專八作文相關(guān)寫作版本

1、寫作英語專業(yè)八級Edited by Peggy Zhu目錄第一章專八作文綜述1第二章、 寫作步驟1第三章、作文各部分的寫作及策略2第四章、內(nèi)容充實論據(jù)6第五章、專八作文寫作框架8第六章、文章的起承轉(zhuǎn)合過渡詞語的使用9第七章、專八常見寫作類型9第八章、2005-2010 專八作文范文11第九章、專八寫作參考模擬范文21第一章EM-8專八作文綜述1.Test Requirement for Writing學(xué)生應(yīng)能根據(jù)所給題目及要求撰寫一篇 400 詞左右的說明文或議。該作文必須語言通順，用詞得體，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，文體恰當(dāng)，具有說服力。hepart of your writing you should p

2、resent your thesis sement,andhe second part you should support the thesis sement wippropriate details.he last part you should bring what you have written to a naturalor a summary.Marks will be awarded for content,anization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow theabove instructions may result

3、in a loss of marks.2.What is a Good TEM 8 Essay?Effective communication wiccuracyThe writing effectively addresses the writing task. It demonstrates a well developed logicalanizational structure with clearly sed main ideas and sufficient supporting details. Is almost no errors of vocabulary,spelling

4、, punctuation or syntax, and it displays an adequate ability to use the language wi y is experienced by the reader3. 命題范圍及規(guī)律ppropriacy. No difficult2000 Education as a Lifelong Pros校園話題2001The Impact of the2002 The Most Importanternet on 社會現(xiàn)象al Quality of a University Student 校園話題2003 whether young

5、people in China are more self-centered and less sympathetic社會現(xiàn)象2004Should University Students Go in for Business？校園話題2005erview as a selection procedure 社會現(xiàn)象2006 Ambition抽象話題2007 Whether finanl disparity affects friendship.抽象話題2008What I have learned from my years at university.校園話題2009 Are Dialects

6、 just as Acceptable in Public Pla?社會現(xiàn)象2010 Unconventional, super-futuristic buildings andregional characteristic/local cultural heritage總結(jié)：校園生活或者社會現(xiàn)象，時而抽象話題，但均為學(xué)生熟悉的話題。第二章、寫作步驟步驟及時間分配：1 審題 （2-3 m）1. 審題2. 構(gòu)思（5-8 m） 3.組織（2-3 m） 4.寫作 (30 m) 5.檢查 （3-5 m）認真研讀題目，找出確定寫作中心 (一句話/一個問題)例如： 2005erview is freque

7、ntly used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees.As a result, there have been many arguments for or against theerview as a selection procedure. What isyour opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words to se your view.Key words:erview, means to recruit, selection procedure, for or aga

8、inst, your opinion2. 構(gòu)思Question: Iserview a good way to recruit employees?從不同角度，打開思路，豐富聯(lián)想（brainstorming）erview can select more capable candidates.erview can force candidates to work hard. erview may be inaccurate sometimes.erview can prevent unfair competition in jobting.erview can help candidates e

9、valuate the employers.3.組織結(jié)構(gòu)篩選適合論點（分論點）論據(jù)中心：erview is a good way to recruit employees分論點：erview can select more capable candidates. erview can prevent unfair competition in jobting.erview can help candidates evaluate the employers.Task: Some people prefer to work in a large company, while others pre

10、fer to work in a small company. Which do you prefer? Write an essay of about 400 words to express your view.Ker words: work, large company, small company, prefer Question: Why I prefer to work in a large/small company? Brainstorming:Perfect managementRich experience, advanced techMore chanto promote

11、 yourselfWelfare systemPlatform to show your best self To know more peopleMore skills ChallengeFame and recognitionMoreThesis: I prefer to work in a large company because of its advantageous environment, excellent working sta the benefit it can bring to its employees.Sub-idea IcompanySub-idea IIwork

12、ing staff (pool of excellent people ) Sub-idea III employeend第三章、作文各部分的寫作及策略I. 引言寫作寫作要求：“hepart of your writing you should present your thesis sement, andhe second part you shouldsupport the thesis sement wippropriate details.he last part you should bring what you have writtento a natural引言功能：or a s

