FreeKaoYan專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)表演示教學(xué)

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。FreeKaoYan專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)表-專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)表A-B-A設(shè)計(jì)A-B-AdesignExperimentaldesigninwhichparticipantsfirstexperiencethebaselinecondition(A),thenexperiencetheexperimentaltreatment(B),andthenreturntothebaseline(A).變態(tài)心理學(xué)AbnormalpsychologyTheareaofpsychologicalinvestigationconcerned

2、withunderstandingthenatureofindividualpatholoiesofmind,mood,andbehavior.絕對(duì)閾限AbsolutethresholdTheminimumamountofphysicalenergyneededtoproduceareliablesensoryexperience;operationallydefinedasthestimuluslevelatwhichasensorysignalisdetectedhalfthetime.順應(yīng)Accommodation1.Theprocessbywhichtheciliarymusclesc

3、hangethethicknessofthelensoftheeyetopermitvariablefocusingonnearanddistantobjects.2.AccordingtoPiaget,theprocessofrestructuringormodifyingcognitivestructuressothatnewinformationcanfitintothemmoreeasily;thisprocessworksintandemwithassimilation.習(xí)得AcquisitionThestageinaclassicalconditioningexperimentdu

4、ringwhichtheconditionalresponseisfirstelicitedbytheconditionedstimulus.動(dòng)作電位ActionpotentialThenerveimpulseactivatedinneuronthattravelsdowntheaxonandcausesneurotransmitterstobereleasedintoasynapse.急性應(yīng)激AcutestressAtransientstateofarousalwithtypicallyclearonsetandoffsetpatterns.成癮AddictionAconditioninwh

5、ichthebodyrequiresadruginordertofunctionwithoutphsysicalandpsychologicalreactionstoitsabsence;oftentheoutcomeoftoleranceanddependence.年齡歧視AgeismPrejudiceagainstolderpeople,similartoracismandsexisminitsnegtivestereotypes.攻擊AggressionBehaviorsthatcausepsychologicalorphysicalharmtoanotherindividual.廣場(chǎng)恐

6、怖癥AgoraphobiaAnextremefearofbeinginpublicplacesoropenspacesfromwhichexcapemaybedifficultorembarrassing.艾滋病AIDSAcronymforacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome,asyndromecausedbyavirusthatdamagestheimmunesystemandweakensthebodysabilitytofightinfection.算法AlgorithmAstep-by-stepprocedurethatalwaysprovidestheri

7、ghtanswerforaparticulartypeofproblem.全或無(wú)定律All-or-nonelawTherulethatthesizeoftheactionpotentialisunaffectedbyincreasesintheintensityofstimulationbeyondthethresholdlevel.利他主義AltruismProsocialbehaviorsapersoncarriesoutwithoutconsideringhisorherownsafetyorinterests.阿爾茨海默病癥AlzheimersdiseaseAchronicorgani

8、cbrainsyndromecharacterizedbygraduallossofmemory,declineinintellectualability,thedeteriorationofpersonality.無(wú)軸突細(xì)胞AmacrinecellsCellsthatintegrateinformationacrosstheretina;ratherthansendingsignalstowardthebrain,amachrinecellslinkbipolarcellstootherbipolarcellsandganglioncellstootherganglioncells.模糊性A

9、mbiguityAperceptualobjectthatmayhavemorethanOneinterpretation.遺忘癥AmnesiaAfailureofmemorycausedbyphysicalinjury,disease,druguse,orpsycholoticaltrauma.杏仁核AmygdalaThepartoflimbicsystemthatcontrolsemotion,aggression,andtheinformationofemotionalmemory.分析心理學(xué)AnalyticpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatviewsth

10、epersonasaconstellationofcompensatoryinternalforcesinadynamicbalance.錨定啟發(fā)法AnchoringheuristicAninsufficientadjustmentupordownfromanoriginalstartingvaluewhenjudgingtheprobablevalueofsomeeventoroutcome.動(dòng)物認(rèn)知AnimalcognitionThecognitivecapabilitiesofnonhumananimals;researcherstracethedevelopmentofcognitiv

