《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)口譯》Interpreting-Memory

1、口譯記憶的基本原理1記憶的基本原理及口譯記憶的特點(diǎn)口譯記憶是緊隨著口譯聽(tīng)辯理解進(jìn)行的另一個(gè)重要的口譯步驟在正式的連續(xù)傳譯中，發(fā)言人一個(gè)語(yǔ)段的長(zhǎng)度一般都在數(shù)分鐘，而一分鐘的正常語(yǔ)速是120-180字，這就意味著譯員要有很強(qiáng)的記憶力。良好的記憶力可能是天生的，但是后天的科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)地訓(xùn)練同樣可以大大提高一個(gè)人到記憶力。口譯記憶是口譯技能訓(xùn)練的重要一環(huán)。根據(jù)心理學(xué)的相關(guān)研究，記憶包括存儲(chǔ)和提取兩個(gè)階段。心理學(xué)把記憶分為三種：感覺(jué)存儲(chǔ)、短期記憶、長(zhǎng)期記憶。感覺(jué)存儲(chǔ)是一種瞬間記憶，持續(xù)的時(shí)間很短；短期記憶持續(xù)時(shí)間在20-30秒，記憶容量為72個(gè)互不關(guān)聯(lián)的信息單位，且始終處于活躍狀態(tài)，不需要被激活；長(zhǎng)期記憶

2、持續(xù)時(shí)間可以長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)日、數(shù)月乃至數(shù)年，記憶容量幾乎是無(wú)限的，但需要被激活。在口譯中，譯員主要運(yùn)用的是短期記憶。這是由口譯任務(wù)的性質(zhì)決定的。在口譯過(guò)程中，譯員的記憶不需要持續(xù)太久，譯過(guò)之后就可以忘掉，但這種記憶必須處于活躍狀態(tài)，在口譯表達(dá)階段就需要即使提取。因此，短期記憶最適合口譯任務(wù)的這種特點(diǎn)。實(shí)際上，譯員運(yùn)用的主要是意義記憶的方式，即在聽(tīng)辨理解的過(guò)程中注意分析并整合發(fā)言人詞語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的意義，并把它作為記憶存儲(chǔ)和提取的對(duì)象。文章vs電影口譯記憶的運(yùn)作方式短時(shí)記憶“容量有限”的特點(diǎn)表面看來(lái)是和口譯的要求相矛盾的1 聽(tīng)辨過(guò)程中有意識(shí)的篩選，縮小記憶的量加工、分析，丟棄冗余和重復(fù)的信息2 對(duì)記憶的信息進(jìn)

3、行“條塊化”處理，擴(kuò)大記憶的量以命題為單位的意義模塊，不是只包含一個(gè)詞的意思，而是包含一句話、一個(gè)語(yǔ)段乃至一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的意思。3 理解記憶及意義記憶-口譯“工作記憶”的核心譯員要注意對(duì)源語(yǔ)意義的分析、整合、并有意識(shí)地分析講話者的思路，以便建立起意義模塊之間的聯(lián)系。如果這樣去做，記憶的對(duì)象就不再是“互不關(guān)聯(lián)的信息單位”，記憶的容量自然進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。4 強(qiáng)化口譯記憶練習(xí)-提高信息的提取速度 Theory and skills:口譯中的邏輯分析指的是對(duì)講話進(jìn)行縱向和橫向的分析?？v向分析是指分清關(guān)鍵信息和輔助信息，即找出邏輯的層次；橫向分析則是明確各信息點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系，如因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比對(duì)照、舉例說(shuō)明等。邏

4、輯分析的目的是為了透徹地理解原語(yǔ)講話的內(nèi)容，對(duì)信息的點(diǎn)（具體的信息內(nèi)容）、線（各點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系）和面（即整體概念）進(jìn)行全面的把握，以便于記憶和表達(dá)。信息經(jīng)過(guò)分析加工，便能在記憶中留下更深的印象。 Theory and skills:邏輯分析練習(xí)可分為縱向分析和橫向分析練習(xí)?？v向分析的訓(xùn)練方法和之前介紹的概述練習(xí)有些類似，但側(cè)重點(diǎn)不一樣。縱向分析要求進(jìn)行邏輯分層訓(xùn)練，即在聽(tīng)完一篇講話后首先用一句話概括出講話的中心內(nèi)容，這是邏輯的最上層；圍繞這一中心問(wèn)題講話人談了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這是第二層關(guān)系；而每個(gè)方面又具體談了些什么，這是邏輯的下一個(gè)層次。就這樣將信息一層一層地剖析下去，形成一個(gè)清晰的邏輯線路

