【英語好教師】傳染病是如何在全球范圍內(nèi)傳播的

1、話題詞匯 virus 病毒 infection 感染 bacteria 細(xì)菌 epidemic / pandemic 流行病 transmit 傳播；傳染 plague 瘟疫 genome 基因組 mortality 死亡率 mutation 突變；變異 antigenic shift 抗原轉(zhuǎn)變傳染病是如何在全球范圍內(nèi)傳播的We live in an interconnected and increasingly globalized world. Thanks to international jet travel, people and the diseases they carry ca

2、n be in any city on the planet in a matter of hours. And once a virus touches down, sometimes all it takes is one sneeze to spread the infection throughout the community. 我們生活在一個(gè)互動(dòng)頻繁且日益全球化的世界里。因?yàn)橛袊?guó)際航班，無論人還是疾病，只需數(shù)小時(shí)，就能被帶到世界的任何城市。而一旦病毒登陸，有時(shí)只需一個(gè)小噴嚏，就能感染整個(gè)社區(qū)。 interconnect v 合成詞 相互聯(lián)系；相互連接 (inter + connec

3、t) thanks to . 由于；因?yàn)?international jet 國(guó)際航班 carry v 一詞多義 運(yùn)送；運(yùn)載；傳送 a matter of hours 只有幾個(gè)小時(shí)之多；不多于 touch down 著陸；降落 When humans were hunter-gatherers, roaming (游蕩) the wild savannas (稀樹草原), we were never in one place long enough, and settlements were not large enough to sustain the transmission of inf

4、ectious microbes (微生物).當(dāng)人類還處于狩獵采集者，在原始熱帶草原里游蕩時(shí)，我們從來不會(huì)在一個(gè)地方久留，定居地的面積也不足以維持傳染性微生物的傳播。 hunter-gatherer n 合成詞 （多指原始社會(huì)）依靠狩獵和采集生活的人 sustain v 課標(biāo)新增詞匯 學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 維持But with the advent (出現(xiàn)) of the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, and the arrival of permanent settlements in the Middle East, people began li

5、ving side-by-side with animals, facilitating (促使) the spread of bacteria and viruses between cattle and humans.但是在一萬年前，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)革命的發(fā)生和中東地區(qū)人類定居地的出現(xiàn)，人們開始與動(dòng)物生活在一起，這使得細(xì)菌和病毒在牛和人之間傳播。 agricultural revolution 農(nóng)業(yè)革命 side-by-side adv 并排；并肩地 Epidemics and pandemics come in many shapes and forms. In 2010, for instan

6、ce, a devastating (毀滅性的) earthquake struck Haiti, forcing thousands of people into temporary refugee camps. Within weeks, the camps had become breeding grounds for cholera (霍亂), a bacteria spread by contaminated (污染的) water, triggering (引起) a country-wide epidemic. 傳染病和流行病的形式多種多樣。例如，2010年，海地遭受了一場(chǎng)毀滅性

7、的地震，迫使數(shù)以萬計(jì)的海地人住進(jìn)了臨時(shí)難民營(yíng)。在幾個(gè)星期內(nèi)，難民營(yíng)就發(fā)生了霍亂，這是一種通過污染水源傳播的疾病，它誘發(fā)了遍及全國(guó)的傳染病。 for instance 例如；比如 strike v 一詞多義 侵襲；爆發(fā) temporary adj 學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 暫時(shí)的；臨時(shí)的 （反義詞 permanent） refugee camp 難民營(yíng) breeding ground n （尤指壞事物的）滋生地 country-wide adj 合成詞 遍及全國(guó)的；全國(guó)性的But the most common cause of epidemics are viruses, such as measles (麻

8、疹), influenza (流感) and HIV. And when they go global, we call them pandemics. Pandemics have occurred throughout human history.但是傳染病最普遍的病原體是病毒，例如麻風(fēng)病毒，流行性感冒和艾滋病病毒。當(dāng)它們走向全球，我們把它們稱作流行病。流行病的發(fā)生貫穿人類的歷史。 occur vi 學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 正式用語 發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)Some have left scars on the tissue and bone of their victims, while evidence for

