117屆美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)的宗教信仰組成報(bào)告

1、How we did thisEvery two years, Pew Research Center publishes a report on the religious affiliation of members of the incoming Congress. This report is the seventh in the series, which started with the 111th Congress that began in 2009.Data on members of Congress comes from CQ Roll Call, which surve

2、ys members about their demographic characteristics, including religious affiliation. Pew Research Center researchers then code the data so that Congress can be compared with U.S. adults overall. For example, members of Congress who tell CQ Roll Call they are “Southern Baptists” are coded as “Baptist

3、s” a broader category (including Southern Baptists as well as other Baptists) used for analysis of the general public.Data in this report covers members of Congress sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021. One contested election,in New Yorks 22nd District, was uncalled by the start of the new Congress. Congressman

4、-elect HYPERLINK /news/2021/01/03/luke-letlow-covid-memorial-454121 Luke J. Letlow of Louisianas 5th District died before the swearing-in; his seat will go unfilled until a March HYPERLINK /baton_rouge/news/politics/elections/article_2d694272-4ab9-11eb-a71e-7361c76300dc.html special election. One re

5、presentative, Mariannette Miller-Meeks of Iowa, was HYPERLINK /story/news/politics/2021/01/03/iowa-politics-republicans-mariannette-miller-meeks-randy-feenstra-ashley-hinson-sworn-in-congress/4120841001/ sworn in HYPERLINK /story/news/politics/2021/01/03/iowa-politics-republicans-mariannette-miller-

6、meeks-randy-feenstra-ashley-hinson-sworn-in-congress/4120841001/ provisionally on Jan. 3; she is included in this analysis. In addition, both of Georgias Senate seats were subject to runoff elections set to take place Jan. 5, 2021. Therefore, this analysis includes 531 members of Congress, rather th

7、an 535.Data for all U.S. adults comes from aggregated Pew Research Center political surveys conducted on the telephone from January 2018 through July 2019 and summarized in the report “ HYPERLINK /2019/10/17/in-u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/ In U.S., HYPERLINK /2019/10/17/in-u-

8、s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/ Decline of Christianity Continues at Rapid Pace.” Figures for Protestant subgroups and Unitarians come from the Centers HYPERLINK /religious-landscape-study/ 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study, conducted June 4 to Sept. 30, 2014, among more than 35

9、,000 Americans. For more information about how Pew Research Center measures the religious composition of the U.S., see HYPERLINK /2018/07/05/how-does-pew-research-center-measure-the-religious-composition-of-the-u-s-answers-to-frequently-asked-questions/ here.AcknowledgmentsThis report was produced b

10、y Pew Research Center with data collected by CQ Roll Call. Pew Research Center is solely responsible for the interpretation and reporting of the data. Find related reports online at /religion.This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals:Primary R

11、esearcherAleksandra Sandstrom, Senior Copy EditorResearch TeamAlan Cooperman, Director of Religion Research Gregory A. Smith, Associate Director of Research Elizabeth Podrebarac Sciupac, Senior Researcher Claire Gecewicz, Research AssociateEditorial and Graphic DesignMichael Lipka, Editorial Manager

12、Bill Webster, Senior Information Graphics DesignerDavid Kent, Senior Copy EditorCommunications and Web PublishingStacy Rosenberg, Associate Director, DigitalTravis Mitchell, Digital ProducerAnna Schiller, Senior Communications ManagerKelsey Beveridge, Communications AssociateIn new Congress, nearly

13、nine-in-ten describe themselves as ChristianReligionNumber in Congress% of Congress% of U.S.adultsChristian46888.165Protestant29455.443Baptist6612.415Methodist356.65Anglican/Episcopal264.91Presbyterian244.52Lutheran224.14Congregationalist30.61Nondenom. Protestant122.36Pentecostal20.45Restorationist4

14、0.82Adventist20.41Reformed10.21Pietist10.21Unspecified/other9618.15Catholic15829.820Mormon91.72Orthodox Christian71.31Jewish336.22Buddhist20.41Muslim30.61Hindu20.41Unitarian Universalist30.61Unaffiliated10.226Other10.23Dont know/refused183.42Total531*100100*Several seats were unfilled at the beginni

15、ng of the 117th Congress: two Senate seats in Georgia, one House seat in New York and one House seat in Louisiana.Note: Figures may not add to 100% or to subtotals due to rounding. General public figures for Protestant subgroups do not sum to total indicated because the figures come from two differe

