BIOS與硬盤ppt課件

1、BIOS與硬盤產(chǎn)品工程部馬翀 硬盤的故事 SAS/SATA規(guī)范引見 BIOS啟動規(guī)范 硬盤分區(qū)格式 BIOS的硬盤接口總結(jié) & 回答以下問題硬盤的故事 - IDE/ATAIDE并不是第一個(gè)將控制器集成到硬盤中的技術(shù)- 廣達(dá)(Quantum)推出了3.5 inch Hard card, 但是有很多的問題- 將硬盤控制器整體放在獨(dú)立的硬盤塢上，經(jīng)過線纜直接銜接到系統(tǒng)總線上1986年，Compaq與兩家公司協(xié)作研發(fā)出現(xiàn)代IDE的前身，這兩家公司分別是：- Western Digital(西數(shù))- Control Data Corporation , 如今屬于Seagate(希捷) 1990年，ANS

2、I經(jīng)過了AT Attachment Interface審查并發(fā)布了第一個(gè)ATA規(guī)范，ATA-1IDE/ATAProgrammed I/O (PIO) ModesIDE/ATADirect Memory Access (DMA) Modes and Bus Mastering DMABlock Transfers- 添加了支持塊傳輸?shù)拿睿纱颂岣咝阅躄ogical Block Addressing (LBA)- 支持“邏輯塊地址, LBA的運(yùn)用同時(shí)也需求BIOS端的支持Improved Identify Drive Command - 允許軟件經(jīng)過指令的方式來獲取硬盤包括幾何以及各方面參數(shù)的詳

3、細(xì)信息Faster PIO ModesFaster DMA ModesATA - 2Improved Reliability- 添加了高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)目煽啃許elf-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART)- Head Flying Height- Number of Remapped Sectors- ECC Use and Error Counts- Spin-Up Time- Temperature- Data ThroughputSecurity Feature- 使硬盤具有加密維護(hù)的功能ATA - 3ATAPI AT At

4、tachment Packet Interface -SFF - Small Form Factor committee 首先提出ATAPI規(guī)范，使得非硬盤類設(shè)備可以在ATA接口下運(yùn)用ATAPI協(xié)議進(jìn)展任務(wù)，如光驅(qū)，磁帶驅(qū)動器，軟驅(qū) -90年代末期， T13接手了ATAPI的命令集以及協(xié)議Cyclical Redundancy Checking (CRC)High-Performance IDE CableUltra DMA (UDMA) ModesATA/ATAPI - 4CHS Cylinder-Head-SectorCHS & LBA C Cylinder 10-bit, 0 1023

5、H Head 8-bit, 0 255 S Sector 6-bit, 1 63通常8G是BIOS中可以尋址的上限, 8GB = 8192MB并不準(zhǔn)確，準(zhǔn)確的上限是8192 256 * 1024 * 512MBCHS to LBA mappingBefore ATA/ATAPI 7- T13 - INCITS - ANSIAfter ATA/ATAPI 7 Comes up- 有太多版本的ATA/ATAPI ATA/ATAPIsSATA-IO: Serial ATA International Organization 硬盤的故事 - SATASATA Revision 1.0- 1.5G/s

6、速度，不支持NCQ- 吞吐率峰值和PATA/133接近- 硬盤同時(shí)具有兩種電源接口- 8b/10b編碼AHCI Advanced Host Controller Interface- AHCI是一種PCI類設(shè)備，用于在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)存與SATA設(shè)備間傳輸數(shù)據(jù) - AHCI最多支持32個(gè)端口 - 支持ATA和ATAPI設(shè)備，且需求具有PIO和DMA傳輸方式 - AHCI可以選擇支持傳統(tǒng)I/O區(qū)間，或者Native IDE/Bus Master IDESATA Rev 1.0 & AHCIBDA BIOS Data AreaBus Master IDE/Native IDESATA 2.0相比于上一個(gè)版本

7、在速度上有很大提升SATA 3.0- 6Gbit/s 可伸縮速度- 依然可以經(jīng)過SAS STP協(xié)議兼容SAS控制器- isochronous NCQ- 提升電源管理才干- LIF 1.8寸兼容接口- 與 INCITS-ACS規(guī)范同步SATA Rev 2.0/SATA Rev 3.0硬盤的故事 - SCSISCSI從SASI承繼而來，Shugart Associate System Interface；1982年，ANSI開發(fā)了SASI規(guī)范，后更名為SCSI；SCSI 是一種智能的點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)接口，它隱藏了物理格式的復(fù)雜性同一總線可以支持8到16塊硬盤從1986年開場，SCSI被Amiga, Appl

