現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的完成用法”和未完成用法”.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的完成用法”指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì) 現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如： He has turned off the light. 他已把燈關(guān)了。（動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況-燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“完成用法”的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定 的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（如：already , yet, before , recently等）、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（如： never,ever,once等）、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（如：this mor

2、ning / month /year., today 等）連用。例如：Have you found your pen yet ?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法指的是動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn) 在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。（動(dòng) 作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。）I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。（動(dòng)作開始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。）

3、此種用法的句中常 需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)（由since或for引導(dǎo)），或表 示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（如：up to now , so far到目前為止）等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now. 至U目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任 何消息。注意：（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性 動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come , go, arrive , leave , join ,become , die 等。（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見兩種句型：主語(yǔ) + have / has been + for 短語(yǔ)It is + 一

4、段時(shí)間+ since從旬例如： He has been in the League for three years. 或 It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了。3、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞的概念英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短，可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和 終止性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay

5、 等。終止性動(dòng)詞也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作， 這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。 如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等。4、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用。表示“段時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等。如：I have learned English sinc

6、e I came here.自從我來(lái)至U這兒就學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫時(shí)間的點(diǎn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤)rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而at eight表示點(diǎn)時(shí)間、前后顯然 矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作，可以借助 come, begin, get等終止 性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示。上旬可改為： It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.( 正)又 如：-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.-Then youve known

7、each other for more than two years. -Thats right.5、終止性動(dòng)詞的用法特征.終止性動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示某一動(dòng)作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如： The train has arrived. 火車到了。Have you joined the computer group?你力口入電月而小組了嗎？.終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時(shí)間 的狀語(yǔ)連用(只限肯定式)0如：(1)他死了三年了。誤：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He di

8、ed three years ago.正：It is three years since he died.正：Three years has passed since hedied.(2)他來(lái)這兒五天了。誤：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days.正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動(dòng)

9、詞，不能與表示段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。 那么，應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢？可以米用下面的四種方法：(1)將句中終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正 確表達(dá)方式。下面歹U舉幾例：leave-be away, borrow -keep, buy-have,begin/startfbe on, die fbe dead, move to flive in, finishfbe over, join fbein/be a member of, open sth.fkeep sth. open, fall illfbe ill, get upfbe up,catch a coldf have a c

10、ol d(2)將句中表小段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)改為表小過(guò)去確定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達(dá)方式。(3)用句型It is+段時(shí)間+since.”表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá) 方式。(4)用句型時(shí)間+has passed+since.表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正 確表達(dá)方式。.終止性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)否定式中，成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因而可與 表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：He hasnt left here since 1986. I haventheard from my father for two weeks.終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式與until/till連用，構(gòu)成not+終止性動(dòng)詞

11、+until/till . 的句型，意為”直到才o 如：You cant leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能離開這里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺(jué)。.終止性動(dòng)詞可以用于 when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，但不可以用于 while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。when表示的時(shí)間是“點(diǎn)時(shí)間（從何謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用終止性動(dòng) 詞），也可以是段時(shí)間”（從何謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）。而while表示的是一個(gè)較 長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間或過(guò)程，從何謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：

12、When we reached London, it was twelve oclock. （reach 為終止性動(dòng)詞）Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. （be away 為延續(xù) 性動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)）.終止性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)不可與how long連用（只限于肯定式）。如： 誤：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here? 正： When did you come here?二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的

13、動(dòng)作。說(shuō) 話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì) 現(xiàn)在”產(chǎn)生的影響。如：He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過(guò)桂林。（只說(shuō)明去桂林的時(shí)間）.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不 與確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。（著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了 一臺(tái)新電腦）.兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分（1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是助動(dòng)詞 have /has + 過(guò)去分詞”。如：The film started at 7 o clocHe has been a t

14、eacher for many years.（2）一般過(guò)去而通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002 等; 而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)貝U常與 just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since., for. 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連 用?？纯匆韵碌膸捉M句子，有什么區(qū)別？Have you seen the film?（A） Did you see the film?（B）說(shuō)明你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？ （A）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；（B）旬強(qiáng)