5、圖，然后按照邏輯線路對(duì)原語(yǔ)講話進(jìn)行復(fù)述，復(fù)述時(shí)不必拘泥于原語(yǔ)的順序和結(jié)構(gòu)。 Theory and skills: 橫向分析的練習(xí)則要求我們找出信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系。一般的信息結(jié)構(gòu)都遵從一定的邏輯關(guān)系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分類（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、對(duì)比對(duì)照（compare & contrast）、按照時(shí)間、空間、步驟、重要性的順序排列（sequencing）、列舉（simple listing）、提出問(wèn)題-解決問(wèn)題（problem-solution）等。找邏輯關(guān)系可以根據(jù)線索詞匯，如英文里表示概括關(guān)系的線索詞匯有：to sum

6、 up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示順序的詞匯有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile等；表示對(duì)比的詞匯有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示對(duì)照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still

7、, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的則有：so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等?？偨Y(jié)口譯記憶并不是對(duì)存儲(chǔ)信息的簡(jiǎn)單恢復(fù)，而是對(duì)輸入信息主動(dòng)進(jìn)行加工、編碼之后的儲(chǔ)存和提取?？谧g記憶的實(shí)質(zhì)是在理解源語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)源語(yǔ)信息的主要意義和關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)的記憶，而不是對(duì)源語(yǔ)孤立的語(yǔ)音代碼、信息符號(hào)的機(jī)械記憶。中國(guó)地大物博，幅員遼闊，它位于亞洲大陸東部，太平洋西岸，陸地面積約960萬(wàn)平方公里，僅次于俄羅斯和加拿大，是世界第三大國(guó)。從緯度上看，中國(guó)領(lǐng)土北起漠河鎮(zhèn)以北的黑龍江江心，南到南沙群島南端的曾母暗沙，南北

8、相距約5,500公里。當(dāng)北方還是千里冰封、萬(wàn)里雪飄之時(shí)，南方已進(jìn)入春耕季節(jié)了。從經(jīng)度上看，中國(guó)領(lǐng)土東起黑龍江與烏蘇里江的匯合處，西到帕米爾高原，東西相距約5,200公里，時(shí)差四小時(shí)多。當(dāng)西部的帕米爾高原還是沉沉黑夜時(shí)，東方早已是旭日初升的黎明。Practice 1There are three types of holidays in the United States: political holidays, traditional holidays, and religious holidays. There are more political holidays than any oth

9、er type. The most important political holiday is Independence Day, the fourth of July. On this day we celebrate our independence from Great Britain. Most people spend the day with their family and friends. Picnics and barbecues are very popular. In addition, almost every city and town has a firework

10、s display at night. Another very important political holiday is Memorial Day, which falls on the last weekend in May. On this holiday we commemorate all the soldiers who died for our country. Many towns and cities have parades, and some people go to cemeteries and put flowers or flags on the soldier

11、s graves. A third important political holiday is Labor Day, which we celebrate on the first Monday in September. This is the day when we honor the workers of the United States. People watch parades, go on picnics, or go to the beach. For students, Labor Day is a bittersweet holiday, because when it

12、is over they must begin school again. Practice 2香港介紹Practice 3Hotels in China Hotels in China are classified into first class, second class and third class based on their star-rating.Five-star and most four-star hotels are in the first class. Guest rooms in first class hotels all have fully-fitted b

13、athrooms, refrigerators, telephones and satellite TV. They have fully adjustable climate control through central air-conditioning facilities. Other ancillary facilities （輔助設(shè)施）provided by these hotels include such things as business centers, conference facilities, beauty parlors（美容院）, saunas（桑拿房）, fo

14、reign exchange, bowling centers and bars which are open 24 hours a day.Practice 4The second class generally includes three-star hotels and some two-star ones. Guest room facilities and services are not up to the standard of those in first class hotels. Tour groups normally prefer to stay in second c

15、lass hotels.Third class hotels are much like motels（汽車旅館） in western countries in terms of facilities and services. Hardware facilities in such hotels are of course inferior to those provided by second class hotels, but they offer prices 50% or more below those of second class hotels. As a result, t