11、ecapabiliesacrossspeciesandthecontinuityofcapabilitiesfromnonhumantohumananimals.厭食癥進(jìn)食障礙AnorexianervosaAneatingdisorderinwhichanindividualweighslessthan85percentofherorhisexpectedweightbutstillcontrolseatingbecauseofaself-perceptionofobesity.應(yīng)激預(yù)應(yīng)付AnticipatorycopingEffortsmadeinadvanceofapotentiallys

12、tressfuleventtoovercome,reduce,ortoleratetheimbalancebetweenperceiveddemandsandaveailableresources.焦慮AnxietyAnintenseemotionalresponsecausedbythepreconsciousrecognitionthatarepressedconflctisabouttoemergeintoconsciousness.焦慮障礙AnxietydisordersMentaldisordersmarkedbyphysiologicalarousal,feelingsoftens

13、ion,andintenseapprehensionwithoutapparentreason.似動(dòng)ApparentmotionAmovementillusioninwhichoneormorestationarylightsgoingonandoffinsuccessionareperceivedasasinglemovinglight;thesimplestformofapparentmotionisthephiphenomenon.原型ArchetypeAuniversal,inherited,primitive,andsymbolicrepresentationofaparticula

14、rexperienceorobject.同化AssimilationAccordingtoPiaget,theprocesswherebynewcognitiveelementsarefittedinwitholdelementsormodifiedtofitmoreeasily;thisprocessworkdsintandemwithaccommodation.聯(lián)合皮層AssociationcortexThepartsofthecerebralcortexinwhichmanyhigh-levelbrainprocessesoccur.依戀AttachmentEmotionalrelati

15、onshipbetweenachildandtheRegularcaregiver.注意AttentionAstateoffocusedawarenessonasubsetoftheavailableperceptualinformation.態(tài)度AttitudeThelearned,relativelystabletendencytorespondtopeople,concepts,andeventsinaevaluativeway.歸因理論AttributiontheoryAsocial-cognitiveapproachtodestributingthewaysthesocialperc

16、eiverusesinformationtogeneratecausalexplanations.歸因AttributionsJudgmentsaboutthecausesofoutcomes.聽(tīng)眾設(shè)計(jì)AudiencedesignTheprocessofshapingamessagedependingontheaudienceforwhichitisintended.聽(tīng)皮層AuditorycortexTheareaofthetemporallobesthatreceivesandprocessesauditoryinformation.聽(tīng)神經(jīng)AuditorynerveThenervethatc

17、arriesimpulsesfromthecochleatothecochlearnucleusofthebrain.自動(dòng)過(guò)程AutomaticprocessesProcessesthatdonotrequireattention;theycanoftenbeperformedalongwithothertaskswithoutinterference.自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Autonomicnervoussystem(ANS)Thesubdivisionoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcontrolsthebodysinvoluntarymotorresponsesby

18、connectingthesensoryreceptorstothecentralnervoussystem(CNS)andtheCNStothesmoothmuscle,cardiacmuscle,andglands.可用性啟發(fā)法AvailabilityheuristicAjudgmentbasedontheinformationreadilyavialableinmemory.厭惡療法AversiontherapyAtypeofbehavioraltherapyusedtotreatindividualsattractedtoharmfulstimuli;anattractivestimu

19、lusispairedwithnoxiousstimulusinordertoelecitanegativereactiontothetargetstimulus.軸突AxonTheextendedfiberofaneuronthroughwhichnerveimpulsestravelfromthesomatotheterminalbuttons.基礎(chǔ)水平BasiclevelThelevelofcategorizationthatcanberetrievedfrommemorymostquicklyandusedmostefficiently.基底膜BasilarmembraneAmembr

20、aneinthecochleathat,whensetintomotion,stimulateshaircellsthatproducetheneuraleffectsofauditorystimulation.行為BehaviorTheactionbywhichandorganismadjuststoitsenvironment.行為分析BahavioranalysisTheareaofpsychologythatfocusesontheenvironmentaldeterminantsoflearningandbehavior.行為矯正BehaviormodificationThesyst