9、others comes from preserved DNA. For instance, scientists have recovered DNA from the bacteria that transmits tuberculosis (結(jié)核病) from the remains of ancient Egyptian mummies. 有些病毒在受害者的身體組織和骨骼上留下了疤痕，而有證據(jù)表明還有一些病毒來自于古代的DNA。例如，科學(xué)家們從古埃及木乃伊的殘骸中重新找到傳染肺結(jié)核的病菌。 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 脫氧核糖核酸 （功能為儲(chǔ)藏遺傳信息） rec

10、over v 學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 一詞多義 找回；尋回；找到And in 2011, scientists investigating a plague pit (瘟疫區(qū)) in the city of London were able to reconstruct the genome of Yersinia pestis (鼠疫桿菌), the bacterium responsible for the Black Death of the 14th century.在 2011 年，調(diào)查倫敦城一處瘟疫區(qū)的科學(xué)家重組了鼠疫桿菌基因。這些病菌是14世紀(jì)黑死病爆發(fā)的起因。 be able to do s

11、th 能夠做某事 responsible for 作為原因；成為起因However, by far the greatest pandemic killer is influenza. Flu is constantly circulating between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres (半球). In North America and Europe, seasonal flus occur every autumn and winter. As the majority of children and adults will have be

12、en exposed to the virus in previous seasons, these illnesses are usually mild.然而，目前為止，最普遍的流行病殺手是流行性感冒。流感持續(xù)不斷地在南北半球循環(huán)傳播。在北美和歐洲，季節(jié)性流感每個(gè)秋冬季都會(huì)出現(xiàn)。由于大多數(shù)的兒童和成年人在之前都接觸過流感病毒，這些疾病通常是溫和的。 by far 到目前為止 be exposed to 使面臨；使遭受；使接觸However, every 20 to 40 years or so the virus undergoes (經(jīng)歷) a dramatic mutation. Usu

13、ally this occurs when a wild flu virus circulating in ducks and farm poultry (家禽) meets a pig virus, and they exchange genes. This process is known as antigenic shift and has occurred throughout human history. The first recorded pandemic occurred in 1580. The 18th and 19th centuries saw at least six

14、 further pandemics.但是，每20年至40年左右，這些流感病毒就會(huì)經(jīng)歷一次急劇變異。通常，在鴨和家禽中傳播的傳染性強(qiáng)烈的流感病毒與豬病毒相遇，他們就會(huì)交換基因。這一過程就是眾所周知的抗原轉(zhuǎn)變，這在整個(gè)人類歷史中都發(fā)生過。有記載的第一次流行病發(fā)生在1580年。在18和19世紀(jì)，又發(fā)生了至少6次流行病。 or so 大約 be known as 被稱作；被認(rèn)為 throughout prep 自始至終；貫穿整個(gè)時(shí)期 see v 不用于進(jìn)行時(shí) 經(jīng)歷；遭受In terms of mortality, none can compare with the Great Flu Pandemi

15、c of 1918. The first indication of the pandemic came in the spring, when American troops in northern France began complaining of chills (寒冷), headaches and fever.Then, the following September, at a U.S. Army barracks (軍營(yíng)) near Boston, soldiers started collapsing on parade (閱兵式), prompting (促使) their

16、 removal to the camp infirmary (醫(yī)務(wù)室).但在死亡率方面，沒有哪次是能與 1918 年的大流感比擬的。第一次大流感爆發(fā)的跡象出現(xiàn)在春季，當(dāng)時(shí)美軍駐扎在法國(guó)的北部，軍士們開始抱怨寒冷，頭痛和發(fā)熱。第二年9月份，在美國(guó)波士頓附近的軍營(yíng)中，士兵們?cè)陂啽介_始暈倒，導(dǎo)致他們被轉(zhuǎn)移到軍醫(yī)處。 in terms of 就而言；在方面 compare with 比得上；與相比 come v 熟詞生義 發(fā)生 to happen collapse v 課標(biāo)新增詞匯 學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 暈倒 As a surgeon there recalled, two hours after admis

