初中從句知識(shí)總結(jié)

1、初中從句知識(shí)總結(jié)初中階段著重要研究的從句有：賓語從句、狀語從句、 no matter 從句和定語從句。第一講 從句的共同特點(diǎn) 從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分的句子， 充當(dāng)什么成分就叫什么從句， 如： 充當(dāng)賓語就 叫賓語從句，充當(dāng)定語成分就叫定語從句。從以上定義中我們可以得出關(guān)于從句的一個(gè)最大特點(diǎn)：從句是句子。從句的共同特點(diǎn)： 1.從句都有自己的連接詞2.從句都是陳述語序 （陳述語序就是主語在前，謂語在后，如：He is a teacher主語He在謂語is之前，因此是陳述語序，而 Is he a teacher? 主語He在謂語is之后，因此不是陳述語序。）第二講：賓語從句賓語從句是中考的一

2、個(gè)重要得分點(diǎn)，大家復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)一定要重視。在研究賓語從句之前我們先來看一下什么是賓語。 賓語就是在句子中用來回答誰做了什么中什么的成分，如 I lost my car 中 my car 就回答了我丟失了什么中的“什么” ，因此 my car 就 是賓語，賓語包括動(dòng)賓、介賓，動(dòng)賓就是跟在及物動(dòng)詞后的賓語，如： I have finished my homework （ my homework 是跟在 finish 后的動(dòng)賓） ；介賓就是跟在介詞后作賓語，如： I m interested in English （English 是跟在 in 后的介賓語 ）。賓語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)賓語的句子，如：

3、 He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.賓語從句的特點(diǎn)：1.賓語從句有自己的連接詞2.賓語從句用陳述語序3.賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)一.賓語從句的連接詞：賓語從句的連接詞包括that、 if/whether（ 是否 ）、特殊疑問詞。一般情況下選用連接詞時(shí)， 多用翻譯語氣法， 在研究語氣翻譯翻譯法之前， 讓我們先來看一下什么是語氣， 語氣就是說話的口氣， 語氣可分為三種： A. 陳述語氣即沒有任何疑問的不需要回答的語氣，如： I have found my lost car ； B 一般疑問語氣：可以用 Yes 或 No 來回答的疑問

4、語氣，如： Do you need a piece of paper? Yes, thank you.; C 特殊疑問語氣：需要具體回答的語氣，如： When were you born? October 3 rd. 在為賓語從句選連接詞時(shí)，我們首先應(yīng)將賓語從句譯成漢語，看是什么語氣，陳述語氣用that作連接詞，that可以省略，如：He told me （ that ）his father would come back the next week. 一般疑問語氣用 if/whether 作連接詞， if與 whether 大多數(shù)情況下可以互換，但當(dāng)賓語從句中有or not 時(shí)，不可用 if

5、 只可用 whether ，如： She asked his mother if /whether she could help her. He wanted to know whether his father would come to see him the next day or not. 特殊疑問語氣用特殊疑問詞， 如： He wants to know what he can do to help his sister.特殊疑問詞含義：1）.wh-型 what （什么）What do you want to eat? What（哪個(gè)）+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/ 不可數(shù)名詞 What clas

6、s are you in? What time is it now? when（ 什么時(shí)候 ） When do you want to meet him? Where（ 哪里 ） Where are you from? Who（ 誰）主格Who is calling you? Whom（ 誰） 賓格 Whom do you want to help you with your English?（ 口語中常用 who 來代替 whom） whose （誰的） （ + 名詞） Whose cup is this? There is a cup on the desk, whose is it? W

7、hy（ 為什么 ） Why do you like music so much? Which（ 哪一個(gè)）+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)Which apple do you want? Which（哪一些）+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)Which apples are from his garden? Which （哪一個(gè)） Which do youprefer, this apple or that?2）. how- 型 how （怎樣） How do you usually come to school? How （ 身體怎樣 ） How are you? How long（ 多長時(shí)間 ） How will you sta

