蘇教譯林版初中英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)下冊(cè)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)解析與鞏固練習(xí)

1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)【概念引入】一、含有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的名言欣賞Life is measured by thought and action, not by time.衡量生命的尺度是思想和行動(dòng)，而不是時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短。Men are known by his companions.觀其友而知其人。Rome was not built in a day.羅馬不是一天建成的。A friend without fault will never be found.沒有缺點(diǎn)的朋友永不可得。二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。Many

2、people speak Chinese.許多人說漢語(yǔ)。謂語(yǔ)speak的動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)many people來執(zhí)行的。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。Chinese is spoken by many people.漢語(yǔ)被許多人說。主語(yǔ)Chinese是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者?！居梅ㄖv解】一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)【高清課堂：Passive Voice與時(shí)態(tài)】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am / is / are +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞You are wanted on the phone.有你的 。一般過去時(shí)：was / were +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞China was liberated in 1949

3、.1949 年中國(guó)解放。一般將來時(shí)：will / shall be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞The problem will be discussed tomorrow.明天將對(duì)這個(gè)問題進(jìn)行討論?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has been +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞Not a book in the library has been taken away.圖書館里沒有一本書被人拿走。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am / is / are being +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞My bike is being repaired.我的自行車正在修理。過去完成時(shí)：had been +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞The book had be

4、en borrowed when I got to the library.我到了圖書館時(shí)，那本書已經(jīng)借出去了。二、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換1）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。2）把謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（be+過去分詞）注意：根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來決 定be的形式。3）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。All the people laughed at him.所有人都嘲笑他?！眷柟叹毩?xí)】一、單項(xiàng)填空。Li Hong has the army for 2 years.A. joined B. be in C. been i

5、n D. joined inWe have been friends since.A. childrenB. five yearsC. five years agoD. five years beforeMike the story for a month.D. has borrowedD. since a week agoD. have studiedD. liveA. has bought B. has had C. had hadYou that question three times.A. already askedB. have already askedC. already ha

6、ve asked D. asked alreadyThose foreign friends left Guangzhou.A. since last week B. a week ago C. for a week1 at this school for two years.A. am studying B. study C. studiedThey in the city since last summer.A. live B. didnt live C. have livedMrs. Wang has lived in Haikou 1992.A. since B. from C. af

7、terD. inMr. Black China since the summer of 1998.A. has been to B. has been in C. has come toD. came toHis father for years.A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. dies真題鏈接一 Beibei, is Mr. Chen in the office?No. He for half an hour.A. leftB. has leftC. has been away一 Is Miss Green in the office?一 No

8、, she to the library.A. goesB. had goes C. has gone D. would goAnew shop fbr a week nearby. Lets have a look there.一 Good idea. But it doesnt on Mondays.A. opened; opened B. has been opened; openC. has opened; opened D. has been open; open二、用 already 或 yet 填空。Have they taken down the old pictures? N

9、o, not.Most of us have finished our compositionsHe said he hadnt visited the exhibition.三、用since或for填空。We have learned five lessons the beginning of this term.Mrs. Liao has been in hospital last week.I have stayed at my aunts two weeks.四、用 have/has been to/in, have gone to 及 go 的各種形式填空。一 Where is Ja

10、ck?一 He his country.John England since he came back.How long you this village?The Smiths Beijing for years.一 you ever America? Yes, I there many times.I this school since three years ago. When he?一 He an hour ago. Would you like to the zoo with me?一 Yes, but I there before.一 Where you just now?一 I t

11、he zoo.He often swimming.you there last year?they often skating in winter?五、句型轉(zhuǎn)換，每空一詞。He has already gone home.He home.（否 定句）he home?（一般疑問句）He has lunch at home.He lunch at home.（否認(rèn)句）he lunch at home?（一般疑 問句）He has been there twice.（對(duì)劃線局部提問） he been there?have lunch at school.（對(duì)劃線局部提問） you lunch.The

12、y have been here since 2000. have they been here?（對(duì)劃線局部提問）This factory opened twenty years ago.（改為同 義句） This factory for twenty years.Miss Gao left an hour ago.（改為同義句）Miss Gaoan hour ago.Her mother has been a Party member for three years.（改為同 義句） Her mother the Party three years.The Green Family mov

13、ed to France two years ago.（改為同義句） two years the Green family moved to France.The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago.（把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子）【參考答案】一、單項(xiàng)填空。l.Co現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是 短暫性動(dòng)詞。在此題中join是短暫性動(dòng)詞，不能與for+時(shí)間段連用，須把它改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù) 性動(dòng)詞。此題join要改成be in。這兩種詞的轉(zhuǎn)換是學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)需要注意的。Co現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去

