專業(yè)英語-物理化學(xué)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)物化詞匯部分：Chemical thermodynamics 化學(xué)熱力學(xué)Chemical kinetics 化學(xué)動力學(xué)物理化學(xué)的分支：quantum chemistry 量子化學(xué)；structure chemistry 結(jié)構(gòu)化學(xué)；catalysis 催化；electrochemistry 電化學(xué)；colloid chemistry 膠體化學(xué)。熱力學(xué)體系：closed system 封閉體系：a system that does not allow transfer of

2、 substance but energyisolated system 孤立體系：a system that does not allow transfer of substance and energyopen system 開放體系：a system that allow transfer of substance and energyInternal energy 內(nèi)能：motions 分子運動；interaction 相互作用；bonding of its constituent molecules 分子成鍵（ionic bond離子鍵, covalent bond共價鍵, coor

3、dinationbond配位鍵, hydrogen bond氫鍵, metallic bond.金屬鍵）external energy 外能： （velocity速度；location of its center of mass位置）= kinetic 動力+potential energy 勢能Thermal energy (internal energy + heat)Mechanical energy (external energy + mechanical /electrical work)Heat: energy transfer as a results of only temp

4、erature differenceWork: energy transfer by any mechanism that involves mechanical motion across thesystem boundaries.Microscopic properties:molecule kinetic energy 分子動能 (translational energy躍遷能, rotational energy轉(zhuǎn)動能, vibrational energy振動能)Intermolecular forces 分子間力(electrostatic forces靜電力, induction

5、 forces感應(yīng)能, forces of attraction (or dispersion forces)分散能 and repulsion排斥能, specific (chemical) forces like hydrogen bonds)Intermolecular potentials 分子勢 (Lennard-Jones potential) Macroscopic properties:pressure, volume, temperatureextensive variables廣度性質(zhì) (volume, mass)intensive variables 強(qiáng)度性質(zhì)(T, P,

6、 molar volume, molar mass)Thermodynamic Equilibriums熱力學(xué)平衡:thermal equilibrium,熱平衡force equilibrium,力平衡phase equilibrium,相平衡chemical equilibrium化學(xué)平衡PVT relationscompressibility factor 壓縮因子expansion coefficient 體積膨脹系數(shù)compressibility coefficient 等溫壓縮系數(shù)熱力學(xué)定律The first law of thermodynamics*Energyis neith

7、ercreatednordestroyed,but may change in formsenthalpy焓 heat capacity熱容 isochoric等容 isobaric等壓 reversible可逆, irreversible 不可逆isothermal等溫, adiabatic絕熱(diabatic), cyclic循環(huán), free expansion自由膨脹 throttling 節(jié)流(isenthalpy等焓, Joule-Thomson coefficient) The second law of thermodynamicsClausius statement: It

8、is not possible to construct adevice that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body.The efficiency of the Carnot heat engine is defined to be:(QH-QC)/QH=W/QH=1-TC/THendothermic吸熱 exothermic放熱 entropy熵, isentropic process 等熵過程spontaneous system自

9、發(fā)系統(tǒng), entropy balance熵平衡熱化學(xué)：Heat of reaction反應(yīng)熱, isothermal、isobaric、only volumetric work，the reactionheat changeheat of combustion燃燒熱, 25，100kPa the heat change of 1 mol pure substance fully combustionheat of formation生成熱 fixed temperature and pressure，the heat change of 1 mol pure substance produce

10、d by the most stable elementGibbs free energy: G=H-TSHelmholtz free energy: F=U-TS相平衡：vapor pressure蒸汽壓theexerted by ainwith its(solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a.boiling point沸點the temperature at which theof theequals thesurrounding the liquidand the liquid changes into a vapor.melting p

11、oint熔點the temperature at which it changesfromtoat atmospheric pressuresolidifying point凝固點the temperature at which it changesfromto soild at atmospheric pressurePartial molar quantity偏摩爾量Apartial molar propertyis aquantity which indicates how anof aorvaries with changes in thecomposition of the mixt

12、ure at constantand.Chemical potential化學(xué)勢, is a form ofthat can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or.activity活度activity(symbola) is a measure of the “effective concentration” of ain a mixture, in the sense that the speciesdepends on the activity of a real solution in the same way tha

13、t it would depend on concentration for an.fugacity逸度, thefugacityof ais an effective partialwhich replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of the chemical equilibrium constant.activity coefficient活度系數(shù), fugacity coefficient逸度系數(shù)the degree of freedom自由度 f=C-+2the number ofdeg

14、rees of freedomis the number of values in the final calculation of athat are free to varyPhase diagram相圖: single-phase/binary/ternary x-y diagram, p-x-y diagram, t-x-y diagram fully /partly miscible solution可混溶的溶液,immiscible solution不可混容的溶液minimum/maximum azeotrope共沸（正偏差，最低共沸點；負(fù)偏差，最高共沸點）,dew point露點

15、the temperature at which airborne water vapor willto form liquid., bubble point泡點, the(at a given) where the first bubble ofis formed when heating aconsisting of two or more components.eutectic point共熔點the point at which thephase L borders directly on the solid phase + (a homogeneous composed of bot

16、h A and B), representing the minimum melting temperature of any possible alloy of A and B.multi-component system多組成體系化學(xué)平衡：Chemical equilibrium in a single-phase system:free energy of formation 組成自由能equilibrium constant 平衡常數(shù)endothermic reaction 放熱反應(yīng)exothermic reaction 吸熱反應(yīng)ionization constant 電離常數(shù)diss

17、ociation constant 解離常數(shù)association constant 結(jié)合常數(shù)化學(xué)動力學(xué)chemical reaction kinetics:rate of reaction反應(yīng)速率, order of reaction反應(yīng)要求activation energy活化能, activated molecules活化分子 activation活化collision碰撞, active centers活性中心 activation enthalpy活化焓parallel reaction平行反應(yīng)：substance reacts or decomposes in more than

18、one wayseries reaction串聯(lián)反應(yīng), two or more reaction in same environment without new operationchain reaction鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)：Achain reactionis a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take placelight-chemical reaction,reaction mechanism 反應(yīng)機(jī)理adsorption and catalysis (catalyst)其他Surface表面/interface界面colloid chemistry surface tension表面張力, interfacial tension界面張力,surface excess表面超額, surface film,表面膜surface coverage表面覆蓋, adsorption on the surface,表面吸附surfactant/surface active agent表面活性劑，colloid (particles 5 5,000 angstroms)Electrochemistry, el