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1、Zn-Pb-Ag ores in Clastic-Dominated Sediments (SEDEX)SEDEX型鋅-鉛-銀礦床 Most in Passive Margin sequences, a few in marine-filled continental back arc or rift basins大多數(shù)發(fā)育在被動大陸邊緣,少量分布在充滿海水的大陸弧后或裂陷盆地中Genesis, Attrition and Life Cycle of Passive Margins被動大陸邊緣的形成、消減和活動旋回Evaporative Factories:Passive margins an

2、docean closure basins蒸發(fā)巖的生產(chǎn)工廠:被動陸緣和大洋閉合盆地 Wilson Cycle of Ocean Basins大洋盆地的威爾遜旋回Transitional tectonic example of passive marginBack Arc basin被動大陸邊緣的鉛鋅礦遠(yuǎn)離活動板塊邊緣?;鹕交顒虞^弱。例子:美國東海岸大陸邊緣深海扇濁積巖深海平原洋殼大陸坡大陸隆大陸架水下峽谷陸架邊緣大陸殼離散邊緣(初始裂谷)的高角度正斷層巨厚沉積物泥砂碳酸鹽和硅質(zhì)軟泥N. America CratonRed DogAlaskaExample of Passive Margin C

3、D formed by sub-seafloor replacement processes 被動大陸邊緣典型實例,經(jīng)海底交代作用形成Fate of passive margins to be involved in plate collisions-complex tectonic and post ore deformation 被動大陸邊緣會經(jīng)歷板塊碰撞、復(fù)雜的構(gòu)造及成礦后形變Red Dog: Cold methane seep on Carboniferous sea floor, barite and carbonate turbidites replaced by Zn-Pb ev

4、ent, buried to 12 km in Cretaceous and silicified 紅狗礦床:石炭紀(jì)海底有低溫甲烷滲出體;重晶石和碳酸鹽濁流沉積巖被Zn-Pb交代,隨后在白堊紀(jì)被深埋12km,并被硅化。Red Dog Deposit: Worlds Largest Zn DepositSub-seafloor replacement紅狗:世界最大的鋅礦床海底深部的交代作用Ore fluid compositions 礦石流體成分Frequency13.918.6012345670-2-4-6-8-10-12-14-1614-19 wt. % NaCl eqv.050010001

5、500050010001500Cl/BrNa/BrSeawaterGYPNaClMgSO4K saltsTemperatureWt. % NaCl eqv.Cl/Br: seawater compositionCl/Br比值:海水成分特征RED DOG ORE FLUIDSCarboniferous Basin Configuration 石炭紀(jì)盆地形態(tài)50 Miles.+vvvvvv OceanHighlandsTidalShallow Marine Shallow Water Platform CarbonatesOld Crustal Block Angayucham OceanOld

6、Crustal BlockN FaultRed DogAnoxic or dysoxicshalesOxic/Anoxic chert/shales高地潮汐區(qū)淺海淺水臺地碳酸鹽缺氧頁巖老地殼塊體洋斷層Why are some passive margins fertile and others not?為什么一些被動陸緣富集而其他的卻不富集?Reflux ofcoastal brines沿岸鹵水的回流Jones et al., 2002Leach et al., 2005; 2010From Kelley and Jennings (2004)Age = 338 +/- 5 MaSNQanai

7、yaqMainAqqalukPaalaaqFully lithified black muds Relatively oxidized brines with Fe, Pb, and ZnSeawaterStage 3: Deposition of barite and RBS in veins and replacement of barite第三階段:重晶石和紅棕色閃鋅礦在脈中沉積;重晶石被交代。Thermal alteration of mudstone produces methane;hydrofracturing and vein formation occurs海水完全成巖的黑泥

8、泥巖的熱交代產(chǎn)生甲烷;發(fā)生水動力破裂;脈體形成相對氧化的鹽水,含F(xiàn)e, Pb, ZnEWMSMassive sulfide ore 塊狀硫化物礦石3 cmMassive early barite + early sulfide replacement塊狀礦石中早期重晶石+早期硫化物交代作用200 minterstitialYellow brown sphalerite (YBS) volumetrically most significant (Main stage ore) 黃棕色閃鋅礦最多(主成礦階段礦石)Avg d34S of 3.3 = TSR of seawater sulfate

9、in pore water or pre-existing barite 平均d34S 3.3 = 空隙水或已存在的重晶石中海水硫酸鹽的熱化學(xué)還原是礦石中硫的主要來源Higher Fe (4%); lower Mn ( 30% salinity: Dynamic brine source! 礦質(zhì)流體:鹽度30%,動態(tài)鹵水源區(qū)Temp 150 to 200C ? 溫度:150200?Concentrated source of sulfur: barite 硫已經(jīng)富集:重晶石Organic matter abundant: reductant for sulfate (seawater and