14、已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。它的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)since + 表過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for +時(shí)間段連用。B。在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞， 在此題中buy是短暫性動(dòng)詞，不能與for+時(shí)間段連用，須把它改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。此 題buy要改成has had。Bo現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果; already應(yīng)放在have后面。Bo該題考查一般過去時(shí)。Do現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。與for+時(shí)間段連用。Co since是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞。Ao本句為完成時(shí)態(tài)，此處應(yīng)該選擇

15、since； since +表過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)”是完成時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志 性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Bo與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞，come是短 暫性動(dòng)詞因此選B。B?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞， die是短暫性動(dòng)詞，因此要用be dead來代替。真題鏈接Co句意：一貝貝，陳先生在辦公室嗎？一沒有，他出去一個(gè)小時(shí)了。因?yàn)轭}中說道“他 出去一個(gè)小時(shí)了”，所以到應(yīng)該用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)選C。Co句意：一格林老師在辦公室嗎？一不在，她去圖書館了。此題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。由語(yǔ) 境可知她去圖書館了，現(xiàn)在還沒回來，應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。Do此題意為：一這

16、附近有一家新開了一周的店，我們?nèi)タ匆幌掳?。一好主意，但是周?不開門。此題第一空應(yīng)該用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，第二空在助動(dòng)詞后面，應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞原形。應(yīng)選D。 二、用 already 或 yet 填空。1. yet; yet 2. already 3. yet三、用since或for填空。1. since 2. since 3. for四、用 have/has been to/in, have gone to 及 go 的各種形式填空。1. has gone to 2. has been in 3. have; been in 4. have been in 5. Have; been to; have be

17、en6. have been in 7. did; go; went 8. go; have been 9. did; go; went to 10. goes11. Did; go 12. Do; go五、句型轉(zhuǎn)換，每空一詞。1. hasn t gone; yet; Has; gone; yet 2. doesn t have; Does; have 3. How many times has4. Where do; have 5. How long 6. has been open 7. has been away since8. joined; ago 9 It s; since 10.

18、 The bus has been here for ten minutes.f He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.他們?cè)谀羌夜S制造自行車。f The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree.他砍倒了 一棵樹。f A tree was cut down by him.4)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。Little Tom can work out this m

19、aths problem easily.小湯姆能容易地做出這道數(shù)學(xué)題。f This maths problem can be easily work out by little Tom.They should do it at once.他們應(yīng)該立刻做那件事。fit should be done at once.5)含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的雙賓語(yǔ)句式：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)+其他被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的雙賓語(yǔ)句式：間接賓語(yǔ)+be+過去分詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+其他或:直接賓語(yǔ)+be +過去分詞+介詞(for / to)+間接賓語(yǔ)+其他My father gave me a new boo

20、k on my birthday.我的父親在我生日那天給我一本新書。一 I was given a new book on my birthday (by my father). A new book was given to me on my birthday (by my father).My father bought me a new computer yesterday.我的父親昨天給我買了一臺(tái)新電腦。一 I was bought a new computer yesterday (by my father).一 A new computer was bought fbr me ye

21、sterday (by my father)6)帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，只把賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的 主語(yǔ)，原來的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不動(dòng)。His teacher found him a very good pupil.他的老師發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個(gè)很好的學(xué)生。一 He was found a very good pupil by his teacher.7)在主動(dòng)句中，let, make, see, hear等動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to,但在被動(dòng)句中，那么要 還原tOoLindas parents make her practice the p

22、iano every Sunday.一Linda is made to practice the piano every Sunday.8)有些及物動(dòng)詞如have(有)，reach, cost等，以及有些聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞如smell, taste, sound, feel等, 不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。【誤】Five dollars is cost by this book.【正】This book costs five dollars.這本書花費(fèi)五美元?！菊`】 The food is tasted nice.【正】The food tastes nice.這種食物嘗起來很好。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)【鞏固練習(xí)】L把以下主動(dòng)語(yǔ)

23、態(tài)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子。Do you sweep the floor every day?Did people in the old days grow tea?We have learned Lesson 60.We cant see many of the stars.China has sent up man-made satellites into space.They will plant the trees tomorrow.see him go to school every day.8. Our teacher made us close our eyes in the g

24、ame.IL使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯以下句子。.我們不把英語(yǔ)當(dāng)作第一語(yǔ)言使用。.這些電視機(jī)是1990年日本出產(chǎn)的。.法國(guó)人說英語(yǔ)還是法語(yǔ)？中國(guó)什么地方生產(chǎn)鹽？.這些樹可以被種在道路的兩邊。.每天早晨都能聽到小鳥唱歌的聲音。.世界被變成了一個(gè)更小的地方。IIL單項(xiàng)選擇。D. puttedLook! A big modern building in our city.A. is builtB. is being builtC. has been builtD. is building2. Your bike cant there.A. be put B. is put C. be puttedMary t