13、ummary.”表明文章的話題（topic）；表明文章的主要目的（說明文）或者觀點（議吸引讀者和暗示正文結(jié)構(gòu)引言常用結(jié)構(gòu)：）（thesis sement）；I. 第一部分：吸引注意力；II. 第二部分：引出文章話題；III.第三部分：表述中心論點02 年、05 年為例第一部分：吸引注意力用數(shù)字: 數(shù)字給人真實的感覺，在實際時，數(shù)字可以有些夸張，而且也沒有必要特別準確，但必須具有力，必須有的效果，否則很難奏效。Every day millions of job-ters in the world wrietters of application, wishingt they would begi

14、ven a chance oferview.Nowadays tens of thousands of universitystudents graduate from their schools, and theyall want tobe sucsfulhis modern society.2. 用問題：提問讀者，引導(dǎo)讀者思考回答，進而閱讀的文章。問題不宜太傻太多，絕對過三個。通常，都會是設(shè)問句，就是文章的話題。Now in our society what do you have tof you want to find a job? Whjob? (t iserview.)ies be

15、tn you and an idealDo you know any university graduate who does not want to succeed in society? What does a universitygraduate musve to succeedhe modern society? (Definiy adaptability.)3. 用引語: 名人名言、諺語、詩歌等。引語既可以是和的中心一致，也可以是有爭議的?！癝ucs comes not only from perspiration and inspiration, but also from sat

16、isfactory performance inerviews,” commented Dr. Kenly in his book.According to traditional Chithoughts, a talent must be excellenability and morality.第二部分：引出文章話題。抓住讀者注意力后，迅速把其引導(dǎo)到文章的話題上來。開門見山式：Nowadayserview ising more and more important in recruitment.he modern society, almost aliversity students lo

17、ok forward to sucs.但單刀想貧乏。的方法容易顯得，讀者心里不易接受；另外，它會讓人覺得文章內(nèi)容薄弱，作者思2. 收網(wǎng)式(Narrowing-down) : 由一個寬泛的、讀者認同的事實（鋪墊）開始，逐步把讀者注意力引到文章要的話題。With the development of market economy in China, more and more companies have comeo being.When they need to take up more people, employers usually select througherviews. Simil

18、arly, when peopleneed to find a job, they also need to perform well inerviews. Therefore,erview isingincreasingly importanthe modern society.One feature of the modern society is the more respect given to individual values. When fighting foralalvalues and sucqualities.s, students need to catch good o

19、pportunities, but they also need to some essential撒網(wǎng)要寬，但收網(wǎng)時既不能太快，又不能拖泥帶水，建議有三句話，就把網(wǎng)收起來。3. 駁論式(Refuion)：先說一種與本文相反但讀者可能會同意的觀點，然后話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，該觀點是錯誤的，并亮出自己的觀點。Many of us may agreet China is a society relying heavily on guanxi, or relationship. We may all have theexperience of having to resort to certain relati

20、onship in order to get somethinge, or find a good job, forexle. / But, with the development of market economy, recruitment is conducted more and more on thebasis oferview rathern on various connections.As the modern society puts more and more emphasis onal difference andal values, it providesmore op

21、portunities for students to seek sucs. / However, the fact ist not everyone can succeed. Sucal qualities.scalls for certain opportunities, but more importantly, it calls for manyIII.第三部分：表述中心論點 thesis sement= topic + controlling idea.I bevetObviously,erview / is very benefil.erview / has been crul t

22、o ensure the quality of employees.y opinion,erview/ hase very significant for both employees and employers.y opinion, the most important quality one needshe modern society is adaptability.I think to succeedhe modern society, one has to have adaptability because of its importance in study, incareer,

23、as well as in failures.引言常用結(jié)構(gòu)： I. 吸引注意力：用數(shù)字、問題、引語等；II. 引出文章話題：開門見山式、收網(wǎng)式或者駁論式；III. 表述中心論點：由 topic + controlling idea(有時候，第一二不分可以結(jié)合起來，第三部分，應(yīng)該有明確的話題和清晰的觀點，并盡量暗示文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。)II. 正文寫作he second part you should support the thesis sement wi寫作要求“andppropriate details”段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：句( topic sentence)+句闡述句+擴展句+總結(jié)句1.句：段落中最