8、y in China ? How soon（ 多長時(shí)間以后）與將來時(shí)（包括現(xiàn)在將來時(shí)與過去將來時(shí)）連用 How soon will you be back? How often（ 多長時(shí)間一詞）注意當(dāng)遇到了諸如： three times a day/a week 之類的也用 how often How often do you have a maths lesson? Twice a day. How many times（ 多少次 ） How many times do you take this medicine a day? Three times. How much （多少 ）+ 不可

9、數(shù)名詞How much meat do you want? 注意問錢不忘how much How much is your shirt? How many（ 多少）+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)How many people （ 本身就是復(fù)數(shù) ） are there in your family? How old （ 多大 ） 問年齡 How old is that boy? 7 years old. How far （ 多遠(yuǎn) ） How far is it from your home to your school? Two kilometers away. How tall （ 多 高） 一般指人高樹高煙

10、囪高， How tall is the boy? How high（ 多高 ）一般指山高建筑物高及離 開地面高， How high can he jump?二.賓語從句白語序；A.賓語從句的連接詞后加陳述語序（主語在前，謂語在后），如：I wantto know if he can come tomorrowB.當(dāng)連接詞本身又是賓語從句的主語時(shí)，后面直接加謂語動(dòng)詞，如：She asked me who hadhelped him三 . 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)，只要記住以下口訣就可以了“主現(xiàn)則從任，主過則從過，客觀真理一 般現(xiàn)” 。A. 主現(xiàn)則從任：主句如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，則從句根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語需要從八種時(shí)態(tài)

11、中任選一種， TOC o 1-5 h z 如： tells me he likes English very much（ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）asks me if I saw his brother yesterday（ 一般過去時(shí)）wants to know what has happened（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) ）say that the world is changing all the time（ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）wonders what I was doing at five yesterday afternoon.（ 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)）father tells me that he will fly to

12、Qingdao for a holiday（ 現(xiàn)在將來時(shí)）sister says he had learn one thousand English words by the end of last term（ 過去完成時(shí)）friends hopes me that I can help him（ 含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) ）B.主過則從過：主句如果是一般過去時(shí)，則從句根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語需要從四種帶“過”字的時(shí)態(tài)中任選一種，帶“過”字的時(shí)態(tài)分別是如： 1.一般過去時(shí)， 2.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，3.過去將來時(shí)，4.過去完成時(shí) TOC o 1-5 h z told me that he liked playing

13、 football（ 一般過去時(shí)）asked me whether I was watching TV at this time last day（ 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)）wanted to say that our team would beat them（ 過去將來時(shí)）wondered if I had finished my homework （ 過去完成時(shí)）said I could help him （ 含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)）C.客觀真理一般現(xiàn)：客觀真理永遠(yuǎn)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如： says the moon goes around the earth told me that one and on

14、e makes two.第三講 狀語從句狀語從句是歷年中考的一個(gè)必考項(xiàng)目，一定要特殊注意。英語中,修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語（adverbial） 。狀語的功用：狀語說明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等，根據(jù)狀語的功能狀語從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句。一時(shí)間狀語從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語的句子。時(shí)間狀語的連接詞： when （當(dāng)時(shí)候） while （當(dāng)時(shí)候） as （當(dāng)時(shí)候） after （在以 后）before （在以前） as soon as （一就） since （自從到現(xiàn)在）till /

15、until （直到才）by the time （到為止）依舊是連接詞后加陳述語序。舉例：當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候（一般情況下主句是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。）Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.（ 當(dāng) ）莫扎特的時(shí)候，開始寫音樂作品。I will become a teacher when I grow up當(dāng)我長大了，我要當(dāng)老師當(dāng)時(shí)He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.他在旅途中參觀了許多地方。在的同時(shí)；一邊一邊He smiled as he stood up.他

16、一邊站起來一邊笑著。在,一之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.前幾天做完作業(yè)之后回的家。在之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.布朗先生來這之前已經(jīng)在一家銀行里工作一年了。soon as 一就（一般情況下主句是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。We began to work as soon as we got there.我們一到那就開始工作。I will write to you as soo

