Contrastive-Analysis語言學(xué)中課件(PPT 24頁)

1、Contrastive AnalysisGroup Member：.第1頁，共24頁。OutlineWhat is Contrastive Analysis/ Study/ Linguistics?What is the psychological basis of CA?What procedures should we adopt while conducting CA?What do we contrast / compare?第2頁，共24頁。Definition An inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive

2、elements in a language .It involves the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of language in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them . It could also be done within one language.CA can be both theoretical and applied according to varied purpose.第3頁，共24頁。kinds

3、IntralingualCross-linguistic/InterlingualPhonological interferenceSyntactic interferenceContrastive pragmatics第4頁，共24頁。Kinds Intralingual -Analysis of contrastive phonemes. -Feature analysis of morph syntactic categories. -Analysis of morphemes having grammatical meaning -Analysis of word order第5頁，共

4、24頁。Kinds Cross-linguistic/Interlingual -Comparative analysis of morph syntactic systems. -Comparative analysis of lexical semantics -Analysis of translational equivalence -Study of interference in foreign language learning第6頁，共24頁。kindsPhonological interference -Those who cannot distinguish /n/and

5、/l/ sound in Chinese cannot distinguish the two sounds in English , either第7頁，共24頁。Kinds Contrastive pragmatics -Analysis needs to consider not only linguistic contrasts but also pragmatic contrasts such as the similarities and differences in the stylistic uses , cultures , and other communicative n

6、etworks.第8頁，共24頁。Theoretical basesHeavily influenced by Structuralism and Behaviorism.The focus on CA is on the surface structure, including the phonology , morphology , syntax and discourse.Following behaviorism , CA emphasizes on transfer in language learning第9頁，共24頁。 Basis assumptions L2 learning

7、 involves overcoming difficulties in the linguistic systems of the target language.The main difficulties in learning a L2 are caused by interference from the L1.CA can predict , or at least account for , difficulties in L2 learning.Teaching materials based on contrastive analysis can reduce the effe

8、cts of interference and difficulties , and facilitate L2 learning.第10頁，共24頁。Two types of transferPositive transfer : similar structure facilitate learning.L1 habits can successfully be used in the L2.Negative transfer: “interference” from the L1 . L1 habits will cause errors in the L2.第11頁，共24頁。Proc

9、edures of conducting CAThe procedures followed involve: 1) description (i.e. a formal description of the two languages was made such as distinctive features of each) 2) selection (i.e. certain areas or items of the two languages were chosen for detailed comparison such as phonology, syntax and lexic

10、on) The lively chat was punctuated by shouts and laughters. The lively chat was punctuated by shouts and bursts of laughter. 3) comparison (i.e. the identification of areas of difference and similarity)第12頁，共24頁。Differences between Chinese and English: As for the same thing, Chinese and English give

11、 a different name because of their different focus. Generally, black is equivalent to “黑”，and red is to “紅”.“青睞” in Chinese means “l(fā)ike” and “favor” while greeneyed in English means “jealous”. “眼紅” in Chinese is equivalent to green-eyed in English. Then, what does “red-eyed flight” mean?第13頁，共24頁。Si

12、milarities in Chinese and English:There are some similarities in syntax, look at the following examples:一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井繩。 Once bitten, twice shy. 眼不見，心不煩。 Out of sight, out of mind.4) prediction (i.e. determining which areas were likely to cause errors) which is always considered as a failure of doing.第1

13、4頁，共24頁。What we are going to do next is data collection. There are two types of data: 1) corpus-based data 2) introspective data Corpus-based data :a collection of materials that has been made for a particular purpose, such as a set of textbooks which are being analyzed and compared or a sample of s

14、entences or utterances which are being analyzed for their linguistic features.Introspective data:a kind of data involving the subject reflecting the kinds of decisions they make and the kinds of strategies they use while carrying out a task, and reporting them as they occur. 第15頁，共24頁。Corpus-based d

15、ata/ Introspective data Introspective data is based on intuition to make judgment, the judgment of sentimentality. Personal judgment may not always be reliable, but this procedure can not be abandoned because it is very convenient. So that is why everybody uses it. You can not mix the two data. You

16、can only use one, either corpus-data or introspective.第16頁，共24頁。What do we contrast or compare?Can we improve our linguistic competence without systematically comparing our mother tongue and the target language? First, we must understand the meaning of a word while learning a foreign language.Second

17、, we must learn its grammar while learning a foreign language. Third, we should also be familiar with other aspects of language, such as semantics and pragmatics.Finally, we should know the target culture while learning a foreign language. 第17頁，共24頁。Contrastive analysis on lexical levelAs Swedish li

18、nguist Ferdinand de Saussure says, “Language is a system of mutually dependent lexical item, whose value can only be acquired from other lexical items. For example, the value of the word “bachelor” can only be generated from spinster, woman, and husband.”There are some collocations that are taken fo

19、r granted. Now take “salary” as an example: a big / high salary / fat salary a comfortable salary / a handsome salary low salaries / a small salary a modest salary 第18頁，共24頁。Contrastive Analysis on Syntactic LevelHumboldt, a German linguist, says that any sentence in any language has two levels: one

20、 is logic and the other is grammar. Chinese language has much more coincidence in logic and grammar and it is more based on logic. There are many differences between Chinese and English in syntax. They are as follows: hypotactic(主從的) vs. paratactic（并列的）, grammatical principle vs. semantic principle

21、subordination vs. coordination grammatical word order vs. pragmatic word order non-pro-drop vs. pro-drop （主語脫落）第19頁，共24頁。Take pro-drop and non-pro-drop as an example, Question: 開門了嗎？ Answer: 開了 。發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯誤，一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.看樹看果實，看人看作為。 A tree is known by its fruit, a

22、nd a man is known by his action.第20頁，共24頁。Since English is a sort of analytical and grammatical language, it is more strict, stringent and definite even in agentless passive sentences. However, Chinese is quite different from English. It is vague, and depends heavily on context and semantics rather

23、than on grammar.Since Chinese has no morphology, it is necessary for English learners of L2 Chinese to have the knowledge of pragmatics when understanding Chinese grammar. Otherwise, it will cause ambiguity or misunderstanding in meaning.第21頁，共24頁。Contrastive Analysis on Macroscopic LevelThe differe

24、nce between microscopic CA and macroscopic CA is that microscopic CA focuses on phonology, lexis, grammar, etc. while macroscopic CA focuses on text, and discourse.What is text? Text is not limited by its form; it can be spoken or written or even a prose or poem. In a word, text is a semantic unit o

25、f expressing ideas.第22頁，共24頁。Example:In summary, there are two differences in the component of connection in English discourse and Chinese discourse：one is visible and invisible connection, and the other is the way of making pauses in sentences（斷句）.There were few earthly things more beautiful than a university, said Masefield. He did not refer to spires and towers, campus greens and i