的閱讀。 以什么詞為定位詞(或線索詞)到原文中去查找是很關鍵的。 尋讀常用的定位詞有：(1)數(shù)字、年代;(2)第一次出現(xiàn)的人名、地名

12、等專有名詞;(3)事物的性質(zhì)特征或比較關系;(4)題干中不同于其他題的新信息。這些定位詞在原文中的形式和在題干中的形式可能會有所變化，考生朋友們要注意識別。 。14CET尋讀(scanning) 對于四六級考試的快速閱讀來說，尋讀就是在讀過文章后面的題之后，以題干中的某些詞為線索，到原文中去尋找出處的過程。由于快速閱讀題對于內(nèi)容的理解能力要求并不高，所以尋讀技能的高低直接影響著考生做題時間的長短。 還有一點是非常重要的，那就是，快速閱讀題目的順序與文章的行文順序從總體上說是一致的。把握這一規(guī)律，將大大節(jié)省我們的尋讀時間?？忌梢韵日页鋈菀锥ㄎ坏念}目，然后將文章進行分割。題目順序可能與原文不同的

13、題目一般會是是非判斷題的最后一題、句子填空題的第一題或最后一題15CET判斷判斷 是非判斷是非判斷題考查的是對原文信息的判斷和理解能力。是非判斷題一共有三類： Y題(Yes)當可以根據(jù)原文信息判斷題干陳述為正確時，判斷為Y; N題(No)當可以根據(jù)原文信息判斷題干陳述為錯誤時，判斷為N; NG題(Not Given)當題干內(nèi)容不能從原文信息中找到判斷依據(jù)時，判斷為NG。 需要特別注意的幾點是： (1)如果題干中的某些信息是在對原文進行歸納總結或簡單推理后得出的，那么即使原文中沒有出現(xiàn)這些關鍵信息，也應該判斷為Y。 (2)注意區(qū)分N和NG題。題干描述的內(nèi)容與原文內(nèi)容明顯矛盾、相反或不符，則答案為

14、N;而題干與原文之間是一種或然關系，即題干提到的內(nèi)容有可能發(fā)生也有可能不發(fā)生，原文中沒有提及是哪種可能性，則答案為NG。 16The Key Insight The most important trick about speed reading is to know what information you want from a document before you start reading it. If you only want an outline of the issue that the document discusses, then you can skim the do

15、cument quickly and extract only the essential facts. If you need to understand the real detail of the document, then you need to read it slowly enough to gain the full understanding you need. You will get the greatest time savings from speed reading by learning to skim excessively detailed documents

16、, although the techniques youll learn will help you improve the speed of all the reading you do.17Technical Issues know how to ignore irrelevant detailPoor reader learn to read the way young children read either letter-by-letter, or word-by-word. ? probably find that you are fixing your eyes on one

17、block of words, then moving your eyes to the next block of words, and so on reading blocks of words at a time, not individual words one-by-one. not always go from one block to the next: sometimes you may move back to a previous block if you are unsure about something.18A skilled reader read many wor

18、ds in each block. only dwell on each block for an instant, and then move on. Only rarely will the readers eyes skip back to a previous block of words. This reduces the amount of work that the readers eyes have to do. It also increases the volume of information that can be assimilated in a given peri

19、od of time.19A poor reader will become bogged down, spending a lot of time reading small blocks of words. will skip back often, losing the flow and structure of the text, and confusing the overall understanding of the subject. This irregular eye movement makes reading tiring. Poor readers tend to di

20、slike reading, and may find it harder to concentrate, and understand written information.20Speed reading aims to improve reading skills Increasing the number of words read in each block. Reducing the length of time spent reading each block. And reducing the number of times your eyes skip back to a p

21、revious sentence. 21Increasing the number of words in each block This needs a conscious effort. Try to expand the number of words that you read at a time: With practice, youll find you read faster. You may also find that you can increase the number of words in each block by holding the text a little

22、 further from your eyes. The more words you can read in each block, the faster you will read! 22Reducing fixation time The minimum length of time needed to read each block is probably only a quarter of a second. By pushing yourself to reduce the time you take, you will get better at picking up infor

23、mation quickly. Again, this is a matter of practice and confidence. 23Reducing skip-back To reduce the number of times that your eyes skip back to a previous sentence, run a pointer along the line as you read. Your eyes will follow the tip of your pointer, smoothing the flow of your reading. The spe

