(繁體)電子商務(wù)與供應(yīng)鏈ppt課件

1、Chapter 4 E-Commerce and Supply Chain Management第4章 電子商務(wù)和供應(yīng)鏈管理Operations ManagementbyR. Dan Reid & Nada R. Sanders3rd Edition Wiley 2005 Presentation by R.B. Clough UNH M. E. Henrie - UAA.Learning Objectives 學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)Describe the structure of supply chains說(shuō)明供應(yīng)鏈的架構(gòu)Describe the bullwhip effect說(shuō)明長(zhǎng)鞭效應(yīng)Describ

2、e the issues affecting supply chain management說(shuō)明影響供應(yīng)鏈管理的議題Describe B2B and B2C electronic commerce說(shuō)明B2B和B2C電子商務(wù)Describe global issues in supply chain management說(shuō)明在供應(yīng)鏈管理的全球議題.Learning Objectives (continued)Describe the role of purchasing in supply chain management說(shuō)明在供應(yīng)鏈管理中採(cǎi)購(gòu)的角色Describe the ethics of

3、supplier management說(shuō)明供應(yīng)商管理的品德Describe sourcing issues說(shuō)明商源議題Describe strategic purchasing partnerships說(shuō)明戰(zhàn)略採(cǎi)購(gòu)夥伴Describe supply chain distribution說(shuō)明供應(yīng)鏈分佈.Learning Objectives (continued)Describe integrated supply chain management說(shuō)明整合供應(yīng)鏈管理Describe supply chain performance measures說(shuō)明供應(yīng)鏈績(jī)效衡量Describe trends

4、 in supply chain management說(shuō)明供應(yīng)鏈管理趨勢(shì).Supply Chains & SCM供應(yīng)鏈和供應(yīng)鏈管理A supply chain is the network of all the activities involved in delivering a finished product/service to the customer供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)菍⒁淹瓿傻漠a(chǎn)品/服務(wù)遞送到顧客得一切活動(dòng)的網(wǎng)路Sourcing of: raw materials, assembly, warehousing, order entry, distribution, delivery 商源:

5、原資料、組裝件、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、訂單項(xiàng)目、分佈、遞送Supply Chain Management is the vital business function that coordinates all of the network links供應(yīng)鏈管理是協(xié)調(diào)一切網(wǎng)路連結(jié)的關(guān)鍵企業(yè)功能Coordinates movement of goods through supply chain from suppliers to manufacturers to distributors協(xié)調(diào)透過(guò)供應(yīng)鏈從供應(yīng)者到製造者到批發(fā)商的物品移動(dòng)Promotes information sharing along chain

6、 like forecasts, sales data, & promotions促進(jìn)延著供應(yīng)鏈中如預(yù)測(cè)、銷售資料、和促銷等資訊分享.Components of a Supply Chain供應(yīng)鏈的元素External Suppliers source of raw material外部供應(yīng)商原料的來(lái)源Tier one supplier supplies directly to the processor第一層供應(yīng)商直接供應(yīng)給製造者Tier two supplier supplies directly to tier one第二層供應(yīng)商直接供應(yīng)給第一層供應(yīng)商Tier three supplie

7、r supplies directly to tier two第三層供應(yīng)商直接供應(yīng)給第二層供應(yīng)商Internal Functions include processing functions內(nèi)部功能包括處理製造功能Processing, purchasing, planning, quality, shipping處理製造、採(cǎi)購(gòu)、規(guī)劃、品質(zhì)、運(yùn)輸External Distributors transport finished products to appropriate locations外部經(jīng)銷商運(yùn)送已完成產(chǎn)品到適當(dāng)?shù)牡攸c(diǎn)Logistics managers are responsible

8、 for traffic management and distribution management 後勤經(jīng)理負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)輸管理和通路管理.Supply Chain Illustration.Components of a Supply Chain供應(yīng)鏈的元素External Distributors transport finished products to appropriate locations 外部經(jīng)銷商運(yùn)送已完成產(chǎn)品到適當(dāng)?shù)牡攸c(diǎn)Logistics managers are responsible for managing the movement of products betwee