17、n as I get home.我一到家就給你寫信。自一以來到現(xiàn)在般用現(xiàn)在完成表示自過去的一個(gè)起點(diǎn)時(shí)間到目前（說話時(shí)間） 為止的一段持續(xù)時(shí)間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.自格林先生來中國以來，他就在這所學(xué)校教書。（還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago（自三年前以來）表示。）till /until都可以作連詞，連接時(shí)間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作狀語。They walked

18、 till /until it was dark.他們一直走到天黑。Xiao Ming didn t leave home till / until his father came back.小明直到他爸爸回來才離開家。. by the time到為止（所在句子的主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時(shí)）By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.他到家的時(shí)候，他爸爸已經(jīng)走了。By the time I got to school, the class had already began.我到校時(shí)，已經(jīng)開始上課了。用法辨析： , while

19、和 as 的區(qū)別when 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。并且when 有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)” 。例如：When she came in, I stopped eating. 她進(jìn)來時(shí)，我在吃飯。 （ 瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞 ）When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him. 當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常為他擔(dān)水。 （延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞）We were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開，就在那時(shí)他進(jìn)來了。While 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句

20、的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)） 。并且 while 有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV . （was reading 是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞， was reading 和 was watching 同時(shí)發(fā)生 ）I like playing football while you like playing basketball. 我喜歡踢足球， 而你喜歡打籃球。 （ 對(duì)比）As表示“一邊一邊” ，as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。例如：We alw

21、ays sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱。（as表示“一邊一邊“）As we was going out, it began to snow.當(dāng)我們出門時(shí)，開始下雪了。（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時(shí)間）as when while 的辨析as when while 都表示主、從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，三者差異如下：as 表示“一邊。 。 。一邊的意思強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí)用于發(fā)生時(shí)間較段時(shí)when1、還可以表示從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在主幾句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前 或之后發(fā)生。2、when= and then; at that moment （正在那個(gè)時(shí)候 ）3

22、.常用于常見搭配中while1、用于時(shí)間較長時(shí)2、 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí)有時(shí)這三個(gè)連詞可以互換，有時(shí)不可以。lt was raining hard when （as） I got there.我到那里時(shí)，正在下大雨。 （ 動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生， when 可換為 as, 但不能換為while ，因?yàn)?get是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞 .）When I had read the article, he called me.（ 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，只能我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話。用 when ）When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.

23、（當(dāng)）我到了電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開演了。（從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用 when,并要注意時(shí)態(tài) ）He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要離開，忽然電話響了。 （ 此時(shí)不能放在句首。主句動(dòng)詞一般表達(dá) “正在” “即將”while, as 不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實(shí)際上在談?wù)撐遗畠骸?（表轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比， when, as 都不能代替 它）Wh

24、ile the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人買紀(jì)念品時(shí)，那女孩給警察打了電話。（表示主句，從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，while 后引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞不能是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗硎据^長時(shí)間 ）Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as （when/ while） father was away.媽媽擔(dān)心，因?yàn)樾埯惤z病了，特別是他父親不在家的時(shí)候。 （此時(shí) as ,when, while 可通用 ）由 till 或 unt

25、il 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。till 和 until 一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用 until 。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)， 必須用否定形式； 如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達(dá)的意思不同。例如：I didnt go to bed until （ till ） my father came back. 直到我父親回來我才上床睡覺。It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English. 直到散會(huì)之后他才開始 教我英語。I worked u

26、ntil he came back. 我工作到他回來為止。I didnt work until he came back. 他回來我這才開始工作。Please wait until I arrived. 在我到達(dá)之前請(qǐng)等我。由 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。since 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，而主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表述為：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+since+般過去時(shí)。但在It is +時(shí)間+ since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：I have been in Beijing since you left. 自從你

27、離開以來，我一直在北京了。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你見面以后，你到哪里去了？It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。It is five months since our boss was in Beijing. 我們老板離開北京有五個(gè)月了。知識(shí)擴(kuò)展It is since 從。 。以來多長時(shí)間了 （因?yàn)?since +從句或名詞，表示一段時(shí)間）It is five years since we met last time. 從我們上次見面