24、重要的句子，作者用其來表明觀點，同時通過句來控制段落，防止跑題；而讀者可借助句來知道段落的主要內(nèi)容。句必須語言簡潔、內(nèi)容具體。其位置可以放在段首、段中或是段后，一般情況都在段首。句呈現(xiàn)方法：（1）演繹法：即在段首開門見山給出本段的。例如：Youngsters who have experienced a gap yearcertainly would be more independent, the benefits of which cover many aspects of students lives bothacademically and mentally.（2）轉(zhuǎn)折法：第一句先舉一

25、個例子，在第二句處轉(zhuǎn)折給出段落中心。例如：Young adults usuallychoose to get enrolledo a university directly after high school for the continuity of education. However,those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to othlahave a broader view oflifeand bettersonal resourto draw on.（3）先否定再肯定：Cool weather is

26、much favorable for creative thinkingn summer heat. This doesnot meant all people are lesselligent in summern they are during the rest of the year. It doesmeant the mental abilities of large numbers of the people tend to be slowest in summer.2.句闡述句：位于句后，擴展句前，進一步解釋、說明句的內(nèi)容，為擴展句做鋪墊。(1)定義法： 給句的某個關(guān)鍵性概念下定義

27、。例如：Language practice is considered moremeaningful if such practice is task-based. A task can be defined as what learners needed to do in a specified context to practice the language.(2)舉例：舉例解釋句的某個關(guān)鍵性概念。Many people all over the world use their bodies as well astheir voiOK, fineto communicate. Two ve

28、ry common exles are the “thumbs-up” sign,esture, to meanood and the “thumbs-down” sign to mean the opite.（3）假設(shè)法：通過假設(shè)從解釋祝句的內(nèi)容。例如 Youngsters who have experienced a gap yearcertainly would be more independent, the benefits of which cover many aspects of students lives both academically and mentally. Wi

29、thout this independence, they may not be able to get accustomed to college life in a real sense.(4)解釋論點法： It is also a good idea to spend some time earning a living or traveling to oth laafter finishing secondary school. In this way, they often can obtain a broader view of life and betteral resourto

30、 draw on.(5)問答法：回答問題來解釋段落想要表達的中心。例如：What should bee to solve the problem ofovopulation? One of the most effective measures is through education.3. 擴展句：擴展句必須緊扣，有具體的細節(jié)或者例子來證明句中的觀點或者解釋句的內(nèi)容，進一步展開句。(1) 舉例：型具體生動的事例，使句的抽象概念具體化，使文章通俗易懂并具有說服力，要注意必須精選例子，做到恰如其分，準確地說明問題。To begin with, traditional fame and cyber

31、 fame are built on different bases. As we know, traditional famecomes from ability and achievement.he past time and practice could help check the quality of onesachievement, and only those who passed check coulde famous. Einstein, for exle, becamefamous years after he put forward his theories of rel

32、ativity. The cyber fame, on the other hand, is mainly built on novelty and strangeness. Nowadays, so long as you can do something strange, you will probably e famous. Muzimei became famous because she published her diaries recording her airs with different men, and Belle Lotus did so by declaring he

33、r strong admiration for her self. Both of them behave very “abnormally”, according to a sociologist, ant it is mainly this quality makes themwidely-known.(2) 列舉(listing) : Even with good study ability, some students still fail because of the negative influencefrom their famis. Thekind of such influe

34、nce is lack of money. Now most universities collect quite high tuition from students, so students from poor famis are constantly worried by money problem.Another influence is family misfortune, the most common exles of which are illness and accident. Ifstudents are troubled by family problem, they w

35、ont be able to focus their minthey will not survive in university.study, and naturally(3) 因果: Modern people have greater tens sot they have less time to communicate with eachother. More and more people are livinghe urban areas where life has a fastacen in othla.Due to fierce competition for jobs, ci

36、ty dwellers have to constantly work in order to keep up with the paceof city life. Everybody is busy all the time. Work preres deprive them of a casual way of life.Moreover, living in apartments in different blocks isolates people from each other. Because of strictertime constras, it is not alwayssi

37、ble for people to meet their friends.(4)對比、比較 To begin with, traditional fame and cyber fame are built on different bases. As we know,traditional fame comes from ability and achievement.he past time and practice could help check thequality of ones achievement, and only those who passed check coulde

