第四講詞類轉(zhuǎn)換1

1、第四講 詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法（一）1 在同一種語(yǔ)言中，同一個(gè)詞類和意義的詞語(yǔ)由于出現(xiàn)在不同的語(yǔ)境中可能發(fā)生詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換，這是詞類的語(yǔ)內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)換(intro-language conversion)；但在進(jìn)行兩種語(yǔ)言的互譯時(shí)，由于兩種語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式不盡相同，也存在詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的現(xiàn)象，即: 詞類語(yǔ)際轉(zhuǎn)換 (inter-language conversion)2一、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞英漢動(dòng)詞使用頻率的對(duì)比（漢語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)） 英語(yǔ)重“形合”，漢語(yǔ)重“意合”。“所謂形合，指的是句中的詞語(yǔ)或分句之間用語(yǔ)言形式手段(如聯(lián)詞)連接起來(lái)，表達(dá)語(yǔ)法意義和邏輯關(guān)系英語(yǔ)主要采用形合法”;英語(yǔ)是一種靜態(tài)型的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)； “所謂意合，指的是詞語(yǔ)或分句之間不

2、用語(yǔ)言形式手段連接，句中的語(yǔ)法意義和邏輯關(guān)系通過(guò)詞語(yǔ)或分句的含義表達(dá)漢語(yǔ)主要采用意合法?！?英語(yǔ)句子的構(gòu)建必須符合句法規(guī)范，符合基本的英語(yǔ)形式結(jié)構(gòu)：即四個(gè)基本組成部分（1）詞語(yǔ)的形態(tài)變化；（2）動(dòng)詞四維變化；（3）核心句結(jié)構(gòu)SV提挈句及擴(kuò)展句型；（4）銜接結(jié)構(gòu)的部件；其中的主軸就是SV提挈句。無(wú)論英語(yǔ)句子怎么變化，都不能脫離這個(gè)基本的句型，且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是唯一的。漢語(yǔ)重“意合”，即句子的構(gòu)成依靠語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系組合在一起，沒有嚴(yán)格的形式要求，也沒有明顯的形式變化。因此在英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞的使用頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于名詞。而在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的比較中，漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用頻率則大大超出英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。漢語(yǔ)一個(gè)句子中可以有幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞，

3、其排列順序依照動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后順序決定。3Examples: 住在樓上的家家戶戶都得提著水桶去樓下的水龍頭打水。 Families upstairs have to carry buckets to the hydrant downstairs for water. He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. 他對(duì)總統(tǒng)申明為保住其職位而決心奮斗表示欽佩。英漢構(gòu)詞的對(duì)比 雖然英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中都有加綴法（affixation），但漢語(yǔ)加綴法的構(gòu)詞能力遠(yuǎn)沒有英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)。英語(yǔ)詞綴具有在詞根上附加意義和標(biāo)示詞類兩大功能，產(chǎn)詞

4、能里極強(qiáng)。因此英語(yǔ)中有大量的由動(dòng)詞派生出來(lái)的名詞。而且使用頻率很高。但在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了更加符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，我們通常把名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成相應(yīng)意義的動(dòng)詞。另外英漢語(yǔ)言中都有復(fù)合詞，英語(yǔ)中有些復(fù)合詞是由一個(gè)名詞加一個(gè)動(dòng)詞形成的，在翻譯的時(shí)候宜保留動(dòng)詞的詞性。Examples: The two countries have reached an agreement to open the border. 雙方國(guó)家已經(jīng)達(dá)成一致：同意開放邊界。 His heartbreak words left an ever-lasting print in her memory. 他的語(yǔ)言深深地刺痛了她，并且在她記憶中

5、留下了永遠(yuǎn)的傷痛。4（一）名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞 常見的名詞后綴有：(v.+后綴=n.) -tion/ sion: competition, hesitation, cooperation, liberation , confession，diversion -ment: punishment, settlement, disappointment -al: survival, refusal, withdrawal, proposal -ery: bribery, robbery -ence/ance: insistence, assistance, confidence

6、這種由動(dòng)詞派生出來(lái)的名詞在英漢翻譯中通常轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。5Examples:The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜的變化。His insistence on punctuality throughout his life impressed everyone.他一生都堅(jiān)持守時(shí)，這給每個(gè)人都留下了深刻的印象。He was sentenced to ten years in prison for armed robbery.因?yàn)槌謽寭尳?，他被叛處十年監(jiān)禁。surv

7、ival of the fittest適者生存Mother sent Bob to bed early as a punishment for breaking the window.因?yàn)锽ob打碎了窗玻璃，媽媽懲罰他早點(diǎn)上床睡覺。6 Though nouns can be converted into verbs in the E-C translation, it doesnt necessarily mean all the nouns transformed from verbs must be changed into verbs in Chinese. In fact, the c

8、onversion only takes place under certain condition and it is subject to the context and the habit of Chinese statement. 含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞 英語(yǔ)中有很多名詞含有動(dòng)作的意味，多出現(xiàn)在記敘、描寫文體中。如：love,sight, sound, thought, view, end, close, right, glance, glimpse, wave, walk, smile, grin,absence.這些詞語(yǔ)在英語(yǔ)用做名詞，而翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，多轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞。7Ex

