catti一級筆譯材料：深陷垃圾堆（下）

1、In the poorest countries, especially in Africa,rubbish is still just dumped anywhere, and management is limited. But there is also comparatively little of it. A typical citizen of Lesotho produces 110 grams a day, one-fortieth as much as a typical citizen of Iceland (the country with the highest rub

2、bish-generation rate per person). It is the economies that are booming that present the challenge(強(qiáng)調(diào)句).Many are now pouring money into dealing with trash. Narendra Modi s government has earmarked $9.5bn for solid-waste management in its $30bn Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission. Indonesia is ploughi

3、ng $lbn into its plastic-clean-up campaign. Authorities in Morocco believe that $300m they have invested in new sanitary landfills has already averted $440m in environmental damage. Many projects enjoy backing from the World Bank and other multilateral raddiwallahs in Bengaluru have used a similar a

4、pp called I Got Garbage since 2014.這就解釋了中國政府為何會容忍非正規(guī)拾荒者。其他國 家的地方政府積極接納這個群體據(jù)信全球共有超過1500萬人。2010年巴西一項(xiàng)法律成認(rèn)這類拾荒者聚集的合作社為服務(wù)供應(yīng)商。這讓他們獲得了養(yǎng)老金等福利。他們的 全國工會在2014年巴西世界杯期間爭取到了清理足球場的 權(quán)利。技術(shù)提升了非正規(guī)提供的效率。將拾荒者與垃圾制造 者相匹配的移動應(yīng)用大量涌現(xiàn)。去年，圣保羅推出了一款免 費(fèi)移動應(yīng)用Cataki ,把扔?xùn)|西的人和收東西的人連接起來。 自2014年以來，班加羅爾的拾荒者一直在用一款名叫我 有垃圾(I Got Garbage)的類似的

5、應(yīng)用。lenders. Others are promoted by grassroots organisations and entrepreneurs.在最窮的國家，特別是非洲國家，垃圾仍然還只是隨處 傾倒，管理很有限。但是它們生成的垃圾量相對也較小。一 個普通的萊索托人每天生成110克垃圾，是一個普通冰島人 生成垃圾量的四十分之一（冰島是人均垃圾產(chǎn)量最高的國 家）。帶來挑戰(zhàn)的是那些迅速開展中的經(jīng)濟(jì)體。它們當(dāng)中有許 多都在投錢處理垃圾。莫迪的政府已在其300億美元的清 潔印度任務(wù)中留出95億美元?？钣糜诠腆w廢物管理。印 尼正在為清理塑料的運(yùn)動投入10億美元。摩洛哥當(dāng)局認(rèn)為, 他們?yōu)樾吕?/p>

6、埋場投資的3億美元已經(jīng)防止了 4.4億美元 的環(huán)境破壞損失。許多工程得到了世界銀行和其他多邊貸款 機(jī)構(gòu)的支持。其他一些由基層組織和企業(yè)家推動。They are bearing fruit. Collection rates inlow-income countries have nearly doubled to 39% between 2012 and 2016, even as the volume of waste rose by a third. In middle-income countries like China, they rose on average to 51%. Ra

7、tes for industrial waste are also improving (in places that have industry), though they already tend to be high because factories produce large, predictable volumes of more homogeneous refuse that is often valuable (like metal scrap).它們正在結(jié)出碩果。2012年至2016年期間，低收入國 家的垃圾收集率幾乎翻了一番，到達(dá)39% ,盡管同期垃圾生 成量增加了三分之一

8、。在中國這樣的中等收入國家，收集率 已平均上升到51%。工業(yè)廢物的收集率(在有工業(yè)的地方)也 在提高，盡管它們往往本身就已很高，因?yàn)楣S生成的大量 可預(yù)測的同質(zhì)垃圾通常都有價值(如金屬廢料)。As collection has improved, so has the next stage. China has emulated its rich Asian neighbours and embraced incineration. The Chinese authorities scrapped plans for some plants in the face of protests by

9、 local residents worried about air pollution. But theysee incinerators as essential to tackling what the World Bank predicts could be a 50% rise in China7 s solid waste by 2050. They are trying to convince residents that incinerators are clean and safe (as modern ones are, in places like Taiwan) by,

10、 for instance, promoting school trips to facilities. The number of incinerators in China has shot up from 57 in 2010 to more than 400. They now consume one-fifth of the 220m tonnes of municipal refuse that the Chinese disgorge each year.隨著提供的加強(qiáng)，下個階段也得到了改進(jìn)。中國仿效其 富有的亞洲鄰國，開始使用燃燒爐。地方民眾因擔(dān)憂空氣污染提出抗議，政府因此取消