38、famous. Einstein, forexle, became famous years after he put forward his theories of relativity. The cyber fame, on the otherhand, is mainly built on novelty and strangeness. Nowadays, so long as you can do something strange,you will probablye famous. Muzimei became famous because she published her d

39、iaries recordingher airs with different men, and Belle Lotus did so by declaring her strong admiration for her self. Both of them behave very “abnormally”, according to a sociologist, ant it is mainly this quality makes themwidely-known.III.結(jié)論寫作文章結(jié)尾的寫作首先，結(jié)尾應(yīng)該來得自然而然，給人以水到渠成的印象。只有在進行充分的說明和論證之后，文章才能獲得說

40、服力，唯有如此，結(jié)尾部分的重申中心的目的才能達到。切忌心急火燎地結(jié)束文章，這樣會給讀者一種戛然而止、意猶未盡的感覺，損害文章的度。其次，結(jié)尾部分應(yīng)該寫的簡潔明確、發(fā)人深省、突出強調(diào)文章的主旨，避免出現(xiàn)妥協(xié)性的、模棱兩可的言辭，這樣回事文章的結(jié)尾顯得底氣。再設(shè)，應(yīng)該避免在結(jié)尾部分提出新的未加說明或論證的的和寫作內(nèi)容上的一致性。，以免節(jié)外生枝，破壞文章在寫作目另外，文章的結(jié)尾種有一些常見的表達手法，例如：in short, in brief, in one/a word, in sum, in, to sum up, therefore, obviously, no doubt, as resul

41、t.結(jié)尾段包括兩部分：一時對文章要點的總結(jié)，二是對該話題做出最終的評論。一 總結(jié)的寫法1. 直接總結(jié)法：再次提醒讀者在文章種談了哪些主要內(nèi)容，盡量有一兩句話涵蓋正文段落種的句的內(nèi)容。例如正文的句分別為：erview provides crul information for both parties involved.erview offers a broad selection for botherviewers andervies.erview embodied an important principle of the modern society: fairness.可以把它概括為：

42、erview can offer great benefits to the society because it can provide peoplewith information and selection as well as demonstrating a principle oirnesshe modern society.Or:erview can offer great benefits to the society. This can be seen not onlyhe information it canprovide, the wide selection it mak

43、essible, but alsohe principle oirness it helps ensurehepros of recruitment.2.首尾呼應(yīng)，重述文章引言部分內(nèi)容，再轉(zhuǎn)讓總結(jié)。如下面的開頭為：With the development of market economy in China, more and more companies have comeo being.When they need to take up more people, employers usually select througherviews. Similarly, if peoplewan

44、t to secure a job, they also need to perform well inerviews. Therefore,erview isingincreasingly importantodern society.結(jié)尾的總結(jié)部分可這寫：Market economy has not only brought about increasing importance. 在呼應(yīng)句后，再總結(jié)。erview but alsogiven it3.讓步法：在結(jié)尾段提一下，然后轉(zhuǎn)入。如：Admittedly,erview has theings ofrelying on theunden

45、iableimpresand testing oral communication rathern working skill. But it is alsot it is making an increasingly important contribution to the society.二 最終評論的寫法：做完總結(jié)后，一般還要再對所1評論重要性：再次強調(diào)本話題的重要性的話題作一點點評。Given its importance to the modern society, it is reasonable to saycornerstones for the progress of hu

46、man society.terview lays one of the2.As未來的發(fā)展erview ising more and more important, it is likelythe near future, better methods willbe devised, and better regulations will be made to ensure its quality.3.提出警告：It must be realizedpresenterview is still not scientific enough. Therefore, if bettermethod c

47、annot be found out,4. 提出解決方法erview cannot really playt important role.To really realize the important role oferview, employers should invite the help of researchershefield of psychological assessment to devise bettererview methods, and applicants should familiarizethemselves with theerview requireme