21、ematicuseofprinciplesoflearningtoincreasethefrequencyofdesiredbehaviorsand/ordecreasethefrequencyofproblembehaviors.行為治療BehaviortherapySeebehaviormodification.行為確認(rèn)BehavioralconfirmationTheprocessbywhichpeoplebehaveinwaysthatelicitfromothersspecificexpectedreactionsandthenusethosereactionstoconfirmth

22、eirbeliefs.行為數(shù)據(jù)BehavioraldataObservationalreportsaboutthebehavioroforganismsandtheconditionsunderwhichthebehavioroccursorchanges.行為測(cè)量BehavioralmeasuresOvertactionsandreactionsthatareobservedandrecorded,exclusiveofself-reportedbehavior.行為復(fù)現(xiàn)BehavioralrehearsalProceduresusedtoestablishandstrengthenbasi

23、cskills;asusedinsocial-skillstrainingprograms,requirestheclienttorehearseadesirablebehaviorsequencementally.行為主義BehaviorismAscientificapproachthatlimitsthestudyofpsychologytomeasurableorobservablebehavior.行為主義觀點(diǎn)BehavioristperspectiveThepsychologicalperspectiveprimarilyconcernedwithobservablebehavior

24、thatcanbeobjectivelyrecordedandwiththerelationshopsofobservablebehaviortoenvironmentalstimuli.信念偏差效應(yīng)Belief-biaseffectAsituationthatoccurswhenapersonspriorknowledge,attitudes,orvaluesdisortthereasoningprocessbyinfluencingthepersontoacceptinvalidarguments.被試間設(shè)計(jì)Between-subjectsdesignAresearchdesigninwh

25、ichdifferentgroupsofparticipantsarerandomlyassignedtoexperimentalconditionsortocontrolconditions.生物反饋BiofeedbackAself-regulatorytechniquebywhichanindividualacquiresvoluntarycontrolovernonconsciousbiologicalprocesses.學(xué)習(xí)的生物制約性BiologicalconstraintsonlearningAnylimitationsonanorganismscapacitytolearntha

26、tarecausedbytheinheritedsensory,response,orcognitivecapabilitiesofmembersofagivenspecies.生物學(xué)觀點(diǎn)BiologicalperspectiveTheapproachtoidentifyingcausesofbehaviorthatfocusesonthefunctioningofthegenes,thebrain,thenervoussystem,andtheendocrinesystem.生物醫(yī)學(xué)治療BiomedicaltherapiesTreatmentsforpsychologicaldisorder

27、sthatalterbrainfunctioningwithchemicalorphysicalinterventionssuchasdrugtherapy,surgery,orelectro-convulsivetherapy.生物心理社會(huì)模式BiopsychosocialmodelAmodelofhealthandillnessthatsuggeststhatlinksamongthenervoussystem,theimmunesystem,behavioralstyles,cognitiveprocessing,andenvironmentalfactorscanputpeopleat

28、riskforillness.雙極細(xì)胞BipolarcellsNervecellsinthevisualsystemthatcombineimpulsesfrommanyreceptorsandtransmittheresultstoganglioncells.雙相障礙BipolardisorderAmooddisordercharacterizedbyalternatingperiodsofdepressionandmania.阻斷BlockingAphenomenoninwhichandorganismdoesnotlearnanewstimulusthatsignalsanuncondi

29、tionedstimulus,becausethenewstimulusinpresentedstimulaneouslywithastimulusthatisalreadyeffectiveasasignal.軀體形象BodyimageThesubjectiveexperienceoftheappearanceofonesbody.自上而下的加工Bottom-upprocessingPerceptualanalysesbasedonthesensorydataavailableintheenvironment;resultsofanalysesarepassedupwardtowardmor

30、eabstractrepresentations.腦干BrainstemThebrainstructurethatregulatesthebodysbasiclifeprocesses.明度BrightnessThedimensionofcolorspacethatcapturestheintensityoflight.布洛卡區(qū)BrocasareaTheregionofthebrainthattranslatesthoughtsintospeechorsign.暴食性進(jìn)食障礙BulimianervosaAneatingdisordercharacterizedbybingeeatingfoll