9、n locations. Includes;後勤經(jīng)理負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)品和地點(diǎn)之間貨物移動(dòng)管理traffic management arranging the method of shipment for both incoming and outgoing products or material運(yùn)輸管理安排將資料運(yùn)入或產(chǎn)品運(yùn)出的運(yùn)送方法distribution management movement of material from manufacturer to the customer通路管理從製造者到消費(fèi)者間的貨品移動(dòng).A Basic Supply Chain一個(gè)根本供應(yīng)鏈.The Bullwh

10、ip Effect 長(zhǎng)鞭效應(yīng)Bullwhip effect - the inaccurate or distorted demand information created in the supply chain長(zhǎng)鞭效應(yīng)供應(yīng)鏈中所創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的不正確或扭曲的需求資訊Causes are generated by: 產(chǎn)生緣由為：demand forecasting updating, 需求預(yù)測(cè)更新order batching,訂單整批作業(yè)price fluctuations, 價(jià)格變動(dòng)rationing and 配額供應(yīng)(當(dāng)需求大於供給時(shí))和gaming 賭注 (因配額所呵斥浮報(bào)需求).The Bu

11、llwhip Effect 牛鞭效應(yīng)Counteracting the Effect: 反制效應(yīng)Change the way suppliers forecast product demand by making this information available at all levels of the supply chain以供應(yīng)鏈各階層都可獲得需求資訊取代供應(yīng)者預(yù)測(cè)產(chǎn)品需求Share real demand information (POS terminals)分享實(shí)際需求資訊 (銷售點(diǎn)終端機(jī))(POS, point on sale)Eliminate order batching

12、消除訂單整批作業(yè)Stabilize pricing 穩(wěn)定價(jià)格Eliminate gaming 消除賭注 (依據(jù)過(guò)去銷售記錄決定配額數(shù)量).Issues Affecting Supply Chain Management 影響供應(yīng)鏈管理的議題Information technology enablers include the Internet, Web, EDI, intranets and extranets, bar code scanners, and point-of-sales demand information 資訊科技賦予才干者包括網(wǎng)際網(wǎng)路、網(wǎng)路、EDI(電子資料交換) 、內(nèi)部

13、網(wǎng)路和外部網(wǎng)路、讀條碼機(jī)、銷售點(diǎn)需求資訊E-commerce and e-business uses internet and web to transact business電子商務(wù)和電子化企業(yè)運(yùn)用網(wǎng)際網(wǎng)路和網(wǎng)路執(zhí)行企業(yè)買(mǎi)賣(mài). Types of E-Commerce 電子商務(wù)種類E-commerce is defined as the use of the Internet and the Web to transact business電子商務(wù)的定義是運(yùn)用網(wǎng)際網(wǎng)路和網(wǎng)路執(zhí)行企業(yè)買(mǎi)賣(mài)Two types of e-commerce are電子商務(wù)兩種類型Business-to-business

14、 (B2B) and 企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)Business-to-consumer (B2C) 企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者. Types of E-Commerce電子商務(wù)的類型Business-to-Business (B2B) Evolution:B2B的演進(jìn)Automated order entry systems started in 1970s起始於1970年代的自動(dòng)化訂單輸入系統(tǒng)Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) started in the 1970s起始於1970年代的電子資料交換Electronic Storefronts emerged in the 1990s19

15、90年代電子商店Net Marketplaces emerged in the late 1990s1990年代網(wǎng)路市場(chǎng)Benefits of B2B E-Commerce B2B電子商務(wù)的好處Lower procurement administrative costs, 減低採(cǎi)購(gòu)管理本錢(qián)Low-cost access to global suppliers 低本錢(qián)接觸全球供應(yīng)商Lower inventory investment due to price transparency/reduced response time 由於價(jià)格透明/回應(yīng)時(shí)間縮短而導(dǎo)致低存貨投資Better produc