17、sion, they had the mahogany (紅褐色) spots over the cheekbones and a few hours later you can begin to see the cyanosis (青紫) extending from their ears and spreading all over the face. It is only a matter of a few hours then until death comes, and it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate (窒息而

18、死). 一名外科醫(yī)生回憶說，入院后的2個(gè)小時(shí)后，他們的顴骨上出現(xiàn)了紅褐色的斑點(diǎn)。再過幾個(gè)小時(shí)后，就看見青紫色從他們的耳朵蔓延到整個(gè)面部。這離他們病逝只是幾個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間，而且他們一般是因?yàn)楹粑щy直到窒息而死的。 recall v 課標(biāo)新增詞匯 回憶 admission n （機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等的）準(zhǔn)許加入 extend v 擴(kuò)大的范圍（或影響） it is only a matter of time只是時(shí)間問題 On the S.S. Leviathan, a huge American transport en route to Bordeaux, sick men hemorrhaged blo

19、od (體內(nèi)出血) from their noses, turning the decks between their bunks (臥鋪) slick (光滑的) with bodily fluids. Meanwhile, British soldiers returning from northern France on furlough (休假) introduced the flu to Dover and other Channel ports, from where the virus was carried by rail to London. By the time the

20、pandemic had run its course in April 1919, an estimated 675,000 Americans and 230,000 Britons were dead. 在一艘前往波爾多的大型美國(guó)運(yùn)輸船“利維坦”上，病人們鼻孔出血，體液把床鋪間的甲板都弄得光滑了。與此同時(shí)，從法國(guó)北部休假歸來的英國(guó)士兵把流感帶到多佛和其他海峽港口，然后通過鐵路從那里的港口帶到了倫敦。從那時(shí)起，流行病就開始肆虐了。到1919年4月，大概有675,000個(gè)美國(guó)人和230,000英國(guó)人因此而死亡。 en route adv 來自法語在途中；在路上 introduce v 熟詞生

21、義 傳入（疾?。?by the time 到的時(shí)候 run its course 任其發(fā)展 estimate v 學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 常用被動(dòng)語態(tài) 估計(jì)In India alone, some 10 million were killed, and worldwide the death toll (死亡人數(shù)) was an astonishing 50 million. But that was then. Today, planes can transport viruses to any country on the globe in a fraction of the time it took

22、in 1918. 僅僅在印度，就已經(jīng)有大約1000萬人死亡，而全世界死亡人數(shù)達(dá)到驚人的5000萬！但那些已經(jīng)過去了。今天，飛機(jī)可以把病毒運(yùn)載到世界上的任何一個(gè)國(guó)家，比 1918 年那次傳播快得多。 astonishing adj 令人十分驚訝的；難以置信的（近義詞 amazing） a fraction of 的一小部分；零頭Above all, SARS was a reminder that pandemics have always been associated with panic. If history teaches us anything, its that while pan

23、demics may start small, their impacts can be as dramatic as wars and natural disasters.最重要的是，SARS提醒我們，流行病總是與恐慌聯(lián)系在一起。如果說歷史教會(huì)了我們什么的話，那就是盡管流行病開始時(shí)規(guī)模很小，但其影響可能與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和自然災(zāi)害一樣巨大。 above all 最重要的是；尤其是 be associated with 與有聯(lián)系 teach v 一詞多義 教育；教導(dǎo)；使懂得 dramatic adj 學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 巨大的The difference today is that science gives us the ability to detect (察覺) pandemics right at the very beginning and to take action to mitigate (減輕) their impacts before they spread too widely.今天的不同之處在于，科學(xué)使我們有能力在流行病一開始時(shí)就發(fā)現(xiàn)它，并在其傳播過于廣泛之前采取行動(dòng)減輕其影響。 at the very beginning 在最開始 take act