9、amples:fall in love at first sight一見鐘情Patriotism, to me, is the love of my country and the right to change things that I dont like by voting.在我看來(lái)，愛國(guó)主義就是熱愛我的國(guó)家，就是有權(quán)采用選舉的方法改變那些我不喜歡的事情。The streets are marked by an absence of color.街上明顯缺乏色彩。With the major characters death, the story comes to an end.隨著主角

10、的犧牲，這個(gè)故事也就劃上了一個(gè)句號(hào)。He gave her a quick glance as she walked into the room.當(dāng)她走進(jìn)房間的時(shí)候，他迅速地瞟了她一眼。8英語(yǔ)中有些加后綴-er的名詞，有時(shí)在句中并不指其身份和職業(yè)，而是含有教強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作以為，在漢語(yǔ)中可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。Examples:He is a lover of antique.他酷愛古董。She is an independent thinker.她喜歡獨(dú)立思考I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my brother is a better teach

11、er than I.恐怕我不能教你游泳，我覺得我哥哥教的更好。Some of my classmates are good singers.我同學(xué)中有些人歌唱的很好。9作為習(xí)語(yǔ)主體的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。 如:to have a look at to have a rest to have a break to take a glance at to make reference to to take a shape of Examples:They took a final look at the sinking sheep and swam away.他們最后看了一眼正在下沉的輪船，然后

12、游走了。The president made no reference to what had happened.總統(tǒng)沒有提及發(fā)生的事情。10（二）介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)中介詞尤為豐富，對(duì)于那些具有動(dòng)作意義的介詞或介詞詞組，在漢譯時(shí)常常轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。Examples:“coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“來(lái)啦！”她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦跳著地跑了，越過(guò)草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺(tái)階，穿過(guò)陽(yáng)臺(tái)，進(jìn)了門廊。To stack firewood aga

13、inst the wall順著墻把柴火堆起來(lái)The old man live on pension.老人靠退休金生活He is for the proposal while Im against it.他贊成這項(xiàng)提議，而我卻反對(duì)。Out of sight, out of mind.眼不見心凈After several blocks, he found an empty park bench.過(guò)了幾個(gè)街區(qū)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)公園里一條沒人坐的長(zhǎng)凳。11（二）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)中一些表情感、心態(tài)的形容詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常?？梢赞D(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。常見的這類形容詞有：confident, certain, carefu

14、l, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious ,grateful, able等。Examples:The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.她能夠給我?guī)€(gè)信兒這件事本身就是一個(gè)暗示，但我還得小心謹(jǐn)慎。Both substances are soluble.兩種物質(zhì)都能溶于水。1

15、2This very formulation is indicative of the underlying attitude.這一說(shuō)法本身已表明其根本態(tài)度。My experience ought to be a warning to those who are too confident in their own opinions.我的經(jīng)歷對(duì)那些太相信自己意見的人來(lái)說(shuō)，應(yīng)該是一個(gè)警告。 We seek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication of our economic, cultural, scientific, te

16、chnical and human ties. 我們要通過(guò)加強(qiáng)彼此之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科學(xué)和技術(shù)交流以及人員往來(lái)來(lái)加深彼此的了解。13（四）副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞常見可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞的英語(yǔ)副詞有：in-out,up-down, on-off, over.etc.Examples:Shed be down in a little while.她一會(huì)兒就下來(lái)。The lights are all on.燈全開著。The temperature is up today.今天氣溫升高了。What movie is on tonight.今晚上演什么電影。Class is over and you can go n

17、ow.下課了，你們可以走了。She opened the window to let fresh air in.她打開窗戶讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來(lái)。14二、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞（一）英語(yǔ)中也有很多由名詞派生而來(lái)的動(dòng)詞以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞，在漢語(yǔ)中往往不容易找到與之相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞。1、名詞派生的動(dòng)詞(n.+ -ize/ise=v.) victimize, characterize, computerize, symbolize, dramatize等。Examples:Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間關(guān)系的一個(gè)

18、特點(diǎn)：注重禮節(jié)。Nowadays all the government offices are computerized.如今，所有政府的辦公室都裝上了電腦。15After the September 11 attack, thousands of Arab Americans and students from the Middle East were victimized by the US government in the intense search for terrorists.在9.11事件后，美國(guó)政府下大力氣搜索恐怖分子，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，數(shù)以千記的阿拉伯裔美國(guó)人和來(lái)自中東的留學(xué)生

19、成了受害者。In Europe, the color white symbolizes purity.在歐洲，白色是純潔的象征。2、 名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞 Most hotels allow their own guests to cash their checks for small amounts, but guests have to go to the banks for larger ones. 很多酒店允許客人兌現(xiàn)小額支票，如果是大額支票，就得去銀行辦理。16（二）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞1、英語(yǔ)中有些形容詞加上定冠詞可以表示一類人，在漢譯時(shí)宜譯作名詞。Examples:Robin Hood a

20、nd his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.羅賓漢和他的伙伴們?cè)骱薷蝗耍瑦圩o(hù)窮人。Both the compounds are acids, the former strong, the latter weak.兩種化合物都是酸，前者是強(qiáng)酸，后者是弱酸。To protect the young and the old is their responsibility.保護(hù)老人和小孩是他們的義務(wù)。172、作表語(yǔ)表特征的形容詞也可以譯作名詞Examples:He was eloquent and elegant, but soft.他有口才，有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。They were considered insincere.他們被認(rèn)為是偽君子。18In-class exercises Translate the following sentences into Chinese, using the skills you have just learned.With the passage of time, my