2015年考研英語一真題及答案(精校版)

1、2015年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionIUseofEnglish:Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis(1)astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaa

2、ndYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has(2).Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted1,932uniquesubjectswhichpairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth(5).While1%mayseem(6).itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDie

3、go,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven(7)theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho(8)ourkin.Thestudy(9)foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,(10).astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvir

4、onmentsbutthereismore(11)it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat(12)usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends(13)functionalKinshipofbeingfriendswith(14)!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobeevolution(15)thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp(16)whyhumanevolutionpickedpacei

5、nthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor(17)factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeoples(18)tobefriendthoseofsimilar(19)backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento(20)thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesame

6、population.1.AwhenBwhyChowDwhat2.AdefendedBconcludedCwithdrawnDadvised3.AforBwithConDby4.AcomparedBsoughtCseparatedDconnected5.AtestsBobjectsCsamplesDexamples6.AinsignificantBunexpectedCunbelievableDincredible7.AvisitBmissCseekDknow8.AresembleBinfluenceCfavorDsurpass9.AagainBalsoCinsteadDthus10.Amea

7、nwhileBfurthermoreClikewiseDperhaps11.AaboutBtoCfromDlike12.AdriveBobserveCconfuseDlimit13.AAccordingtoBratherthanCregardlessofDalongwith14.AchancesBresponsesCmissionsDbenefits15.AlaterBslowerCfasterDearlier16.AforecastBrememberCunderstandDexpress17.AunpredictableBcontributoryCcontrollableDdisruptiv

8、e18.AendeavorBdecisionCarrangementDtendency19.ApoliticalBreligiousCethnicDeconomic20.AseeBshowCproveDtellSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsis

9、ted“kingsdontabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnifice

10、ntuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchscont

11、inuingpopularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controvers

12、ialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory一andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday一embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheinc

13、reasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.;.;.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfa

14、milieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysreputationwithh

15、erratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice一asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Charlesoughttoknowthata

16、sEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpainusedturnenjoyhighpublicsupportwasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalscasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivalsendedhisreigninembarrassmentMonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostlyowin

17、gtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatustoachieveabalancebetweentraditionandrealitytogivevotermorepublicfigurestolookuptoduetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodimentWhichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?AristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealthTheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocraciesTh

18、esimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamiliesThenobilitysadherencetotheirprivilegesTheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharlestakesaroughlineonpoliticalissuesfailstochangehislifestyleasadvisedtakesrepublicansashispotentialalliesfailstoadapthimselftohisfutureroleWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthet

19、ext?Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombinedCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsText2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantiftheph

20、oneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnolo

21、gies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphoneavaststorehous

22、eofdigitalinformationissimilarto,say,riflingthroughasuspectspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistory,financi

23、alhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstill

24、havearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitutionsprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesnteasethechallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.Theycouldstilli

25、nvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifo

26、rniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelr

27、ulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatetopreventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.searchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrant.checksuspectsphonecontentswi

28、thoutbeingauthorized.Dprohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneofdisapproval.indifference.tolerance.cautiousness.TheauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentsiscomparabletoAgettingintoonesresidence.handlingoneshistoricalrecords.scanningonescorrespo

29、ndences.goingthroughoneswallet.29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatprinciplesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.Ccitizensprivacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.Dphonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.30.OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethattheConstitution

30、shouldbeimplementedflexibly.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.CaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.DprinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealteredText3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttan

31、nouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStat

32、isticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournalsinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanusc

33、ripts.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:“ThecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiost

34、atisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself

35、,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amostwelcomestepforward”and“l(fā)ongoverdue.”“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkth

36、at,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,”hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoa

37、nalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess”.VauxsaysthatSciencesidea

38、topasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatneedscrutinyinthefirstplace”.31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1thatScienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewprocess.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.fewjournalsareblame

39、dformistakesindataanalysis.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.32.Thephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningtofound.marked.revised.stored.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmayposeathreattoallitspeers.meetwithstrongopposition.increaseSciencescirculation.Dsetanexa

40、mpleforotherjournals.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowAaddstoresearchersworkload.Bdiminishestheroleofreviewers.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.istofailintheforeseeablefutureWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRe

41、spectCDataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksDStatisticiansAreComingBackwithScienceText4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdochsdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insociet

42、yshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“itsus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“Itsincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”Thissameabs

43、enceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shieldthought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes一findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,Rebeka

44、hBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewinderissueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislong

45、storystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.

46、Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwellpaidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewor

47、dsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingto

48、befairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructionsnorreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasups

49、ernmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatGlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrimemorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.AndyCoul

50、sonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBookssdeferencerevealedacunningpersonalitycenteredontrivialissueswashardlyconvincingwaspartofaconspiracy39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshowsgenerallydistortedvaluesunfairwealt

51、hdistributionamarginalizedlifestylearigidmoralcote40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.Moralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtex

52、t,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,dr

53、awingonyourexplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustp

54、assiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementinferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“

55、true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44)Thisdoesnt,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesprod

56、ucedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45)suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothe

57、rsintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesntthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancesto

58、oneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodiff

59、erconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecont

60、est.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,a