8、e Macintosh和Sun公司的電腦產(chǎn)品線以及PC效力器系統(tǒng)；很多廠商在低端產(chǎn)品線上依然選擇PATAT10擔(dān)任實(shí)踐的開發(fā)任務(wù)SCSI - Small Computer System InterfaceATA & SCSI Hot SwappingBandwidth 5120 Mbit/sWidth16-bitConnector68-pins; 80-pinsAlternativeUltra-5SpecSCSI-3 SPI-5 (2003)Clock160 MHz DDRParallel SCSI Ultra-640 SCSI硬盤的故事 Serial SCSISerial attached

9、SCSI運(yùn)用作過修正的SATA數(shù)據(jù)線和電源線，但需求SAS控制器支持iSCSIiSCSI運(yùn)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)物理硬件，普通是以太網(wǎng)接口和線纜作為物理層傳輸U(kuò)SB Attached SCSI運(yùn)用USB作為物理層傳輸數(shù)據(jù)FC-ALFiber Channel Serial SCSISAS/SATA 規(guī)范引見SAS Protocol LayerSAS Physical LayerSAS Physical LayerPHY層定義了8b10b編碼以及OOB信號- 將8比特編碼成含有十個(gè)比特的字符- 字母符號具有特殊的意義，它包括描畫信息以及控制變量SAS PHY LayerSAS PHY LayerSATA OOB

10、SequenceSAS PHY Layer OOBSAS To SATA PHY OOB SequenceSAS PHY Layer - OOBSAS To SAS PHY OOB SequenceCOMSAS Burst ProcessSAS Speed NegationSATA Speed NegationPrimitivesPrimitives是第一個(gè)字符為K28.3或者K28.5的雙字SAS Link LayerAddress Frames Address frames are used for the identification sequence and for connectio

11、n requests.a) performs and identification sequence by transmitting an IDENTIFY address frame b) performs a hard reset sequence by transmitting a HARD_RESET primitive sequenceConnectionsOverviewSAS Port LayerState Machine ExampleHow To Bind A Disk Notation To Its Relative PhyID- How Linux Kernel Allo

12、cates Disk Notation?- How Linux Kernel Notifies Disk Notation Allocation Program When A Disk Is Found?- Why The Sequence Is Still Disordered Even If We Do Not Hot Plug?- W/A To Bind?ExampleAnalysisOverviewSAS Transport LayerSSPSTP A SATA device phy transmits a Register - Device to Host FIS after com

13、pleting the link reset sequence The expander device shall update a set of shadow registers with the contents of this FIS and shall not deliver it to any STP initiator port. SMP initiator ports may read the shadow register contents using the SMP REPORT PHY SATA function The expander device originates

14、 a Broadcast(Change) after receiving the Register - Device to Host FISSMPSCSI application layer- SCSI transport protocol services- Application client error handling- Device server error handling- Task router and task manager error handling- SCSI transport protocol event notifications- SCSI commands-

15、 SCSI mode parameters- SCSI log parameters- SCSI diagnostic parameters- SCSI power conditions- SCSI vital product dataATA application layerManagement application layer- READY LED signal behavior- Management protocol services- SMP functionsSAS Application LayerSATA Speed NegationSATA Speed NegationBI

16、OS 啟動規(guī)范BIOS Boot Specification The purpose of this specification is to describe a methodology by which the BIOS willidentify all IPL (Initial Program Load) devices in the system, prioritize them in theorder the user selects, and then sequentially go through each device and attempt toboot. The BIOS m

17、ust become more intelligent about booting because the Plug andPlay BIOS Specification places additional requirements on the BIOS during the bootprocess, and there are now more devices that are bootable such as CD-ROM, networkremote boot, PCMCIA, etc. It is important that this specification define a

18、boot schemethat is generic and flexible enough to allow booting from virtually any existing IPLdevice, and for the definition of future IPL devices as well.IPL Device An Initial Program Load Device is any device in the system that can boot and load an O/S. In standard AT machines, this is the floppy

19、 drive or hard drive.BAIDA BIOS Aware IPL Device is any device that can boot an O/S, but requires the BIOS to have specific code to support it. Some examples are: the first floppy drive, the first hard drive, ATAPI CD-ROM, PCMCIA, embedded network adapter, etc.BDAThe BIOS Data Area is a data storage

20、 area in RAM. The BDA is used by the BIOS to manage the various peripherals and resources in the system. The BDA starts at segment address 0040h.BCVA Boot Connection Vector is a pointer that points to code inside the option ROM that will perform device initialization, detect if a peripheral (such as

21、 a SCSI hard drive) is attached, and optionally hook INT 13h. The BCV resides in a PnP option ROM Expansion Header. An example of an option ROM with a BCV is a PnP ISA SCSI controller.BEVA Bootstrap Entry Vector is a pointer that points to code inside an option ROM that will directly load an O/S. Th