16、nt sources.Source: Figures for Congress based on Pew Research Center analysis of data collected by CQ Roll Call, reflecting members of Congress to be sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021. Figures for U.S. adults based on aggregated Pew Research Center political surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019. Figures for Pr

17、otestant subgroups and Unitarians come from Pew Research Centers 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study, conducted June 4-Sept. 30, 2014.“Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 117th Congress”P(pán)EW RESEARCH CENTERWhen it comes to religious affiliation, the 117thU.S. Congress looks similar to

18、 the previous Congress but quite different from Americans overall.While about a quarter (26%) of U.S. adults are religiously unaffiliated describing themselves as atheist, agnostic or “nothing in particular” just one member of the new Congress (Sen.Kyrsten Sinema, D-Ariz.) identifies as religiously

19、unaffiliated (0.2%).Nearly nine-in-ten members of Congress identify as Christian (88%), compared with two-thirds of the general public (65%).Congress is both more heavily Protestant (55% vs. 43%) and more heavily Catholic (30% vs.20%) than the U.S. adult population overall.Members of Congress also a

20、re older, on average, than U.S. adults overall. At the start of the 116th Congress, the average representative was 57.6 years old, and the average senator was62.9 years old.1 Pew Research Center surveys have found that adults in that age range are more likely to be Christian than the general public

21、(74% of Americans ages 50 to 64 are Christian, compared with 65% of all Americans ages 18 and older). Still, Congress is more1 See Manning, Jennifer E. 2020. HYPERLINK /sgp/crs/misc/R45583.pdf “Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile.” Congressional Research Service.heavily Christian even than U

22、.S. adults ages 50 to 64, by a margin of 14 percentage points.2Over the last several Congresses, there has been a marked increase in the share of members who identify themselves simply as Protestants or as Christians without further specifying a denomination. There are now 96 members of Congress in

23、this category (18%). In the 111th Congress, the first for which Pew Research Center HYPERLINK /2008/12/19/faith-on-the-hill-the-religious-affiliations-of-members-of-congress/ analyzed the religious affiliation of members of HYPERLINK /2008/12/19/faith-on-the-hill-the-religious-affiliations-of-member

24、s-of-congress/ Congress, 39 members described themselves this way (7%). Meanwhile, the share of all U.S. adults in this category has held relatively steady.Over the same period, the total number of Protestants in Congress has remained relatively stable: There were 295 Protestants in the 111th Congre

25、ss, and there are 294 today. The increase in Protestants who do not specify a denomination has corresponded with a decrease in members who do identify with denominational families, such as Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Methodists.Still, members of those three Protestant subgroups remain overrepre

26、sented in Congress compared with their share in the general public, while some other groups are underrepresented including Pentecostals (0.4% of Congress vs. 5% of all U.S. adults), nondenominational Protestants (2% vs. 6%) and Baptists (12% vs. 15%).3Jewish members also make up a larger share of Co

27、ngress than they do of the general public (6% vs. 2%). The shares of most other non-Christian groups analyzed in this report (Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus and Unitarian Universalists) more closely match their percentages in the general public.Nearly all non-Christian members of Congress are Democrats.

28、 Just three of the 261 Republicans who were sworn in on Jan. 3 (1%) do not identify as Christian; two are Jewish, and one declined to state a religious affiliation.These are some of the key findings of an analysis by Pew Research Center of CQ Roll Call data on the religious affiliations of members o

29、f Congress, gathered through questionnaires and follow-up phone calls to candidates and members offices.4 The CQ questionnaire asks members what religious group, if any, they belong to. It does not attempt to measure their religious beliefs or2 See Pew Research Centers 2019 report, HYPERLINK /2019/1

30、0/17/in-u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/ “In U.S., Decline of Christianity Continues at a Rapid Pace.”3 Nondenominational Protestants are those who specifically describe themselves this way. This category is distinct from “unspecified/other” Protestants, who give general, sometim

31、es vague answers about their Christian affiliation, such as “just a Christian,” “evangelical Protestant” or “evangelical Christian.”4 In this report, Congress is defined as both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Nonvoting delegates who represent U.S. territories and the District of Columb