31、owedbymeasurestopurgethebodyoftheexcesscalories.旁觀者介入BystanderinterventionWillingnesstoassistapersoninneedofhelp.坎農(nóng)巴德情緒理論Cannon-BardtheoryofemotionAtheorystatingthatanEmotionalstimulusproducestwoco-occurringreactions-arousalandexperienceofemotion-thatdonotcauseeachother.個(gè)案研究CasestudyIntensiveobserva

32、tionofaparticularindividualorsmallgroupofindividuals.宣泄CatharsisTheprocessofexpressingstronglyfeltbutusuallyrepressedemotions.中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Centralnervoussystem(CNS)Thepartofthenervoussystemconsistingofthebrainandspinalcord.中心化CentrationAthoughtpatterncommonduringthebeginningofthepreoperationalstageofcognit

33、ivedevelopment;characterizedbythechildsinabilitytotakemorethanoneperceptualfactorintoaccountatthesametime.小腦CerebellumTheregionofthebrainattachedtothebrainstemthatcontrolsmotorcoordination,posture,andbalanceaswellastheabilitytolearncontrolofbodymovements.大腦皮層CerebralcontexTheoutersurfaceofthecerebru

34、m.大腦兩半球CerebralhemispheresThetwohalvesofthecerebrum,connectedbythecorpuscallosum.大腦CerebrumTheregionofthebrainthatregulateshighercognitiveandemotionalfunctions.兒童指向語(yǔ)言Child-directedspeechAspecialformofspeechwithanexaggeratedandhigh-pitchedintonationthatadultsusetospeaktoinfantsandyoungchildren.慢性應(yīng)激Ch

35、ronicstressAcontinuousstateofarousalinwhichanindividualperceivesdemandsasgreaterthantheinnerandouterresourcesavailablefordealingwiththem.生理年齡ChronologicalageThenumberofmonthsoryearssinceanindividualsbirth.組塊ChunkingTheprocessoftakingsingleitemsofinformationandrecordingthemonthebasisofsimilarityorsom

36、eotherorganizingprinciple.生物節(jié)律CircadianrhythmAconsistentpatternofcyclicalbodyactivities,usuallylasing25to25hoursanddeterminedbyaninternalbiologicalclock.經(jīng)典條件作用ClassicalconditioningAtypeoflearninginwhichabehavior(conditionedresponse)comestobeelicitedbyastimulus(conditionedstimulus)thathasacquireditsp

37、owerthroughanassociationwithabiologicallysignificantstimulus(unconditionedstimulus).來(lái)訪者ClientThetermusedbyclinicianswhothinkofpsychologicaldisordersasproblemsinliving,andnotasmentalillnesses,todescribethosebeingtreated.來(lái)訪者中心療法Client-centeredtherapyAhumanisticapproachtotreatmentthatemphasizesthehealt

38、hypsychologicalgrowthoftheindividual;basedontheassumptionthatallpeoplesharethebasictendencyofhumannaturetowardself-actualization.臨床生態(tài)學(xué)ClinicalecologyAfieldofpsychologythatrelatesdisorderssuchasanxietyanddepressiontoenvironmentalirritantsandsourcesoftrauma.臨床心理學(xué)家ClinicalpsychologistAnindividualwhohas

39、earnedadoctorateinpsychologyandwhosetrainingisintheassessmentandtreatmentofpsychologicalproblems.臨床社會(huì)工作者ClinicalsocialworkerAmentalhealthprofessionalwhosespecializedtrainingprepareshimorhertoconsiderthesocialcontextofpeoplesproblems.封閉性ClosureAperceptualorganizingprocessthatleadsindividualstoseeinco

40、mpletefiguresascomplete.耳蝸CochleaTheprimaryorganofhearing;afluid-filledcoiledtubelocatedintheinnerear.認(rèn)知CognitionProcessesofknowing,includingattending,remembering,andreasoning;alsothecontentoftheprocesses,suchasconceptsandmemories.認(rèn)知評(píng)價(jià)CognitiveappraisalWithrespecttoemotions,theprocessthroughwhichphy

