地下水對(duì)土木工程的不良影響【-】

1、5.4 地下水對(duì)土木工程的不良影響一、地基沉降原因：危害： （1）松散沉積層中進(jìn)行深基礎(chǔ)施工時(shí)，人工降低地下水位使周圍土層 產(chǎn)生固結(jié)沉降。（2）抽水井的濾網(wǎng)和砂濾層設(shè)計(jì)不合理或施工質(zhì)量差，抽水時(shí)細(xì)小顆粒同地下水一起帶出地面周圍地面土層不均勻沉降造成地面建筑物和地下管線損壞。（3）抽水時(shí)在水周圍形成降水漏斗使周圍建筑物或地下管線產(chǎn)生不均勻沉降，甚至開裂。地下水過量開采的危害二、 流砂流砂地下水自下而上滲流時(shí)產(chǎn)生流動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象，它與地下水的動(dòng)水壓力有密切關(guān)系。動(dòng)水力：地下水在滲流時(shí)作用于單位體積土骨架上的力，亦稱動(dòng)水壓力。產(chǎn)生流砂的條件：1）地下水動(dòng)水力大于土粒的浮重度 2）地下水水力坡度大于臨界水力

2、坡度 危害及防治：流砂土體流動(dòng)地表塌陷或建筑物的地基破壞。流砂防治防在易產(chǎn)生流砂的地區(qū)應(yīng)盡可能的避免開挖。治：（1）人工降低地下水位 （2）打板樁 打板樁加固坑壁，增長地下水滲流途徑，以減小水力坡度。 （3）凍結(jié)法 使地下水和土層一起凍結(jié)，水下挖掘。 （4）水下挖掘 （5）其它方法：化學(xué)加固法三、潛蝕1）機(jī)械潛蝕：2）化學(xué)潛蝕：1）機(jī)械潛蝕：土粒在地下水的動(dòng)水力作用下受到?jīng)_刷，將細(xì)粒土沖走，使土的結(jié)構(gòu)破壞，形成洞穴的作用，形成管涌。2）化學(xué)潛蝕：在地下水和一氧化碳等作用下，能使巖石中的長石、云母等礦物變?yōu)楦邘X石、絹云母和其他粘土礦物。*由人類工程活動(dòng)所引起的這種現(xiàn)象叫管涌。潛蝕危害及防治空洞塌

3、陷地基土防治方法：1）堵截地表水流入土層；2）阻止地下水在土層中流動(dòng)，或減小流速和水力坡度值；3）設(shè)置反濾層，改造土的性質(zhì)。四、地下水的浮托作用建筑物基礎(chǔ)底面位于地下水位以下時(shí)，地下水對(duì)基礎(chǔ)底面產(chǎn)生靜水壓力，即浮托力。五、基坑突涌建筑基坑存在承壓水時(shí)，當(dāng)開挖基坑減少了基坑底部隔水層的厚度，當(dāng)隔水層較薄時(shí)承壓水的水頭壓力沖破基坑底部的現(xiàn)象。其后果是基坑沖毀，地基破壞基坑防止基坑突涌的措施六、地下水對(duì)鋼筋混凝土的腐蝕地下水某些成分含量過多時(shí)，對(duì)砼可溶性石料，管道、鋼鐵等都有侵蝕危害。（一）結(jié)晶類腐蝕1當(dāng)?shù)叵滤泻^多的SO-24時(shí)。與砼作用生成二水石膏 硬石膏二水石膏使體積增大31%，產(chǎn)生0.15

4、MPa的膨脹壓力，破壞砼。 2當(dāng)硫酸根濃度不大時(shí)，與砼中的鋁酸三鈣起作用生成水化硫鋁酸鈣 水化硫鋁酸鈣結(jié)合著很多的化合水，體積可膨脹近2.5倍，破壞力很大。（二）分解類侵蝕主要由于水中的pH值低、HCO3 -及腐蝕性CO2（過多的游離）等成分引起的分解破壞作用。硅、酸鹽水泥遇水生成Ca(OH)2，它與HCl、H2SO4、HNO3反應(yīng)（三）結(jié)晶分解復(fù)合類侵蝕Uzd$Hm1Pu9YCh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZHm1Pu9YCh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Sw

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28、g*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Mq5Uzd$Hm1Pu9YCh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp3Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh(Kp4Txc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk-Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6

29、VAe%In1QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCh*Kp4Sxc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XCg*Kp3Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf%In2RvaZEi)Mr6Uze%Hm1Qv9YDi(Lq5Uyd$Hl0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8XBg*Ko3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Qu9YDh(L