32、ia are not counted in this analysis. They are: Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen, R-American Samoa; Michael San Nicolas, D-Guam; Jenniffer Gonzlez-Coln, R-Puerto Rico; Eleanor Holmes Norton, D-D.C.; Stacey Plaskett, D-Virgin Islands; and Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan, I-Northern Mariana Islands. All ar

33、e Catholic except Norton (who is Anglican/Episcopalian) and Plaskett (who is Lutheran).practices. The Pew Research Center analysis compares the religious affiliations of members ofCongress with the Centers survey data on the U.S. public.The religious makeup of the 117th Congress*Several seats were u

34、nfilled at the beginning of the 117th Congress: two Senate seats in Georgia, one House seat in New York and one House seat in Louisiana.Note: Figures may not add to 100% or to subtotals due to rounding.Source: Figures for Congress based on Pew Research Center analysis of data collected by CQ Roll Ca

35、ll, reflecting members of Congress to be sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021.“Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 117th Congress”P(pán)EW RESEARCH CENTER117th Congress looks very similar to 116th116th Congress117th CongressChangeReligionNumber%Number%NumberChristian47188.246888.1-3Protestant29354.92

36、9455.4+1Baptist7213.56612.4-6Methodist427.9356.6-7Anglican/Episcopal264.9264.90Presbyterian264.9244.5-2Lutheran264.9224.1-4Congregationalist40.730.6-1Nondenom. Protestant101.9122.3+2Pentecostal20.420.40Restorationist10.240.8+3Adventist20.420.40Holiness10.200-1Reformed10.210.20Pietist0010.2+1Unspecif

37、ied/other8015.09618.1+16Catholic16330.515829.8-5Mormon101.991.7-1Orthodox Christian50.971.3+2Jewish346.4336.2-1Buddhist20.420.40Muslim30.630.60Hindu30.620.4-1Unitarian Universalist20.430.6+1Unaffiliated10.210.20Other0010.2+1Dont know/refused183.4183.40Total534100531100*Several seats were unfilled at

38、 the beginning of the 117th Congress: two Senate seats in Georgia, one House seat in New York and one House seat in Louisiana.Note: Figures may not add to 100% or to subtotals due to rounding.Source: Figures for Congress based on Pew Research Center analysis of data collected by CQ Roll Call, reflec

39、ting members of Congress to be sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021.“Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 117th Congress”P(pán)EW RESEARCH CENTERLittle change between 116th and 117th Congresses for most religious groupsThe overall composition of the new Congress is similar to that of the previous Cong

40、ress in part because 464 of the 531 members of the 117th Congress (87%) are returning members.Methodists saw the largest loss seven seats followed closely by Baptists (six seats) and Catholics (five seats). There also are four fewer Lutherans in the 117th Congress than there were in the 116th. By co

41、ntrast, Protestants who do not specify a denomination are up substantially, gaining 16 seats in the 117th Congress after also gaining 16 seats two years ago, when the 116th took office. Protestants in the Restorationist family also gained three seats (all members of Congress in this category identif

42、y with the Churches of Christ).5In total, there currently are three fewer Christians in the new Congress than there were in the previous Congress,although this gap is all but certain to narrow once three of the four open seats are filled. Five of the5 Of the three new Restorationist members of Congr

43、ess, two are freshmen and one, Rep. Lance Gooden, R-Texas, was incorrectly listed as a Congregationalist in the last report due to a coding error.six candidates in the uncalled or outstanding races identify as Christians; Jon Ossoff, a Democrat running for Senate in Georgia, is Jewish.6When it comes

44、 to the 63 members of Congress who are not Christian, a slim majority (33) are Jewish, a number that has held relatively steady over the past several Congresses.The next largest non-Christian group is made up of those who declined to specify a religious affiliation. There are 18 people in this categ

45、ory in the 117th Congress, the same as in the 116th, which had seen an increase of eight members in this group.The three Muslim representatives from the 116th Congress return for the 117th: Reps. Andr Carson, D-Ind.; Ilhan Omar, D-Minn.; and Rashida Tlaib, D-Mich. Similarly, both Buddhists from the

46、previous Congress return: Georgia Democratic Rep. Hank Johnson and Hawaii Democratic Sen. Mazie K. Hirono.Unitarian Universalists gained one seat, as Rep. Deborah K. Ross, D-N.C., joins California Democratic Reps. Ami Bera and Judy Chu.There are now two Hindus in Congress Rep. Ro Khanna, D-Calif., a