41、siologicalarousalisinterpretedwithrespecttocircumstancesintheparticularsettinginwhichitisbeingexperienced;also,therecognitionandevaluationofastressortoassessthedemand,thesizeofthethreat,theresourcesavailablefordealingwithit,andappropriatecopingstrategies.情緒的認(rèn)知評(píng)價(jià)理論CognitiveappraisaltheoryofemotionAth

42、eorystatingthattheexperienceofemotionisthejointeffectofphysiologicalarousalandcognitiveappraisal,whichservestodeterminehowanambiguousinnerstateofarousalwillbelabeled.認(rèn)知行為矯正法CognitivebehaviormodificationAtherapeuticapproachthatcombinesthecognitiveemphasisontheroleofthoughtsandattitudesinfluencingmoti

43、vationsandresponsewiththebehavioralemphasisonchangingperformancethroughmodificationofreinforcementcontingencies.認(rèn)知發(fā)展CognitivedevelopmentThedevelopmentofprocessesofknowing,includingimagining,perceiving,reasoning,andproblemsolving.認(rèn)知失調(diào)CognitivedissonanceThetheorythatthetension-producingeffectsofincong

44、rouscognitivesmotivateindividualstoreducesuchtension.認(rèn)知地圖CognitivemapAmentalrepressentationofphysicalspace.認(rèn)知觀點(diǎn)CognitiveperspectiveTheperspectiveonpsychologythatstresseshumanthoughtandtheprocessesofknowing,suchasattending,thinking,remembering,expecting,solvingproblems,fantasizing,andconsciousness.認(rèn)知

45、過(guò)程CognitiveprocessesHighermentalprocesses,suchasperception,memory,language,problemsolving,andabstractthinking.認(rèn)知心理學(xué)CognitivepsychologyThestudyofhigherementalprocessessuchasattention,languageuse,memory,perception,problemsolving,andthinking.認(rèn)知科學(xué)CognitivescienceAtypeofpsychotherapeutictreatmentthatatte

46、mptstochangefeelingsandbehaviorsbychangingthewayaclientthinksaboutorperceivessignificantlifeexperiences.集體無(wú)意識(shí)CollectiveunconsciousThepartofanindividualsunconsciousthatisinherited,evolotionarilydeveloped,andcommontoallmembersofthespecies.共病ComorbidityTheexperienceofmorethanonedisorderatthesametime.互補(bǔ)

47、色ComplementarycolorsColorsoppositeeachotheronthecolorcircle;whenadditivelymixed,theycreatethesensationofwhitelight.依從ComplianceAchangeinbehaviorconsistentwithacommunicationsourcesdirectrequests.概念ConceptsMentalrepresentationsofkindsofcategoriesofitemsorideas.條件性強(qiáng)化物ConditionedreinforcersInclassicalco

48、nditional,formerlyneutralstimulithathavebecomereinforcers.條件反應(yīng)Conditionedresponse(CR)Inclassicalconditioning,aresponseelicitedbysomepreviouslyneutralstimulusthatoccursasaresultofpairingtheneutralstimuluswithanunconditionedstimulus.條件刺激Conditionedstimulus(CS)Inclassicalconditioning,apreviouslyneutral

49、stimulusthatcomesthatcomestoelicitaconditionedresponse.錐體細(xì)胞ConesPhotoreceptorsconcentratedinthecenteroftheretinathatareresponsibleforvisualexperienceundernormalviewingconditionsandforallexperiencesofcolor.從眾ConformityThetendencyforpeopletoadoptthebehaviors,attitudes,andvaluesofothermembersofreferenc

50、egroup.混淆變量ConfoundingvariableAstimulusotherthanthevariableanexperimenterexplicitlyintroducesintoaresearchsettingthataffectsaparticipantsbehavior.意識(shí)ConsciousnessAstateofawarenessofinternaleventsandoftheexternalenvironment.共識(shí)效度ConsensualvalidationThemutualaffirmationofconsciousviewsofreality.守恒Conser