24、ed at which you read using this method will largely depend on the speed at which you move the pointer.A pointer could be a finger, or a pen or pencil.24Key points By speed reading you can read information more quickly. You may also get a better understanding of it, as you will hold more of it in sho

25、rt term memory. To improve the speed of your reading, read more words in each block and reduce the length of time spent reading each block. Use a pointer to smooth the way your eyes move and reduce skip-back.25FIVE-STEP PROGRAM FOR QUICK, EFFICIENT READING I. PREPARE TO READII. OVERVIEW (2-3 minutes

26、 for a book, chapter, or article)III. PREVIEW (probably 3-5 minutes)IV. READ ACTIVELYV. RELATE WHAT YOU ARE READING TO WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW 26I. PREPARE TO READA. Set aside a portion of time to accomplish your reading task. B. Collect reading material, paper and pencil. and whatever will make you c

27、omfortable. C. Find a comfortable spot to read. D. If you cant seem to focus on your reading: 1. Relax and think about what is on your mind. The idea is not to solve other problems now or to actively resolve what is on your mind but to recognize the issue or concern and decide when, and possibly how

28、, you will handle it. 2. Relax, close your eyes, and breathe deeply for a few minutes, Then think about why you are going to read the material in front of you. Imagine yourself focusing on reading and then completing your task. 3. If you still are unable to read, choose another time to do your readi

29、ng. 27II. OVERVIEW A. Look at titles and subtitles while asking yourself what information these sections are likely to contain. B. Look briefly at charts and figures and relate them to subtitles. C. Keep in the back of your mind the questions: Why am I reading this? What can I learn from this? 28III

30、. PREVIEW A. Read the introduction actively; ask yourself questions such as: What is the focus of this article? What are the three to five main points? How does this relate to my task and what I have previously read and learned? B, Read the first sentence of each paragraph, getting a sense of the fl

31、ow and development of the article/chapter, and underlined key phrases/ideas in these topic sentences. 29IV. READ ACTIVELYA. Develop a simple shorthand scheme, For example: 1 underline: main points 2 underlines or parallel line next to I or more sentences: significant/interesting point D in margin (w

32、ith or without notes): for discussion ? in margin (with or without notes): dont understand or questionable Box around work or phrase: dont understand; needs to be looked up or thought about B. Underline key concepts and important points of development of key concepts. C. Mark areas significant or im

33、portant to you. D. Mark areas you want to discuss. E. Write down your thoughts in the margins or on paper. F. Write down or mark words/phrases you dont understand; you can go back later if you wish to look them up. G. If you dont understand a paragraph, reread it before going on. Mark it for further

34、 thinking or discussion if you still dont understand it. H. Relate text to charts and figures. 30V. RELATE WHAT YOU ARE READING TO WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW DO THIS WHILE YOU ARE READING AND AFTERWARDS.31Some Quick Tips To Improve Your Reading Comprehension Read early in the day: This will allow you to

35、concentrate and retain more information than studying later at night when you may be tired. When tired, your concentration and comprehension will decrease. Read for short bursts: Try to read for 35 to 40 minutes at a time and then take a short break. If you have this as your reading goal it can serv

36、e as a motivator in trying to really focus on the material at hand. Try to make these “bursts” quality reading time. Find a quiet location: Try to avoid your residence hall room on campus as well as the lounge. There are too many distractions there that are not conducive for quality reading. Monitor

37、 your comprehension: Ask yourself every once in a while, “What have I learned?” If you are having trouble answering this, then re-read the material, ask a classmate, or ask the professor for some clarification. Try skimming the chapter first: Take a look at the title page, preface, subtitles, the in

38、troduction and the chapter summary before reading the entire chapter. 32QUICK TIPS PRIOR TO READING Survey The Information: Look at the information (Chapter Headings, Summaries, Questions at the end of the chapter) this will give you: 1) an idea of what the chapter entails 2) be able to gauge the di

39、fficulty of the material that you are reading. Time Management: Decide on the amount of time you will spend reading the material prior to taking a break (especially if the information is difficult). Speed Reading May Not Be For Everyone: This depends on the information and the extent of your reading

40、 comprehension and/or vocabulary.33How To Increase Your Reading Rate: Motivation: This will only improve based upon the amount of time you are willing to put in. In order for you to improve this you must practice your speed reading on a consistent basis.Try To Understand The Concepts: When reading t

41、ry to get an understanding of the information or the main point, instead of reading each word (this takes up too much time).Avoid Reading Out Loud: This causes you to read at the rate of your speech which can slow you down. You can read more than 2 times faster than you can speak.Avoid Reading Every