15、 調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。 How has he done it?（A） How did he do it?（B）說(shuō)明他是怎么做的這件事？ （A）旬強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某 種影響；（B）句單純的詢問(wèn)做這件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.（A）He lived in Beijing for 8years.（B）說(shuō)明他在北京住了 8年。（A）句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。（B）句講的是他在北京住過(guò)8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)例析現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是較難掌握、中考

16、考查較多的時(shí)態(tài)。涉及的考點(diǎn)有:一、考查其構(gòu)成助動(dòng)詞have （has） +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Kates never seen Chinese films , ? A. hasnt she B. has she C. isntshe D. is she析：陳述旬部分含否定詞never,簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句部分要用肯定式，又因 Kates是Kate has的縮寫，故選BoHis uncle has already posted the photos to him.（改為否定句）His uncle posted the photos to him.析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否

17、定旬、疑問(wèn)句中，故填 hasnt, yet。-Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So her parents. A. has B. had C. didD. have析：so+助/系/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞形式保持 一致，又后句的主語(yǔ)為her parents是復(fù)數(shù)，故選D。二、考查其用法與標(biāo)志詞（一）當(dāng)句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before 等時(shí)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：-Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -you yourhomework yet?A. Do;

18、 finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished-you anywhere before? -Yes, but I cant remember whereIA. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfedC. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed析：據(jù)yet和before可知，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故1題選D, 2題選D。（二）當(dāng)句中有for +段時(shí)間或since +點(diǎn)時(shí)間”等時(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，

19、若是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，要改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)的詞（短 語(yǔ)）。如：His brother has been to Stone Forest twicehe came to Yunnan.A. after B. before C. since D. for析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而從何用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故選 CoTomthe CD player for two weeks.A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had析：A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句中不與表段時(shí)間”的短語(yǔ)連用，故選DoIa letter from him since

20、 he left.A. didnt receive B. havent got C. didnt have D. havent heard析： 據(jù) since 可知， 應(yīng)排除 A、C, hear from sb尸receive/get/have a letter from sb.意為收到某人的來(lái)信，故選B。三、 考查 have/has been （to, in）/have/has gone （to） 的區(qū)另U。 如：-Have you everLintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, Ihave.A. went to B. gone to C

21、. been in D. been to析：據(jù)句中的have,排除A, B項(xiàng)意為“去某地了，C項(xiàng)意為”一直呆在某地， D項(xiàng)意為去過(guò)某地，符合題意，故選D。My parents Shangdong for ten years.A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been析：本題句中有for+段時(shí)間”結(jié)構(gòu)，據(jù)此可排除C, B項(xiàng)意為去過(guò)某地二不合題 意，D項(xiàng)缺介詞，故選A o四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：Suns aunt has gone there for ten years.（ 改成正確的句子 ）析：非

22、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與段時(shí)間”連用時(shí)，除了把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞外， 還可把動(dòng)詞改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)或借助句型Its +段時(shí)間+since+從旬進(jìn)行句子轉(zhuǎn) 換。故答案為： Suns aunt has been there for ten years. /Suns aunt went there ten years ago. /Its ten years since Suns aunt went there.Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.（ 改為同義句） more than ten years Susan to this city.

23、析：據(jù)上題分析，且since引導(dǎo)的從何要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故填I(lǐng)t is, since, came。I wont go to the concert because I my ticket.A. lost B. dont lose C. have lostD. is coming析：因我丟了票的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而且對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂(lè)會(huì)的結(jié)果， 符合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的含意，故選 Co一、翻譯下列句子：.你曾經(jīng)吃過(guò)魚和薯?xiàng)l嗎？.我剛剛丟了我的英語(yǔ)書。.我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)去過(guò)那個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)。.他已經(jīng)吃過(guò)午飯了。.你已經(jīng)看過(guò)這部電影了嗎？.我哥哥還沒(méi)回來(lái)。.我上星期看過(guò)這部電影。.在1992年他住在這里。.這