16、t quality because of increased cooperation between buyers and sellers, especially during the product design and development 因?yàn)橘?gòu)買(mǎi)者和銷售者漸增的協(xié)作尤其在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和開(kāi)發(fā)階段，提供更家產(chǎn)品品質(zhì). Types of E-Commerce電子商務(wù)的類型Business-to-Consumer (B2C): 企業(yè)對(duì)個(gè)人On-line businesses try to reach individual consumers線上企業(yè)嘗試可以到達(dá)個(gè)人消費(fèi)者B2C revenue m

17、odel sources B2C獲利方式來(lái)源Advertising Web site offers providers and opportunity to advertise廣告網(wǎng)站給予提供者和廣告機(jī)會(huì)Subscription Web site charges a subscription fee for access to the site 訂閱網(wǎng)站收取進(jìn)入網(wǎng)站者訂閱費(fèi)Transaction company receives a fee for executing a transaction買(mǎi)賣(mài)每執(zhí)行一筆買(mǎi)賣(mài)公司收取一比費(fèi)用 Sales a means of selling goods,

18、information, or service directly to customers銷售直接販賣(mài)物品、資訊、或服務(wù)給消費(fèi)者Affiliate companies receive a referral fee for directing business to an affiliate推薦費(fèi)公司收取一筆推薦費(fèi)用因引導(dǎo)企業(yè)成為某某會(huì)員.SCM Factors SCM要素SCM must consider the following trends, improved capabilities, & realities: SCM必須考慮以下趨勢(shì)、改善才干、和實(shí)際。Consumer Expecta

19、tions and Competition power has shifted to the consumer消費(fèi)者期望和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力量已轉(zhuǎn)移到消費(fèi)者Globalization capitalize on emerging markets全球化資金投注於新興市場(chǎng)Government Regulations and E-Commerce issues of Internet government regulations政府法規(guī)和電子商務(wù)政府網(wǎng)際網(wǎng)路法規(guī)的議題Environment Implications of E-Commerce recycling, sustainable eco-efficie

20、ncy, and waste minimization電子商務(wù)環(huán)保意涵回收、一定水準(zhǔn)的環(huán)保效率、和最少浪費(fèi).Global SCM Factors 全球SCM要素Managing extensive global supply chains introduces many complications 管理擴(kuò)張全球供應(yīng)鏈引進(jìn)許多複雜議題Geographically dispersed members - increase replenishment transit times and inventory investment不同地點(diǎn)的會(huì)員添加補(bǔ)貨轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)間和存貨投資Forecasting accur

21、acy complicated by longer lead times and different operating practices預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確度因長(zhǎng)前置時(shí)間和不同營(yíng)運(yùn)方式變得更複雜Exchange rates fluctuate, inflation can be high匯率浮動(dòng)，通貨膨脹能夠更高Infrastructure issues like transportation, communication, lack of skilled labor, & scarce local material supplies基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)議題像運(yùn)輸、通訊、缺乏具有技藝員工、和缺乏當(dāng)?shù)卦瞎?yīng)Pro

22、duct proliferation created by the need to customize products for each market產(chǎn)品激增 對(duì)每一市場(chǎng)因客製化產(chǎn)品需求 .Sourcing Issues 商源議題Which products to produce in-house and which are provided by other supply chain members那些產(chǎn)品本人生產(chǎn)和那些產(chǎn)品由其他供應(yīng)鏈成員提供Vertical integration a measure of how much of the supply chain is owned by

23、 the manufacturer垂直整合製造者擁有供應(yīng)鏈中多少的一種衡量Backward integration owning or controlling of sources of raw material and component parts向後整合擁有或控制原資料和零組件來(lái)源Forward integration owning or control the channels of distribution向前整合擁有或控制通路管道Vertical integration related to levels of insourcing or outsourcing products

24、or services 垂直整合和產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)委內(nèi)或委外程度相關(guān).Insourcing vs. Outsourcing自製零件或向委採(cǎi)購(gòu)零件(自製vs.委外)What questions need to be asked before sourcing decisions are made?決定商源之前必須回答以下問(wèn)題？Is product/service technology critical to firms success?此產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)技術(shù)能否是公司勝利的關(guān)鍵？Is product/service a core competency? 此產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)能否是公司中心才干？Is it somet