28、已經(jīng)五年了。It is +before （。才）It was a long time before I went to sleep again.過了很長時(shí)間我才睡著。It was an hour before（ = until） the police arrived.過了一個(gè)小時(shí)，警察才來。二. 原因狀語從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語的句子。連接詞：由連詞 because, since, as引導(dǎo)，也可由for, now that等詞引導(dǎo)didn t go to school yesterday because I was ill.我昨天沒去上學(xué)，因?yàn)槲疑×?。Since everybody i

29、s here, let s begin our meeting.既然大家都來了 , 讓我們開始開會(huì)吧.As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.既然你身體不好, 你就不該熬夜.asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.我請(qǐng)她留下來喝茶,因?yàn)槲矣惺乱嬖V她.用法辨析：because , since , as , for 辨析because 語勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why 提出的問題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用 as 或 since

30、 。I didn t go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2)由 because 引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用 for 來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用 for 。He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.三、條件狀語從句 TOC o 1-5 h z 連接詞： if 如果 , unles

31、s (=if not) 除非。(讓步)it doesn t rain tomorrow, well wgoi hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我們就去遠(yuǎn)足 .will get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力學(xué)習(xí),就會(huì)取得好成績.will go to the party unless he goes there too.我不會(huì)去參加聚會(huì)的 , 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不馬上走,你將會(huì)遲到的.(=If you don t leave immediately

32、, you will be late.), 從句要用一般難點(diǎn)提示：用條件狀語從句時(shí)要注意時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用,當(dāng)主句是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候現(xiàn)在時(shí) .He will not leave if it isn t fine tomorrow.一般將來時(shí)， 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)They are going to have a picnic if it doesn t rain next week.一般將來時(shí),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)四、目的、結(jié)果狀語從句目的狀語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)目的狀語的句子。結(jié)果狀語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語的句子目的狀語從句連接詞so that, so- that , in order that引導(dǎo)。結(jié)果

33、狀語從句連接詞sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引導(dǎo)。that如此以至于The scientist s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.科學(xué)家的報(bào)告很有教育性，我們感到很興奮。He always studied so hard that he made great progress.他總是那么努力，所以他取得了很大的進(jìn)步。that 以至于 , 以便于I ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. （ 目的 ）我將慢慢跑以至于你能趕

34、上我。I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. （ 目的 ）我把窗戶打開以便于使新鮮空氣可以進(jìn)來。3. suchthat如此以至It s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.天氣是如此的好，我們大家都想去公園玩。order that=so that: 為了We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.不久我們將會(huì)讓你知道詳情,以

35、便你們能夠做出安排。（目的 ）5.比較：so 和 such其規(guī)律由 so 與 such 的不同詞性決定。 such 是形容詞， 修飾名詞或名詞詞組， so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。定搭配。so foolishso 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞 many, few, much, little 連用，形成固such a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many / few flowerssuch nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a l

36、ot of people（so many已成固定搭配，a lot of雖相當(dāng)于 many,但a lot of為名詞性的，只能用 such搭配。 ）so- that與suchthat之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。The boy is so young that he can t go to school.He is such a young boy that he can t go to school難點(diǎn)so+形容詞或副詞so+形+a（an）+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞so +many 或 few+ 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that +much 或 little+ 不可數(shù)名詞so that ,such tha

37、t都可以in order that兩者皆可引導(dǎo)目的地狀語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句，當(dāng)他們引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句時(shí)，從句的謂語里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would 等次。so +adj或adv.+ that, such +n.+ that以上兩種句型都表示結(jié)果，其中so為副詞，后接形容詞，副詞原型，當(dāng)可數(shù)名詞前有many, few ；不可數(shù)名詞前有much, little 修飾時(shí)，應(yīng)采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n.。 such 為形容詞 , 后只能接名詞。這名詞既可以地可數(shù)的，也可以是不可數(shù)的。如果這名詞是可數(shù)的 ,則必須在名

38、詞前加不定冠詞 a(an). 常見的形式是 :such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.I ve had so many falls that I m black and blue all over. TOC o 1-5 h z 我跌了很多跤，渾身數(shù)摔得清一塊紫一塊.there are so few notebooks that I can t give you any.筆記本太少了,我一本也給不了你.It is such nice weather that I d like to take a walk.天氣是如此只好, 以致于我想去散散步.Mik