47、nd Rep. Raja Krishnamoorthi, D-Ill., both returning members. Former Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, D-Hawaii, who served in the 115th and 116th Congresses, ran for president in 2020 and withdrew her reelection bid for her House seat. She is replaced by Kai Kahele, who declined to specify a religious affiliation

48、.One member, California Democratic Rep. Jared Huffman, HYPERLINK /news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/09/this-lawmaker-is-skeptical-that-god-exists-now-hes-finally-decided-to-tell-people/ describes himself as a humanist. He is listed in the “other” category. Fewer than HYPERLINK /religious-landscape-study

49、/ three-tenths of 1% of U.S. adults specifically call themselves humanists.Sinema is the only member of the 117th Congress who identifies as religiously unaffiliated. Both Sinema and Huffman have said they do not consider themselves atheists.76 Republican Congressman-elect HYPERLINK /news/2021/01/03

50、/luke-letlow-covid-memorial-454121 Luke J. Letlow of Louisiana died Dec. 29 before he could be sworn in. His seat will be filled in a HYPERLINK /baton_rouge/news/politics/elections/article_2d694272-4ab9-11eb-a71e-7361c76300dc.html special HYPERLINK /baton_rouge/news/politics/elections/article_2d6942

51、72-4ab9-11eb-a71e-7361c76300dc.html election set for March 20.7 Former Rep. Pete Stark, D-Calif., publicly stated that he did not believe in God and HYPERLINK /2011/01/05/faith-on-the-hill-the-religious-composition-of-the-112th-congress/#ftn1 identified as Unitarian. Otherwise, no members of Congres

52、s in recent decades have publicly declared themselves atheists.Both chambers of Congress have Protestant majorities-House-Senate-U.S.adultsReligionNumber%Number%Christian38388.58586.765Protestant23654.55859.243Baptist5512.71111.215Methodist296.766.15Anglican/Episcopal204.666.11Presbyterian122.81212.

53、22Lutheran153.577.14Congregationalist10.222.01Nondenom. Protestant102.322.06Pentecostal20.5005Restorationist30.711.02Adventist20.5001Reformed10.2001Pietist10.2001Unspecified/other8519.61111.25Catholic13430.92424.520Mormon61.433.12Orthodox Christian71.6001Jewish255.888.22Buddhist10.211.01Muslim30.700

54、1Hindu20.5001Unitarian Universalist30.7001Unaffiliated0011.026Other10.2003Dont know/refused153.533.12Total433*10098*100100*Several seats were unfilled at the beginning of the 117th Congress: two Senate seats in Georgia, one House seat in New York and one House seat in Louisiana.Note: Figures may not

55、 add to 100% or to subtotals due to rounding. General public figures for Protestant subgroups do not sum to total indicated because the figures come from two different sources.Source: Figures for Congress based on Pew Research Center analysis of data collected by CQ Roll Call, reflecting members of

56、Congress to be sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021. Figures forU.S. adults based on aggregated Pew Research Center political surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019. Figures for Protestant subgroups and Unitarians come from Pew ResearchCenters 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study, conducted June 4-Sept. 30, 2014.“Fa

57、ith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 117th Congress”P(pán)EW RESEARCH CENTERDifferences by chamberMost members of the House and Senate are Christians, with the House just slightly more Christian than the Senate (88% vs. 87%). And both chambers have a Protestant majority 55% of representative

58、s are Protestant, as are 59% of senators.Within Protestantism, the largest differences are in Presbyterians (3% in the House vs. 12% in the Senate) and Protestants who do not specify a denomination (20% in the House, 11% in the Senate).Catholics make up a larger share in the House (31%) than in the

59、Senate (24%).The Senate, meanwhile, has a higher share of Jewish (8% vs. 6%) and Mormon (3% vs. 1%) members than the House does.All of the Muslims, Hindus and Unitarian Universalists in Congress are in the House, while there is one Buddhist ineach chamber. The sole religiously unaffiliated member of

60、 Congress (Sinema) is in the Senate, and the onlymember in the “other” category (Huffman) is in the House.Nearly all non-Christian members of Congress are Democrats-Democrats-Republicans-ReligionHouse numberSenate number%House numberSenate number%Christian1753577.82085098.9Protestant952143.01413768.