11、了局部工廠的興建計(jì)劃。但是,官員們認(rèn)為，要應(yīng)對世界銀行預(yù)測的中國體廢物到2050年增加50%的問題，燃燒爐是必不可少的。他們正在采取鼓 勵學(xué)校開展參觀燃燒廠的活動等方法，努力讓居民信服燃燒 爐是清潔和平安的（比方臺灣等地使用的現(xiàn)代燃燒爐）o中國的燃燒爐數(shù)量已從2010年的57個猛增至400多個?，F(xiàn)在它們共處理了中國人每年產(chǎn)生的2.2億噸城市垃圾的五分之Poorer countries (including Indonesia) continue to rely on landfills, but these have also been getting more sanitary. Bekas

12、i, which receives 7,000 tonnes of rubbish a day, now covers trash heaps with black plastic that captures the methane gas and other pollutants. In 2008-2014 Morocco increased the proportion of rubbish deposited in sanitary landfills rather than open dumps from 10% to 53%. This is expected to rise to

13、80% once five additional facilities are completed.較貧窮的國家（包括印尼）繼續(xù)依賴?yán)盥駡觯@些填埋場也在變得更衛(wèi)生。勿加泗每天接收7000噸垃圾，現(xiàn) 在它把可捕獲甲烷氣體和其他污染物的黑色塑料覆蓋在垃 圾堆上。2008至2014年，摩洛哥將堆放在清潔填埋場而非 露天垃圾堆的垃圾比例從10%增加到了 53%O 一旦另五個 填埋場建成，這個比例預(yù)計(jì)將增至80%oMany authorities enlist the private sector, while monitoring how it performs. Istanbul accel

14、erated a switch to private providers in 2003 after discovering they were a third more efficient than the public sector. In Nepal operators are paid based on how many households get daily collection. Five Moroccan cities, home to a quarter of the kingdom7 s people, use citizen report cards when decid

15、ing to renew contracts with providers. Collection rates in Lahore, Pakistan7 s commercial capital, shot up from 51% to 88% once the city hired a private company to manage its rubbish. Lorries are monitored with GPS trackers to measure performance and ensure that unscrupulous trash collectors do not

16、dump the stuff illegally rather than drive it to formal disposal sites.許多政府尋求私營部門的幫助，同時監(jiān)測其執(zhí)行情況。伊斯坦布爾在發(fā)現(xiàn)私營企業(yè)比公共部門效率高三分之一后， 于2003年加速轉(zhuǎn)向私營供應(yīng)商。尼泊爾根據(jù)有多少戶家庭 每天都能獲得垃圾收集服務(wù)來向運(yùn)營商支付報(bào)酬。容納了摩 洛哥四分之一人口的五座城市使用公民報(bào)告卡來決定是否 與供應(yīng)商續(xù)簽合同。巴基斯坦商業(yè)中心拉合爾在雇用了一家 私營企業(yè)管理垃圾后，收集率從51%飆升至88%。收集垃 圾的卡車上裝載了 GPS跟蹤器來測量成效同時也能防止不 負(fù)責(zé)任的垃圾收集商非法傾倒垃

17、圾而不把垃圾送到正規(guī)處 理場所。Informal workers, or rag-pickers, remain an important part of the system. UN Habitat, the United Nations agency for human settlements, believes that such people can collect 50-100% of rubbish at no cost to municipalities. The World Bank estimates that they pick 20% of China s municip

18、al waste.“Waste-pickers know physics, chemistry,economics,“ marvels Gonzalo Munoz, founder and boss of TriCiclos, a Chilean waste-management company. They don t know they know一but they do.n That is just as well, for ordinary citizens lack this knowledge. In China, for instance, a new requirement for

19、 big cities to install colour-coded bins in public areas and buildings has shown mixed results, with few citizens knowing what to throw where.非正式工人或拾荒者仍是該系統(tǒng)的重要組成。聯(lián)合國人 類住區(qū)規(guī)劃部門人居署(UN Habitat)認(rèn)為，這些人可以 免費(fèi)為市政當(dāng)局收集一半乃至全部的垃圾。據(jù)世界銀行估 計(jì)，中國20%的城市垃圾是由拾荒者提供的。拾荒者了解 物理、化學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，智利廢物管理公司TriCiclos的創(chuàng) 始人兼老板貢薩洛穆尼奧斯(Gonzalo MuAoz)表示，他 們不知道自己知道但他們知道。這就夠好了，因?yàn)槠?通民眾缺乏這方面的知識。例如，在中國，一項(xiàng)新規(guī)定要求 大城市在公共區(qū)域和建筑物中擺放標(biāo)注不同顏色的垃圾箱, 但收效不一，因?yàn)楹苌儆惺忻衽们宄撏睦锶邮裁?。This explains why the Chinese authorities tolerate informal waste-p