39、e is so honest a man that we all believe him.麥克是如此誠實(shí)的一個(gè)人,以致于大家都相信他(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.)The weather is so nice that I d like to take a walk.天氣是如此只好, 以致于我想去散散步.五、讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句是指在句子中作讓步的狀語的句子連接詞：though, although. , whetheror not難點(diǎn)：though, although當(dāng)“雖然講，都不能和but連用.Although

40、/though but的格式是不對(duì)的.但 是他們都可以同 yet (still)連用.所以thought (although) yet(still)的格式是正確的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.雖然他很富有, 然而他并不快樂 .Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.Right : Although we have grown up, ou

41、r parents still treat us as children.盡管我們已經(jīng)長大了 ,可是我們的父母仍把我們看作小孩.although, though 辨析although 不能 though 那樣用作副詞 , 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)要用 even though.He is looking fit, though.但是 ,他看上去很健康. 考點(diǎn)Even though I didn t under a word, I kept smiling.盡管我一個(gè)字也不懂，我還是一直微笑著。He is quite experienced, he is young, though.盡管他很年輕，他很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。典

42、型例題_she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless答案：Co意為雖然她很年輕，卻知道許多。ever if, even though. 即使We ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.盡管天氣很壞，我們?nèi)詫⒁ヂ眯?。whether- or not 不管者 BWhether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你信不信，那是真的第三講 no matter 從句結(jié)構(gòu)：no matter +特殊疑問詞疑問

43、詞+陳述語序或特殊疑問詞+后綴ever+陳述語序No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替換： no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意： no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。（錯(cuò)） No matter w

44、hat you say is not useful now.（對(duì)） Whatever you say is not useful now.你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。 （Whatever you say 是主語從句 ）（錯(cuò)）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they re given,（對(duì)）Prisoners have to eat whatever they re given. 囚犯?jìng)冎荒芙o什么吃什么第四講 定語從句定語是指在句子中用來修飾名詞、 代詞的成分， 如： I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful fl

45、ower.（ 中 beautiful 就是定語 ）定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后， 如： I have met the定語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中作定語的句子，doctor who is in the hospital.定語從句的連接詞：.連接代詞：who 、 which 、 whom 、 whose 、 that.連接副詞：when、 where、 why選用連接詞的關(guān)鍵是看先行詞， 先行詞是指定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞， 如： The boy whois playing football is my brother. ( 這里 the boy 就是先行詞 )一、連接代詞的選用：指人，先行詞為人,在

46、從句中做主語The boys who are playing football are from Class One.Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.whom 指人，先行詞為人,在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，?？墒÷?。Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語和非正式語體中常用 who 代替，可省略。The man who/whom you met ju

47、st now is my friend指物，先行詞為物 ,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略Football is a game which is liked by most boys.This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 who或者whom;指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.Where is the man

48、 that/whom I saw this morning?whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語，譯成的He has a friend whose father is a doctor.I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen 指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book

49、whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?介詞 +連接代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句連接代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí)從句常由介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.Tomorrow

50、I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.We ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.We ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意： 1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語一般不拆開使用，如： look for, look after, take care of 等This is the watch which/that I am looking f

51、or. (T)This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2.若介詞放在連接代詞前，連接代詞指人時(shí)用 whom,不可用who或者that;指物時(shí)用which,不能用that;連接代詞是所有格時(shí)用whoseThe man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)The plane in that we f

52、lew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介詞 +連接代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.There are forty students in our class in all, mos

53、t of whom are from big cities二、連接副詞的選用： 1. when 指時(shí)間，在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語I still remember the day when I first came to the school.The time when we got together finally came.where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語Shanghai is the city where I was born.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.why 指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語

54、Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞 +關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.Gr

55、eat changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.三、判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞 ,具體操作方法如下：提出定語從句，把先行詞補(bǔ)進(jìn)定語從句中，若是先行詞作地點(diǎn)狀語就用Where,若作時(shí)間狀語就用when,若作原因狀語就用why (先行詞一般為the reason),其他情況則用連接代詞，例 1. Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was h