42、 Word: Do not focus on every word/letter that you are reading. This is another way that will slow down your reading rate significantly.Avoid Regression: When you complete reading a line avoid re-reading words/lines that you have already read.Test Yourself: After reading a paragraph, a couple of page

43、s, or a section, write down a couple of questions that you feel could be on your quiz/exam.Pace Yourself: Use your finger, pencil, or a pen and lightly go across each line that you are reading. As you become more comfortable, move down the middle of the page.Practice: Try to work on your pace first,

44、 and comprehension second. Try doing this with a newspaper or magazine-reading each line and as you become more proficient, try reading from the middle of the line and moving straight down.34如何提高四六級閱讀能力 把握句間邏輯關系 辨析文章結構，找到“經(jīng)典模塊” 35把握句間邏輯關系把握句間邏輯關系 通過抓住四六級文章中鮮明地表達起承轉合關系的詞匯來把握句間邏輯關系，進而推測四六級文章內(nèi)容重點、預估命題線

45、索，最后藉由關鍵詞的幫助力圖使其與文后題目相結合若四六級考試出題點與閱讀重點恰巧吻合則往往能順利得到答案 這種方法在應對傳統(tǒng)閱讀考試中的細節(jié)題型和部分推理題時往往比較有效，而且在某些情況下可以大大縮短解題時間。但其缺陷在于，隨著各類閱讀考試不斷演化，純粹意義上的細節(jié)題的比重正在逐步降低。以四六級閱讀而論，對主題和文章結構的考察往往與細節(jié)相互交織，罕有不“牽一發(fā)而動全身者” . 死抓細枝末節(jié)的詞匯和個別語法現(xiàn)象在面對今時今日的四六級閱讀考試時可謂綆短汲深。這種方法沒有能夠跟上四六級命題者思路的調(diào)整，一味抱殘守缺故收效甚微。 36辨析文章結構，找到辨析文章結構，找到“經(jīng)典經(jīng)典模塊模塊” “經(jīng)典模塊

46、”如現(xiàn)象解釋，如開門見山，如觀點對立，等待套用模塊固定思路按部就班、順藤摸瓜逐個擊破。 這種方法的好處是在針對結構清晰命題思路相對穩(wěn)定的考題時能夠把題目按既有模塊對號入座，一一還原到文章各段之中。 實際演練起來卻容易出現(xiàn)這么幾種情況：要么動起筆來大腦一片空白，所謂結構模塊早已拋擲九霄云外；要么搜腸刮肚，卻苦于無法將手頭的文章套入模版，所謂“按部就班”、“順藤摸瓜”到頭來卻變成一籌莫展。 四六級閱讀不同于四六級寫作，每一篇文章可能涵蓋了2個甚至3個結構模塊，而經(jīng)典模塊屬于大腦抽象思維高度概括的產(chǎn)物和韋伯所說的“理想模型”頗有幾分類似這句話的潛臺詞是“模型”原封不動地出現(xiàn)在社會現(xiàn)實（考試）中的可能

47、性逼近于零。 37思考思考 兩套傳統(tǒng)解題方式都只是部分揭示四六級命題規(guī)律，很容易陷入四六級命題者故布疑云的“羅生門”。另外，只糾纏細節(jié)或只從大處著手也不符合一般人的閱讀習慣和認知規(guī)律，會導致大腦下意識地抵觸，遑論進行主動有效的閱讀 38文本再建構的角度切入四六文本再建構的角度切入四六級閱讀級閱讀 結構主義語言學認為，文章所提供的是文本（text），解題者所作的工作大致就是按照題目要求找到其中的樣本，進行闡釋。 四六級文章閱讀的第一個層次或曰第一個步驟也是在拿到一篇新文章時最符合人類認知習慣的 在接觸文本信息時有意識地對其篩選、過濾，剪除冗余信息提取有效的新信息 39有意識地篩選、過濾，剪除有意識地篩選、過濾，剪除冗余信息提取有效的新信息冗余信息提取有效的新信息 四六級閱讀考試意在檢查四六級考生對超出其既有知識儲備的文本新信息的接受能力。 這里的接受不僅僅只是一個被動的了解，而是一個積極主動的對信息整理、加工、歸納和品評的過程。 了解和整理所對應的是大量的四六級細節(jié)題，歸納所針對的是四六級主旨題，加工往往是四六級推理題型，而品