25、he song at a party.A. heard singB. was heard singC. heard to sing D. was heard to singtrees usually in April?A. Have, plantedB. Are, plantedC. have, been planted D. Do, plantedMy room tomorrow.A. is cleaned B. be cleaned C. will be cleaned 6. When your school?A. did, builtB. was, builtC. is, builtTh

26、e window of our house once a week.A. have been cleaned B. is cleaned C. are cleaned 8. The sick girl to the hospital at once.A. must sendB. be must sent C. must be sentMany books on science since I went to college.A. were boughtB. have been boughtC. will be boughtD. are boughtPeople have come to kno

27、w that their health must.A. pay more attentionB. pay more attention toC. be paid more attention D. be paid more attention to 11. A beautiful picture the children in the classroom.A. was shown toB. was shown C. were shown toD. is cleaningD. was, buildingD. are cleaningD. be sentD. is cleaningD. was,

28、buildingD. are cleaningD. be sentD. were shownA new bike Tom tomorrow.A. will lendB. will lentC. will be lentD. will be lent toSome eggs and a glass of milk the Frenchman.A. have been brought toB. has been brought toC. have been broughtD. has been broughtMiss White said she some beautiful coats in t

29、he shop.A. had been showB. has been shownC. had been shown toD. had been shownJack answer the question in French.A. asked to B. was ask C. was askedD. was asked to【真題鏈接】The novel by many people today.A. is readB. are readC. readsD. were readA. are madeA. are madeB. were made C. makeD. madeThese mode

30、l cars in China in 2013.一 How clean your car is!一 Thank you. It very often.A. is washed B. washes C. was washed D. washedWhen you a difficult task, try to continue with it and finish it.A. giveB. are givingC. gaveD. are givenWe to start at once, or we will miss the train.A. tellB. have toldC. are to

31、ldD. toldIV.看圖完成以下對(duì)話。Whats that? It looks strange.Its an old machine.What it used 2?It 3 4 for getting water from a river or a lake.How did it work?Usually two people stood on it. They pushed the pedals（踏 板）down hard with their feet. Then 5 could 6 brought up.What 7 it made 8?I think it 9 10 1wood.

32、It can 12 hardlyseen in China now.【答案與解析】I.把以下主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子。Is the floor swept (by you) every day?Was tea grown by people in the old days?Lesson 60 has been learned by us.Many of the stars cant be seen by us.Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by China.The trees will be planted tomor

33、row.He is seen to go to school every day.We were made to close our eyes in the game.IL使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯以下句子。English isnt used as our first language.The TV sets were made in Japan in 1990.Is English or French spoken by Frenchmen?Where is salt produced in China?These trees can be planted at the sides of the ro

34、ad.The birds are heard to sing every morning.The world is made to be a much smaller place.HL單項(xiàng)選擇。l.Bo本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“在我們城里，一座現(xiàn)代化的樓房正在 被建”。2.A。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“你的自行車不能被放在那二3.Do本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。此句中復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的不定式to不能省略。句意為 “瑪麗被聽到在宴會(huì)上唱歌”。4.Bo本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“植樹通常是在四月份嗎？二5.Co本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般將來的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“我

35、的房間將在明天被清掃”。6.Bo本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“你們學(xué)校是什么時(shí)候被建造的？ 7.Bo本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，用be動(dòng)詞is。句意為“我們房 子的窗戶一周被清洗一次二8.Co本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“那個(gè)生病的女孩必須馬上被送到醫(yī)院”。 9.Bo本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“自從我上大學(xué)，已經(jīng)買了許多關(guān)于科 學(xué)的書”。10.D。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這里pay attention to是固定搭配，它的賓語(yǔ)是heal th。 句意為“人們已經(jīng)漸漸意識(shí)到必須關(guān)注他們的健康工H.Ao本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

36、。句意為“一張漂亮的圖片被出示給教室里的孩 子們二.Do本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“明天一輛新的自行車將被借給湯姆”。.Ao本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“一些雞蛋和一杯牛奶已經(jīng)被帶給了那 個(gè)法國(guó)人”。.Do本句的主句是過去時(shí)，所以賓語(yǔ)從句要用過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“懷特小姐 說她在商店里被出示了一些漂亮的上衣二.Do本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為“杰克被要求用法語(yǔ)回答以下問題”。【真題鏈接】l.Ao主語(yǔ)是the novel,所以謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)形式，所以排除答案B和D；題中出現(xiàn)明顯時(shí)間 詞today,所以時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故答案為A。Bo句意：這些模型汽

37、車是中國(guó)2013年制造的。由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in 2013可知時(shí)態(tài)為一般過去 時(shí)，model cars與動(dòng)詞make之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。應(yīng)選B。Ao解析：句意：一一你的車真干凈。一一謝謝，它經(jīng)常清洗。根據(jù)often可知，應(yīng)用一 般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；車應(yīng)該是被洗，所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。Do句意：“當(dāng)你被給一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)時(shí)，試圖繼續(xù)做并完成它。give sb. sth.改成被動(dòng)是 sb. be given sth.；根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,應(yīng)選DoCo句意：“我們被告知立刻出發(fā)，否那么將趕不上火車?！备鶕?jù)句意可知，主語(yǔ)we不是動(dòng) 作的執(zhí)行者，而是動(dòng)作的承受者，因此要使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。IV.看圖完成以下對(duì)話。l.was2. for3.