25、hing your company must do to survive?它能否公司為了生存必須要做的事情？.Make or Buy Analysis自製或外購(gòu)分析Analysis will look at the expected sales levels and cost of internal operations vs. cost of purchasing the product or service分析將考慮期望銷售水準(zhǔn)和內(nèi)部作業(yè)本錢(qián)vs.產(chǎn)品採(cǎi)購(gòu)本錢(qián).Make or Buy Analysis自製或外購(gòu)分析Analysis will look at the expected sal

26、es levels and cost of internal operations vs. cost of purchasing the product or service分析將考慮期望銷售水準(zhǔn)和內(nèi)部作業(yè)本錢(qián)vs.產(chǎn)品採(cǎi)購(gòu)本錢(qián)總外購(gòu)本錢(qián):TC(購(gòu)買(mǎi)) = FC (購(gòu)買(mǎi)) + (VC x Q)總自製本錢(qián) TC(自製) = FC (自製) + (VC x Q)總外購(gòu)本錢(qián) =總自製本錢(qián)FC (購(gòu)買(mǎi)) + (VC x Q) = FC (自製) + (VC x Q)TC: 總本錢(qián) FC: 固定本錢(qián) VC：變動(dòng)本錢(qián).案例:自製或外購(gòu)分析-瑪麗和蘇已經(jīng)決定開(kāi)設(shè)貝果麵包店。他們第一個(gè)決定是本人作或自當(dāng)?shù)攸I包

27、廠購(gòu)買(mǎi)。假設(shè)他們決定是外購(gòu)時(shí)，他們將需求密閉容器每年固定本錢(qián)是1000美圓。外購(gòu)貝果每個(gè)是0.4美圓。假設(shè)是自製時(shí)，他們需投資小型廚房設(shè)備，固定本錢(qián)為15000，自製貝果每個(gè)本錢(qián)是0.15美圓。他們認(rèn)為每年可以售出60000個(gè)貝果。他認(rèn)為他們應(yīng)該是自製或外購(gòu)?Mary and Sue wants to know if they should make or buy the bagels.瑪麗和蘇想知道他們應(yīng)該自製或外購(gòu)貝果 FCBuy + (VCBuy x Q) = FCMake + (VCMake x Q) $1,000 + ($0.40 x Q) = $15,000 + ($0.15 x

28、Q) Q = 56,000 bagelsSince the costs are equal at 56,000 bagels and Mary and Sue expect to use 60,000 bagels, they should make the bagels in-house因?yàn)闊o(wú)差異點(diǎn)是56000個(gè)貝果，而他們認(rèn)為可以運(yùn)用量為60000個(gè)，因此他們應(yīng)該自製。(因?yàn)槌^(guò)56000時(shí)，每個(gè)本錢(qián)自製是0.15，而外購(gòu)是0.4).The Role of Purchasing採(cǎi)購(gòu)的角色Purchasing role has attained increased importance si

29、nce material costs represent 50-60% of cost of goods sold因?yàn)槲锪媳惧X(qián)佔(zhàn)銷貨本錢(qián)達(dá)50-60%，使得採(cǎi)購(gòu)角色愈來(lái)愈重要Ethics considerations is a constant concern品德考量不斷遭到持續(xù)關(guān)注Developing supplier relationships is essential發(fā)展供應(yīng)商關(guān)係是必要的Determining how many suppliers to use決定運(yùn)用多少供應(yīng)商Developing partnerships發(fā)展夥伴關(guān)係.Critical Factors in Succe

30、ssful Partnership Relations勝利夥伴關(guān)係的關(guān)鍵要素Critical factors in successful partnering include;勝利夥伴關(guān)係的關(guān)鍵要素包括Impact attaining levels of productivity and competitiveness that are not possible through normal supplier relationships衝擊透過(guò)正常供應(yīng)商關(guān)係無(wú)法達(dá)成生產(chǎn)力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力水準(zhǔn)Intimacy working relationship between two partners 親密關(guān)係夥