10、barite) and preservation of ore 富有機(jī)質(zhì):硫酸鹽(海水及重晶石)的還原劑,有利于礦石的保留Oxidized clastic aquifer 氧化的碎屑巖含水層Focused into confined carbonate turbidites 集中在封閉的碳酸鹽質(zhì)濁沉巖中Long lived fluid system 長期活動的流體體系Silicification and upgrading 硅化及品位提高Zn-Pb CD Deposits in Marine-Filled Continental Back Arc Basins of North Austral

11、ia and the Sullivan Deposit in the Belt-Purcell Basin, North America澳大利亞北部海水覆蓋的大陸弧后盆地中SEDEX型鋅鉛礦床和北美Belt-Purcell盆地中的Sullivan礦床+ Passive margin environment in marine-filled continental back arc basinMt IsaHYCCenturyCentury Mine, North AustraliaConventional Interpretation: Rift-Sag basins 通常的解釋:裂陷盆地New

12、 interpretations: Passive margin environments of marine-filled continental back arc basins 新的解釋:海水覆蓋的大陸弧后盆地中被動邊緣環(huán)境In Large et al., 2005McArthur BasinKorsch et al., 2011Nuna break-up: North Australian Basin systemNuna超大陸裂解:澳大利亞北部盆地體系Courtesy P SouthgatePlatform faciesBasinal faciesHilton-George Fishe

13、rMt Isa-typeBroken Hill-typeDominantly deep water turbiditesVery minor carbonateMainly shallow water or sub-areal environmentAbundant carbonateFrom Southgate, et al., 2013Passive margin sequence of “back arc basin”. Closure and metamorphism during Isan Orogeny ca. 1640 Ma主要為深海環(huán)境的濁積巖,只有非常少量的碳酸鹽巖主要為淺海

14、環(huán)境,出現(xiàn)大量的碳酸鹽巖“弧后盆地”中被動 邊緣層序Major Fault Control on Fluid Flow Tawallah Group010 kmto BorroloolaEmu Fault ZoneHYCCalvert FaultHot Springs FaultTawallah Fault13600E1630SBatten TroughFrom Large, 2006Current Model for Century(from Broadbent et al., 2002)From Ross Large et al., 2005A model for McArthur Riv

15、er一個McArthur河礦床的成礦模型Active deformation formed flower structure that was accompanied by syn-ore deformation coeval folding of ores and sedimentary breccias構(gòu)造變形形成花狀構(gòu)造,伴隨礦體形變,同時導(dǎo)致礦石沉積角礫的褶皺McArthur River formed in pull-apart basin associated with strike-slip Emu fault system active during break-up of Nu

16、na SupercontinentMcArthur River礦床形成于Nuna超大陸裂解中形成的Emu走滑斷裂體系所導(dǎo)致的拉分盆地中Mineralisation largely diageneticMetals (Cooke et al., 2001) and hydrocarbons (Williford et al., 2009) derived from upper Tawallah Group金屬和碳?xì)浠衔飦碓从赥awallah組Mineralisation distal expression of 1640 Ma Liebig Orogeny成礦遠(yuǎn)離造山運(yùn)動From Huston

17、, 2010 .au/titles/shaping-a-nationSullivan hot reduced sediment-fill, fluid can be acidic set apart from typical CDs Sullivan礦床-充填熱的還原性沉積物,酸性流體,與典型的CD礦床不同 Also see John Lydon GSC WebLydon, 2007Belt-Purcell Basin: Thick reduced rift sequence and more oxidized upper sequence: high heat flowBelt-Purcel

18、l盆地:厚的還原性裂谷地層層序和更氧化的上部層序:高熱流值 Sullivan Mine cross section Sullivan礦床剖面排水口建造成層的礦石白云母(絹云母)綠泥石-鈉長石-黃鐵礦-(方解石)綠泥石-雌黃鐵礦電氣石致密塊狀礦石輝長巖和“花斑巖”輝長巖巖墻和巖床巖枝未蝕變的沉積巖Sullivan Mine, British Columbia, CanadaSullivan礦床,British Columbia省,加拿大閃鋅礦和磁黃鐵礦互層的閃鋅礦和泥質(zhì)巖泥質(zhì)巖Lydon, 2007Northeastern margin of the Purcell basin in Fort Steele and Aldridge Times (Hy, 1983)Fort Steele 和Aldridge Times地區(qū)Purcell 盆地的北東邊界Exploration for CD DepositsSEDEX礦床的勘查Passive margins from Bradley, 2008Permissive Belts: evaporites, carbonates, passive margins in evaporative belts, rich in O

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