51、vationAccordingtoPiaget,theunderstandingthatpsysicalpropertiesdonotchangewhennothingisaddedortakenaway,eventhoughappearancesmaychange.一致性矛盾ConsistencyparadoxTheobservationthatpersonalityretingsacrosstimeandamongdifferentobserversareconsistent,whilebehaviorretingsacrosssituationsarenotconsistent.接觸性安

52、慰ContactcomfortComfortderivedfromaninfantsphysicalcontactwiththemotherorcaregiver.接觸假設(shè)ContacthypothesisTheideathatdirectcontactbetweenhostilegroupsalonewillreduceprejudice.發(fā)現(xiàn)的背景ContextofdiscoveryTheinitialphaseofresearch,inwhichobservations,beliefs,information,andgeneralknowledgeleadtoanewideaoradif

53、ferentwayofthinkingaboutsomephenomenon.驗(yàn)證的背景ContextofjustificationTheresearchphaseinwhichevidenceisbroughttobearonhypothese.背景區(qū)辯性ContextualdistinctivenessTheassumptionthattheserialpositioneffectcanbealteredbythecontextandthedistinctivenessoftheexperiencebeingrecalled.意外事件管理ContingencymanagementAgene

54、raltreatmentstrategyinvolvingchangingbehaviorbymodifyingitsconsequences.控制程序ControlproceduresConsistentproceduresforgivinginstructions,scoringresponses,andholdingallothervariablesconstantexceptthosebeingsystematicallyvaried.控制過(guò)程ControlledprocessesProcessesthatrequireattention;itisoftendifficulttocar

55、ryoutmorethanonecontrolledprocessatatime.視軸輻合ConvergenceThedegreetowhichtheeyesturninwardtofixateonanobject.應(yīng)對(duì)CopingTheprocessofdealingwithinternalorexternaldemandsthatareperceivedtobethreateningoroverwhelming.胼胝體CorpuscallosumThemassofnervefibersconnectingthetwohemispheresofthecerebrum.相關(guān)系數(shù)Correlat

56、ioncoefficient(r)Astatisticthatindicatesthedegreeofrelationshopbetweentwovariables.相關(guān)法CorrelationalmethodsResearchmethodologiesthatdeterminetowhatextenttwovariables,traits,orattrbutesarerelated.咨詢心理學(xué)家CounselingpsychologistPsychologistwhospecializesinprovidingguidanceinareassuchasvocationalselection,

57、schoolproblems,drugabuse,andmatrialconflict.反條件作用CounterconditioningAtechniqueusedintherapytosubstituteanewresponseforamaladaptiveonebymeansofconditioningprocedures.反移情CountertransferenceCircumstancesinwhichapsychoanalystdevelopspersonalfeelingsaboutaclientbecauseofperceivedsimilarityoftheclienttosi

58、gnificantpeopleinthetherapistslife.協(xié)變?cè)鞢ovariationprincipleAtheorythatsuggeststhatpeopleattributeabehaviortoacausalfactorifthatfactorwaspresentwheneverthebehavioroccuredbutwasabsentwheneveritdidnotoccur.創(chuàng)造力CreativityTheabilitytogenerateideasorproductsthatarebothnovelandappropriatetothecircumstances.

59、效標(biāo)效度CriterionvalidityThedegreetowhichtestscoresindicatearesultonaspecificmeasurethatisconsistentwithsomeothercriterionofthecharacteristicbeingassessed;alsonknownaspredictivevalidity.橫斷設(shè)計(jì)Cross-sectionaldesignAresearchmethodinwhichgroupsofparticipantsofdifferentchronologicalagesareobservedandcompareda

60、tagiventime.晶態(tài)智力CrystallizedintelligenceThefacetofintelligenceinvolvingtheknowledgeapersonhasalreadyacquiredandtheabilitytoaccessthatknowledge;measuresbyvocabulary,arithmetic,andgeneralinformationtests.文化觀點(diǎn)CulturalperspectiveThepsychologicalperspectivethatfocusesoncross-culturaldifferencesinthecause