31、伴間的任務(wù)關(guān)係Vision the mission or objectives of the partnership 願(yuàn)景夥伴的使命或目標(biāo).夥伴關(guān)係的特徵Benefits of Partnering夥伴的利益Early supplier involvement (ESI) in the design process在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中供應(yīng)商能在早期參與Using supplier expertise to develop and share cost improvements and eliminate costly processes利用供應(yīng)商專業(yè)以發(fā)展和分享本錢(qián)改善和消除浪費(fèi)的過(guò)程Shorten

32、time to market縮短上市時(shí)間Have a long-term orientation具有長(zhǎng)期定位Share a common vision分享共同願(yuàn)景Are strategic in nature策略本質(zhì)Share short/long term plans分享短期/長(zhǎng)期計(jì)畫(huà)Share information資訊分享Driven by end-customer needs以終端顧客需求驅(qū)動(dòng)Share risks and opportunities分享風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和機(jī)會(huì).Supply Chain Distribution供應(yīng)鏈配銷Warehouses involved in supply c

33、hain distributions and include 倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)包含在供應(yīng)鏈中，包括Plant warehouses 工廠倉(cāng)庫(kù)Regional warehouses 區(qū)域倉(cāng)庫(kù)Local warehouses 當(dāng)?shù)貍}(cāng)庫(kù)Warehouses can either be 倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)也可以是指General used for long-term storage普通用於長(zhǎng)期儲(chǔ)存Distribution used for short-term storage, consolidation, and product mixing配銷用於短期儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸合併、和產(chǎn)品混合.Supply Chain Distribut

34、ion - continued供應(yīng)鏈配銷Transportation consolidation warehouses consolidate less-than-truckload (LTL) quantities into truckload (TL) quantities運(yùn)輸合併倉(cāng)庫(kù)可將少於卡車(chē)裝載數(shù)合併為一車(chē)運(yùn)送Product mixing warehouse value added customer service of grouping a variety of products into a direct shipment to the customer產(chǎn)品混合倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)價(jià)值可以將顧客

35、不同需求的產(chǎn)品整合起來(lái)包裝然後直接運(yùn)送到顧客手中.Supply Chain Distribution - continued供應(yīng)鏈配銷Services are offered can improve customer service by moving goods closer to the customer and thus reducing replenishment time倉(cāng)庫(kù)所提供服務(wù)可藉由運(yùn)送離顧客較近的物品以改善服務(wù)，如此可減少補(bǔ)貨時(shí)間Crossdocking or movement of material without storage and order-picking ma

36、terial while still performing the receiving and shipping functions.接駁式轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn), 為一種商品處理的觀念。亦即商品由倉(cāng)庫(kù)或物流中心收貨時(shí)，沒(méi)有放到架上儲(chǔ)位而是立刻把商品轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至零售點(diǎn) 。.Supply Chain Distribution - continued供應(yīng)鏈配銷Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) automated data collection technology which relies on radio waves to transfer data be

37、tween reader and RFID tag無(wú)線射頻辨識(shí)技術(shù)自動(dòng)化資料蒐集技術(shù)，其仰賴無(wú)線電波以傳遞讀寫(xiě)機(jī)和RFID標(biāo)籤間之資料Third-party Service Providers ease of developing an electronic storefront has allowed the discovery of suppliers from around the world第三方服務(wù)提供者提供發(fā)展電子商店允許來(lái)自於全世界供應(yīng)商的發(fā)現(xiàn).Integrated SCM整合的供應(yīng)鏈管理Implementing integrated SCM requires: 實(shí)施整合的供應(yīng)鏈

38、管理需求:Analyzing the whole supply chain分析整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈Starting by integrating internal functions first首先整合企業(yè)內(nèi)部功能單位Integrating external suppliers through partnerships 透過(guò)夥伴關(guān)係將外部供應(yīng)商整合Manufacturers Goals 製造者目標(biāo)Reduce costs減少本錢(qián)Reduce duplication of effort減少重覆任務(wù)Improve quality改善品質(zhì)Reduce lead time減少前置時(shí)間Implement cost