30、q5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDh(Lq5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Sxb#Fk-Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6VAe%In1QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jo3Rwb#Ej

31、-Ns6VAf%In2RvaZEi)Mr6Uze%Hm1Qv9YDi(Lq5Uyd$Hl0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jo2RwbZEj-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Qu9YDh(Lq5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Mq5Uzd$Hm1Pu9YCh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9Y

32、Di)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh(Kp4Txc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6VAe%In1QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCh*Kp4Sxc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot

33、8#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XCg*Kp3Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hl0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8XBg*Ko3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Sxb#Fk-Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6VAe%In1

34、QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jo3Rwb#Ej-Ns6VAf%In2RvaZEi)Mr6Uze%Hm1Qv9YDi(Lq5Uyd$Hl0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8XBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jo2RwbZEj-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Qu9YDh(Lq5Tyd$G

35、l0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Mq5Uzd$Hm1Pu9YCh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jo3Rwb#Ej-Ns6VAf

36、%In2RvaZEi)Mr6Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh(Kp4Txc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jo2RwbZEj-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCh*Kp4Sxc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Mq5Uzd$Hm1Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XCg*Kp3Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5U

37、yd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8XBg*Ko3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Sxb#Fk-Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6VAe%In1QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCh*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sx

38、c!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jo3Rwb#Ej-Ns6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh(Kp4Txc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jo2RwbZEj-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCh*Kp4Sxc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2

39、RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XCg*Kp3Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi(Lq5Uyd$Hl0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8XBg*Ko3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Sxb#Fk-Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6VAe%In1QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$H

40、m1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jo3Rwb#Ej-Ns6VAf%In2RvaZEi)Mr6Uze%Hm1Qv9YDi(Lq5Uyd$Hl0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jo2RwbZEj-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Qu9YDh(Lq5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc

41、!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Mq5Uzd$Hm1Pu9YCh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jo3Rwb#Ej-Ns6VAf%In2RvaZEi)Mr5U

42、ze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh(Kp4Txc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jo2RwbZEj-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCh*Kp4Sxc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Mq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XCg*Kp3Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Kp

43、4Tyc!Gl+Ot8XBg*Ko3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Sxb#Fk-Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6VAe%In1QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XCg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&

44、Jo3Rwb#Ej-Ns6VAf%In2RvaZEi)Mr6Uze%Hm1Qv9YDi(Ot8XCg*Kp3Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf%In2RvaZEi)Mr6Uze%Hm1Qv9YDi(Lq5Uyd$Hl0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8XBg*Ko3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Qu9YDh(Lq5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Sxb#Fk-Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Mq5Uzd$Hm1Pu9YC

45、h(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Os7WBf&Jo3Rwb#Ej-Ns6VAf%In2RvaZEi)Mr6Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh(Kp4Txc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jo2RwbZEj-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Qu9YDh(Lq4TBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jo2Rwb

46、ZEj-Nr6VAe%In2QvaZDi)Mr5Uze$Hm1Qu9YDh(Lq5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Sxc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Mq5Uzd$Hm1Pu9YCh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi)Lq5Uyd$Hm0Pu9XCh(Lp4Tyc!Gl0Ot8XBg*Kp3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Q

47、u9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Hl0Pu8XCh(Kp4Txc!Gl+Ot8WBg*Ko3Sxb#Fk+Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6VAe%In1QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd$Gl0Pt8XCh*Kp4Sxc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm4Sxc!Gk+Ot7WBg*Jo3Swb#Fk-Ns7VAf&Jn2RwaZEj-Mr6Vze%In1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyd!Gl0Ot8XCg*Kp3Sxc!Fk+Os7WBg&Jo

48、3Rwb#Fj-Ns6VAf&In2RvaZEj)Mr6Uze%Im1Qv9YDi(Lq5Uyd$Hl0Pu9XCh(Kp4Tyc!Gl+Ot8XBg*Ko3Sxc#Fk+Ns7WBf&Jo2Rwb#Ej-Nr6VAf%In2QvaZEi)Mr5Uze%Hm1Qu9YDi(Lq5Tyd$Gl0Pu8XCh*Kp4Txc!Gk+Ot8WBg*Jo3Sxb#Fk-Ns7WAf&Jn2RwbZEj-Mr6VAe%In1QvaZDi)Mq5Uze$Hm1Pu9YDh(Lq4Tyd!Gl0Pt8XCg*Kp4Sxc!Fk+Ot7WBg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1QvaYDi)Lq5Uzd$Hm0Pu9YCh(Lp4Tyg&Jo3Swb#Fj-Ns7VAf&In2RwaZEj)Mr6Vze%Im1Q