24、本書我已買了三年了。.他離開中國(guó)三年了。.我認(rèn)識(shí)他們五年了。.他們已去了美國(guó)五年了。.自從他搬到福州，他就住這兒了。.這會(huì)已開了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？.這門已經(jīng)關(guān)了兩天了。16我入團(tuán)2年了。I two years ago.I a for two years.I a of for two years.I the for two years.二、用過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)填空：1.“you(have) lunch ?Yes.Whenyou(have) it? ” “I(have) it at 12:00.2.“you(write) a letter to your aunt yet?Yes, I. I(write

25、) one last week.3.he(finish) his homework?”“Not yet. ”they ever(be) abroad? Yes, just once. ”Your father just(finish) his work.Your father(finish) his work just now.Last term I(learn) many English words.They(not read) the interesting books yet.He never(go) to the science museum.you ever(drink) coke?

26、“you(buy) a dictionary? Yes, I“Where you(buy) it? ”I(buy) it in a bookstore.“When y ou(buy) it? ” Yesterday.”三、用since和for填空1.two years 2.two years ago 3.last month 4.19995.yesterday 6.4 o7. clock 4 hours 8.an hour ago9.we were children 10.lunch time 11.she left hereHe has lived in Nanjing the year b

27、efore last.I ve known him we were children.Our teacher has studied Japanese three years.She has been away from the city about ten years.It s about ten years she left the city.四、短暫性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.f be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be the

28、reHe got to Beijing five minutes ago.He Beijing for.I moved to the USA last year.I the USA since.I went home yesterday.I home for.They came here last week.They ccccccccc ccccccccc here since ccccccccc cccccccccc. come/go back, return f be back come/go out f be outHe came out two years ago.He ccccccc

29、cc cccccccccc ccccccccc for cccccccccc cccccccccc.We return to Fuzhou yesterday.We to Fuzhou since. become f beI became a teacher in 2000.I cccccccc cccccccccc a teacher for ccccccccc ccccccccc.The river became dirty last year.The river ccccccccc ccccccccc dirty for ccccccccc cccccccccc. close f be

30、closed open f be openThe shop closed two hours ago.The shop cccccccc ccccccccc ccccccccc for ccccccccc ccccccccc.The door opened at six in the morning.The door for six hours. get up - be up; die - be dead; leave sw. f be away from sw.fall asleep/get tot sleep f be asleep; finish/end f be over； marry

31、 f be married;I got up two hours ago.I since.He left Fuzhou just now.HeFuzhou for five minutes.My grandpa died in 2002.My grandpa for.The meeting finished at six.The meeting for six hours.I got to sleep two hours ago.I since.They married in 1990.They since.start/begin to do sth. f do sth. ； begin f

32、be onI began to teach at this school in 1995.I at this school since.The film began two minutes ago.The film for.CD borrow f keep; lose f not have ; buy f have ; put on f wear catch/get a cold f have a cold; get to know f knowThey borrowed it last week.They it since.I bought a pen two hours ago.I a p

33、en for.I got to know him last year.I him sinceI put on my glasses three years ago.I my glasses for. have/has gone to f have been inHe has gone to Beijing.He Beijing for two days. join the league/the Party/the armyf be a league/a Party member/a soldierf be a member of the league/the Partyf be in the

34、league/the Party/the armyHe joined the league in 2002.He a for two years.He a the for two years.He the league for two years.My brother joined the army two years ago.My brother a for.My brother in for two years.五、用 have(has) been 或 have(has) gone 填空。Where Li Fei?He to Hainan Island.How long he there?

35、He there for three days.A: When will he come back , do you know?I m afraid he won t come back recently.Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?Sorry, I never there.How many times Li Fei to that place?He there only once.六、用 have/has been to/in, have gone to 及 go 的各種形式填空。1) Where is Jack? He his country. 2) David the park just now.3) John England since he came back. 4) How long have t