22、e BEV resides in a PnP option ROM Expansion Header. An example of an option ROM with a BEV is a PnP ISA ethernet controller.PnPPlug and Play is a term used to identify anything defined by the Plug and Play BIOS specification or the Plug and Play ISA specification. The term will typically be used to

23、reference some device or behavior that is specific to PnP technology.BIOS Boot Specification - Terms BAIDs包括第一個(gè)軟驅(qū)、第一個(gè)硬盤以及BIOS內(nèi)置所支持的設(shè)備，BIOS經(jīng)過int19來啟動OSDevices with PnP Expansion Header需求有一個(gè)Option ROM，并且有55AA的簽名；OpROM將會被加載在內(nèi)存的C0000hEFFFFh并且2K對齊；ROM中帶有PnP擴(kuò)展頭，內(nèi)部含有重要的配置信息Legacy IPL Devices規(guī)范ISA卡，具有一個(gè)Opti

24、on ROM， 有55AA的簽名；OpROM將會被加載在內(nèi)存的C0000hEFFFFh并且2K對齊；有能夠會Hook INT19BIOS Boot Specification - IPL 當(dāng)系統(tǒng)BIOS識別或枚舉了一切的BAIDs和BEV設(shè)備后，需求確定的是選擇哪一個(gè)設(shè)備來啟動，這就需求由IPL Priority來決議；BBS IPL PriorityBIOS會將IPL Priority存儲在NV Memory中，當(dāng)BIOS調(diào)用INT19時(shí)，會把優(yōu)先級讀取出來，按照順序進(jìn)展啟動，當(dāng)一個(gè)設(shè)備啟動失敗后會經(jīng)過調(diào)用INT18將控制權(quán)還給系統(tǒng)BIOS，然后嘗試啟動下一個(gè)設(shè)備；Example為了完全控制

25、IPL設(shè)備啟動的順序，就需求控制INT13的安裝順序，首先被安裝INT13的設(shè)備，將會被分配到更小的硬盤號80,81An INT 13h Device Controller installs one or more drives into the BIOS INT 13h services by hooking the INT 13h software interrupt and chaining to the old vector.Each controller may install INT 13h support for one or more drives.When INT 13h i

26、s hooked, the old vector will be saved.A controller will only respond to requests which specify the drive number for which it has control, and will pass on requests to other drive numbers to the old vector.A controller may not know if it has any drives attached until it is called to install. If no d

27、rives are attached, then the controller should not hook INT 13h.The number of hard drives currently installed is stored in the BDA at address 0040:0075. When a controller installs support for additional drives, this location must be incremented by the number of drives that are to be added.A controll

28、er must install INT 13h support by using sequentially increasing drive numbers starting after the drives previously installed. For example, if two drives are already installed when the controller gets called, they will occupy drive numbers 80h and 81h. The next available numbers for the controller t

29、o occupy would be 82h, 83h, etc.A controller checks if the location at 0040:0075 is zero to determine if it is the first to install. If it is first, the controller must copy the INT 13h vector over the INT 40h vector so that floppy services are handled properly.The first controller to install will g

30、et drive number 80h. The controller then knowsthat it controls the hard drive boot device.BBS BCV PriorityBIOS Boot Specification PnP headerPnP header example SCU OpROMsignatureEntry PointPNP Header OffsetPNP Header SignatureSCU Identify which PHY the disk associates to硬盤分區(qū)格式存儲設(shè)備包括軟盤，光驅(qū)，硬盤等第一個(gè)扇區(qū)，大小為

31、512字節(jié)MBR Master Boot RecordPartition ID- 0 x1 FAT12; 0 x4 FAT16; 0 x7 NTFS; 0 x8E Linux LVM; 0 xEE EFI Protective MBR由于位數(shù)限制，MBR只能支持 = 2.199TB，導(dǎo)致以MBR為根底的底盤分區(qū)方式無法支持2.2TB以上的硬盤；GPT分區(qū)格式可以支持 ，是EFI規(guī)范的一部分，目前UEFI為根底的BIOS均支持GPT分區(qū)格式；GPT GUID Partition TableHybrid GPT/MBR- Protective MBR可以支持3個(gè)主分區(qū)- Windows 2021R2運(yùn)用了Hybrid GPT/MBRBIOS的硬盤接口INT19Legacy - INT 19Intel Ethernet CardINT 13HLegacy INT 13EFI BIOS Hard Drive ArchitectureBoot ManagerDXE CoreLoad File ProtocolSimple File ProtocolEFI FILE ProtocolMBRGPTEL ToritoEFI Block I/O ProtocolDisk I