38、was4.used5. water6.be7.was8. of9.was10. made11.of12.be專項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法講練 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)【概念引入】如何學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)態(tài)？對(duì)中學(xué)生來說，最好還是從各個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的基本概念、基本形式和基本用法 學(xué)起。在過了這一階段之后，再放開步伐，通過大量的聽、讀和筆頭實(shí)踐，獲得感性的知識(shí)。 現(xiàn)在，我們就從最基本的概念、形式和用法等方面來總結(jié)一種新的時(shí)態(tài)一一現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?！居梅ㄖv解】一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成.肯定句現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句式是“have (has) +過去分詞”。注意：該句式中的have或ha

39、s是助動(dòng)詞，has用于第三人稱單數(shù)，其它人稱一律用have。.否認(rèn)句：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否認(rèn)句式是“havent (hasnt) +過去分詞”。.疑問句：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句式是把助動(dòng)詞have或has提到主語(yǔ)之前。回答用Yes, .have(has)./No, .haven,t(hasn,t).三、動(dòng)詞過去分詞規(guī)那么變化與不規(guī)那么變化(一)規(guī)那么變化變化規(guī)那么：與動(dòng)詞過去式規(guī)那么相同。. 一般直接在詞尾加上ed。look 一 looked.以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加d。move 一 moved.以y結(jié)尾，y前面是輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，變y為i,再加ed。carry carried.局部動(dòng)詞需雙寫尾字母，加

40、ed。stop stopped(二)不規(guī)那么變化不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞的變化因詞而異。但是如果對(duì)不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞做一分析，就 可發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的“規(guī)那么”。同學(xué)們?cè)谟洃洉r(shí)，可按下面的形式對(duì)教材后不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞表進(jìn)行分析、 整理。例如：AAB型原形過去式過去分詞中文beatbeatbeaten打敗ABC型原形過去式過去分詞中文1bewas / werebeen是，在beginbeganbegun開始blowblewblown吹breakbrokebroken破裂、折斷AAA型原形過去式過去分詞中文costcostcost花費(fèi)cutcutcut砍、切、割hithithit打、撞ABA型原形過去式過去分

41、詞中文becomebecamebecome成為comecamecome來ABB型原形過去式過去分詞中文understandunderstoodunderstood理解、明白bringbroughtbrought帶來buildbuiltbuilt建造burnburned/burntburned/burnt燃燒四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的行為對(duì)主語(yǔ)目前產(chǎn)生的影響。即用過去發(fā)生的某個(gè)行為來 說明現(xiàn)在的某種情況。例如：We are good friends.（現(xiàn)在的情況）我們是好朋友。I knew him in 1997.（過去的動(dòng)作）我1997年認(rèn)識(shí)了他。We have know

42、n each other since 1997.我們自從 1997 年相互認(rèn)識(shí)。（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過去的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來并著眼于現(xiàn)在）（1）表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、 already yet等副詞修飾。例如:一 Have you had lunch yet?你（已經(jīng)）吃午飯 了嗎？一 Yes, I have. T ve just had it.是的，吃過了。我剛剛吃過。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了） （2）表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止，可能仍 然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。例如：He has

43、 taught here since 1981.他自1981年就在這兒教書。（可能還要繼續(xù)教）I haven t seen her for four years.我有四年沒見到她了。（3）表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或?qū)掖蔚膭?dòng)作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一般譯為漢語(yǔ)“過二常帶 有 twice, ever, never, three times 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京兩次。五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by now （so far）, once, twice., just, recently, yet（否/疑），already（W）

44、, ever, never, all one s life , in /during the past /last 5 years例如：We have already finished our homework.我們 已完成作業(yè)了。They haven t finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。一 Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經(jīng)去過長(zhǎng)城嗎？一 I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長(zhǎng)城。I have seen her before, but I can not r

45、emember where.我以前見過她，但記不起在哪里見過。He has been there three times the last few days.近幾天他去過那里三次了。六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的比擬1） 一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純表達(dá)過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為 過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。I saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了這部電影。（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。）I have seen this film.我看過這部電影了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） 2） 一般過去時(shí)常與具體的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連 用，或無時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday； last week； .ago； in 1990； in October； just now . 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：already； ever； for； just； never； since； yet； so far； till