48、nts and pros before going to theerview.IV 寫作模板引言I.吸引注意力：用數(shù)字、問題、引語等/II. 引出文章話題：開門見山/收網(wǎng)式/駁論式、III.表述中心論點：topic + controlling idea正文：句（開門見山/轉(zhuǎn)折/先否定，再肯定）+闡述句（定義/舉例/假設(shè)/解釋/問答）+擴展句（舉例/列舉/因果/對比/證言、統(tǒng)計數(shù)字、諺語名言等）+總結(jié)句結(jié)論：總結(jié)：采用直接總結(jié)法/首尾呼應(yīng)發(fā)/讓步法重述上文的主要 內(nèi)容/最終評論：通過評論重要性/將來的發(fā)展/提出警告/提出解決方法對作文話題作簡要評論第四章、內(nèi)容充實論據(jù)經(jīng)常使用的論據(jù)：證言統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)

49、例子 個人經(jīng)歷 邏輯推理類比例如：分論點： Lack of sleep has證言 Lack of sleep has from Harvard University, declarede andemiche natione andemic in the nation. Dr. David, Psychological professort after a nationwide survey, “I cant think of a single studythasnt found Americans getting less sleepn they ought to.Even people t

50、hink they are slengenough would be better off with more rest.” (確立性，說明他們的職業(yè)、頭銜）he nation. From diary entries and統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù) Lack of sleep hase andemical accountsfrom the 18nd 19th centaury, sleep scientists have concludedt the averageused to sleepabout 9.5 hours a night. By the 1950s and 1960s, sleep sched

51、ule had been reduced dramatically, tobetn 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake toarm clock. (注意數(shù)據(jù)的有效性，說明數(shù)據(jù)來源，多與證言結(jié)合使用)例子 Lack of sleep hase andemiche nation. The, for exle, used to admitthe found his job different to deal with, because, among other things, he could sleep only for four or fiv

52、ehours a day. Besides, many employers complahat their staff cannot work efficientlyhe afternoon,as they cannot get enough time for sleep the day before. And thealso report more traffic accidentsbecause many drivers cannot concentrate due to the lack of sleep. (注意觀點與例子間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系)個人經(jīng)歷 Lack of sleep hase a

53、ndemiche nation. When in college, I used to sleep for aboutnine hours every day, but now I can only sleep for about six hours if I want to finish my job on time. Iusually feel tired at work, and sometimes I even fet what I supe to do. Besides, I findt moren half of my colleagues are sharing my probl

54、em. (個人經(jīng)歷，比較服力)邏輯推理，范圍有限，有時不具有說Lack of sleep hase andemiche nation. Nowadays, the step of life hase increasinglyleractionsfast, and people are expected to shoulder more responsibilities at work. Besides, as soe more convenient and broader, people have to spend more time keng friends and otheracquaan

55、from the timein frequent contact. As they cannot find more time in one day, all they cans to borrowt was previously allocated to sleng. Therefore, it is natural to findt most peopleare sleng less.(分析事物之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，特別是因果聯(lián)系，來論證觀點)Lack of sleep hase andemiche nation. Its well-knownt may people around us con

56、sidersleep the least important on their lists if they are faced with heavy prere from work, family or friends.The complexity of life forthem to cut down time spent in sleng. Some otheople sleep less forfeart they may be regarded as lacking drive and ambition.(不宜過多使用，為眾所周知的信息，使用過多會削弱自己的)類比 Lack of sl

57、eep hase andemiche nation We may have foundt in spring when trees andbushes come in full blossom. Bees usually spend less time in their hive because they have more honey-making jobs to do. Similarly, when people have more work to do, they tend to sleep less, and this has come true for us. (類比采取迂回戰(zhàn)士，

58、能否成功取決于所比較事物的相似性，必須是讀者認同這種相似性，才可采納)分論點： Education is also very important for elderly people.1.cEducation is also very important for elderly people. Prof. Wang from Peking University reported in hisstudyt many elderly people attend various trainings after their retirement, and this not only help them

59、improve their skillshese fields, but also provides them win opportunity to communicate with other證言）elderly people, making them free time moreeresting. （2. Education is also very important for elderly people. A recent study by the municipalernmentrevealst moren 88% of the retired people attend diffe

60、rent kinds of training programs provided bythe elderly university. This study also showst 92.5% of these elderly university agreet thesetraining classes not only teach them useful skills, but also help them to kill their free time more easily. (統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù))Education is also very important for elderly peopl