39、 reduction programg實(shí)施本錢(qián)降低計(jì)畫(huà)Involve suppliers early早期將供應(yīng)商納入Reduce time to market 降低上市時(shí)間Suppliers Goals 供應(yīng)商目標(biāo)Increase sales volume 添加銷售數(shù)量Increase customer loyalty添加顧客忠誠(chéng)度Reduce cost減少本錢(qián)Improve demand data 改進(jìn)需求資料Improve profitability改善獲利才干.Supply Chain Measurements供應(yīng)鏈衡量Measuring supply chain performance

40、衡量供應(yīng)鏈績(jī)效Traditional measures include;傳統(tǒng)衡量包括Return on investment 投資報(bào)酬率Profitability 獲利才干Market share 市場(chǎng)佔(zhàn)有率Revenue growth 收益成長(zhǎng)Additional measures 另外衡量Customer service levels 顧客服務(wù)水準(zhǔn)Inventory turns 存貨周轉(zhuǎn)Weeks of supply 供應(yīng)周數(shù)Inventory obsolescence 過(guò)時(shí)存貨.Supply Chain Performance Measurement供應(yīng)鏈績(jī)效衡量Customer dem

41、ands for better-quality requires companys to develop ways to measure improvements 顧客對(duì)於較好品質(zhì)需求，公司發(fā)展衡量改善的方法Some measurements include 衡量包括Warranty costs 保固本錢(qián) Products returned 退回產(chǎn)品Cost reductions allowed because of product defects 因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品瑕疵允許降低本錢(qián)Company response times 公司回應(yīng)時(shí)間Transaction costs 買(mǎi)賣(mài)本錢(qián).Current T

42、rends in SCM供應(yīng)鏈管理目前趨勢(shì)Increased use of electronic marketplace such as 過(guò)去幾年來(lái)因?yàn)殡娮泳W(wǎng)路市場(chǎng)添加運(yùn)用，使得成千上萬(wàn)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)者和供應(yīng)者能聚集在一同E-distributors independently owned net marketplaces having catalogs representing thousands of suppliers and designed for spot purchases 電子配銷商擁有獨(dú)立網(wǎng)路市場(chǎng)之仲介者，提供代表成千上萬(wàn)供應(yīng)商的電子型錄和提供顧客在網(wǎng)路上採(cǎi)購(gòu)的據(jù)點(diǎn)E-purchas

43、ing companies that connect on-line MRO suppliers to business who pay fees to join the market, usually for long-term contractual purchasing電子採(cǎi)購(gòu)公司將線上MRO(指辦公室文具維修用品，非產(chǎn)品用資料)供應(yīng)商與採(cǎi)購(gòu)MRO用品廠商聯(lián)結(jié)，通常目的是為了長(zhǎng)期合約採(cǎi)購(gòu)。.Current Trends in SCM - continuedIncreased use of electronic marketplace such asValue chain manageme

44、nt automation of a firms purchasing or selling processes 價(jià)值鏈管理公司採(cǎi)購(gòu)或銷售過(guò)程自動(dòng)化On-line Exchanges marketplace that focuses on spot requirements of large firms in a single industry線上買(mǎi)賣(mài)市場(chǎng)連接成千供應(yīng)商和無(wú)數(shù)的買(mǎi)者的市場(chǎng)Industry consortia industry-owned markets that enable buyers to purchase direct inputs from a limited set

45、 of invited suppliers產(chǎn)業(yè)團(tuán)體產(chǎn)業(yè)擁有市場(chǎng)，其能使買(mǎi)者直接購(gòu)買(mǎi)來(lái)自於有限受邀供應(yīng)商所提供商品Decreased supply chain velocity due to greater distances with greater uncertainty and generally less efficient.由於較長(zhǎng)距離和較大不確定性以及因不具效率，使得供應(yīng)鏈速度降低.SCM Across the Organization跨組織的SCMSCM changes the way companies do business.SCM改變公司經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)的方式Accounting s

46、hares SCM benefits due to inventory level decreases由於存貨水準(zhǔn)降低，會(huì)計(jì)分享SCM利益Marketing benefits by improved customer service levels因?yàn)楦纳祁櫩头?wù)水準(zhǔn)，行銷部門(mén)因此受害Information systems are critical for information sharing through POS data, EDI, RFID, the Internet, intranet, and extranets對(duì)於透過(guò)POS資料、EDI、RFID、 Internet, intra

47、net, and extranets，資訊系統(tǒng)是關(guān)鍵的。Purchasing is responsible for sourcing materials採(cǎi)購(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)物料來(lái)源的掌握Operations use timely demand information to more effectively plan production schedules作業(yè)部門(mén)利用適時(shí)的需求資訊以更有效地規(guī)劃生產(chǎn)時(shí)程.Chapter 4 Highlights 重點(diǎn)Every organization is part of a supply chain, either as a customer or as a supp

48、lier. Supply chains include all the processes needed to make a finished product, from the extraction of raw materials through the sale to the end user. SCM is the integration and coordination of these efforts.每個(gè)組織如顧客或供應(yīng)商都是供應(yīng)鏈的一部份。供應(yīng)鏈包括需求製造一個(gè)完廢品的一切過(guò)程，從原料的獲得透過(guò)銷售到終端運(yùn)用者。SCM是一切這些努力的整合和協(xié)調(diào)。The bullwhip eff

49、ect distorts product demand information passed between levels of the supply chain. The more levels that exist, the more distortion that is possible. Variability results from updating demand estimates at each level, order batching, price fluctuations, and rationing長(zhǎng)鞭效應(yīng)扭曲傳遞供應(yīng)鏈一切層級(jí)的產(chǎn)品需求資訊。層級(jí)愈多，扭曲能夠性愈大。

50、變異來(lái)自於在每一層級(jí)因更新需求估計(jì)、批次訂單作業(yè)、價(jià)格變動(dòng)、和配額供應(yīng)。.Chapter 4 Highlights (continued)Many issues affect supply chain management. The Internet, the WEB, EDI, intranets, extranets, bar-code scanners, and POS data are SCM enablers.許多議題都會(huì)影響供應(yīng)鏈管理。Internet, WEB, EDI, intranet, extranet, 條碼掃瞄器、和POS資料都是SCM的賦予者B2B and B2C e

51、lectronic commerce enable supply chain management. Net marketplaces bring together thousands or suppliers and customers. Allowing for efficient sourcing and lower transaction costs.B2B 和B2C電子商務(wù)使SCM成為能夠。網(wǎng)路市場(chǎng)將成千上萬(wàn)供應(yīng)商和顧客聚集在一同。使獲得原料更有效率和低買(mǎi)賣(mài)本錢(qián)成為能夠。.Chapter 4 Highlights (continued)Global supply chains inc

52、rease geographic distances between members, causing greater uncertainty in delivery times.全球供應(yīng)鏈添加成員間的地理距離，導(dǎo)致遞送時(shí)間的不確定性。Purchasing has a major role in SCM. Purchasing is involved in sourcing decisions and developing strategic long-term partnerships.SCM中採(cǎi)購(gòu)扮演主要的角色。採(cǎi)購(gòu)包括商源決策和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略性長(zhǎng)期夥伴關(guān)係。.Chapter 4 Highlig

53、hts (continued)Ethics in supply management is an ongoing concern. Since buyers are in a position to influence or award business, it is imperative that buyers avoid any appearance of unethical behavior or conflict of interest.品德在供應(yīng)鏈管理是不斷遭到關(guān)注。因?yàn)橘I(mǎi)者是處?kù)队绊懟颢@得經(jīng)營(yíng)的位置，因此買(mǎi)者有義務(wù)防止出現(xiàn)不品德行為或利益衝突。Companies make inso

54、urcing and outsourcing decisions. These make-or-buy decisions are based on financial and strategic criteria.公司需執(zhí)行自製和外購(gòu)決策。這些決策是依據(jù)財(cái)務(wù)和戰(zhàn)略準(zhǔn)則而決定。.Chapter 4 Highlights (continued)Partnerships require sharing information, risks, technologies, and opportunities. Impact, intimacy, and vision are critical to successfu