16、hey are popular with many tourists.Fortune 500 CompaniesPractice 5For 45 years, Fortune magazine has been ranking the largest companies in the United States. The result is their annual “Fortune 500” list. Sometimes people will refer to the top 100 companies on the list as the “Fortune 100”.Essential

17、ly, the magazine lists the U.S. based corporations with the largest revenue in the past year. Fortune calculates revenue using publicly available data, therefore private companies, i.e., those whose stock is not traded on a public market, are excluded. U.S. subsidiaries of foreign companies are also

18、 excluded.“Fortune 500” companies are among the biggest, most profitable, and most powerful companies in America. In terms of profits even the bottom end of the Fortune 500 list isnt too shabby. On last years list, the company at the bottom still had a respectable sum of over $3 billion.While the “F

19、ortune 500” is limited to American companies, the magazine also publishes the “Global 500”, which ranks publicly held companies from around the world. Of course, because the U.S. dominates as much of the global economy, many Fortune 500 companies rank high in the “Global 500” too.Fortune magazine al

20、so publishes other lists, such as the “100 Best Companies to work for” and the “100 Fastest-Growing Companies”. Its an interesting exercise to compare all the lists and see where companies overlap. For example, the No. 1 company to work for may not rank on the “Fortune 500” at all. With the top comp

21、anies on both the U.S. and worldwide 500 lists, you wont find them on either of the most admired companies list. Maybe the Beatles were right money cant buy you love.Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang Speaks at the Opening Ceremony of Vinexpo Asia-Pacific Secretary Idrac, Ms. Hriard Dubre

22、uil, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Good afternoon. It is indeed my great pleasure to join you for the opening ceremony of this years Vinexpo. First of all, may I extend a very warm welcome to all of you, who have come from overseas. I have many, many friends who have joined this exhibi

23、tion. And I wish you a very warm welcome and a very warm visit to Hong Kong. I am delighted that Hong Kong has been chosen to host the Vinexpo Asia-Pacific for a third time. This years event promises to be the biggest and best so far. And I believe that Ms. Dubreuil has given you numbers that are mo

24、st impressive for a third time event. But Id like to emphasize that your presence here today is a huge vote of confidence for Hong Kong in hosting this important event, and strengthens our commitment to become a centre for trading in wine in Asia. Our commitment was reflected earlier this year in ou

25、r decision to reduce duties on wine down to zero. That makes Hong Kong the only duty-free wine port among major economies. As you can imagine it was a pretty popular decision, but the decision was based on more than just benefiting the consumer, so that wines you can drink are now cheaper. The decis

26、ion was made because we wish to seize an opportunity or create an opportunity to develop Hong Kong into a regional hub for wine-related business activities. That includes events such as Vinexpo like this, as well as other wine-related economic activities - auctions, storage and distribution of fine

27、wine, tourism, brand promotion, wine appreciation, and also, especially for some who are not so aware of this. Actually wine education is a big business. Zero duties on wine will help to create jobs for Hong Kong as we strive to meet a growing demand for wine in Asia, and in particular-China. With d

28、uties removed, the related administrative arrangements will also be gone very soon. Barring any unforeseen circumstances, I hope, by tomorrow actually, because the Legislative Council will go through the process of ratifying the zero duty tomorrow, as well as the simplification of the procedures. Cu

29、rrently, the Asian market represents only a few percentage points of global consumption. But judging from Asian interest in wine, I believe that there is huge potential for growth. Take the Mainland of China for example, a strong economy, growing affluence and lifestyle changes offer tremendous pros

30、pects for the wine industry. And the trade expects mainland of Chinawine imports to increase to as much as US$870 million by 2017, or 58 percent of the whole Asian market, excluding Japan. I have a feeling they are wrong. Based on Ms. Dubreuils figures and what my feeling is, I think the growth will

31、 be even bigger than that. The market response to zero duties in Hong Kong has been very positive, very encouraging. Within two months, our wine imports increased by over 120 percent compared with the same period last year. And value has increased by more than 200 percent. Renowned companies are pla

32、nning to expand their wine business in Hong Kong, and two auction houses have already held, well, one has already held their first auction and the other one will be holding it on Saturday. And more are being lined up. Earlier this month I was fortunate to be able to visit France. I am pleased to say

33、 that the French government has responded positively to a proposal to conclude a bilateral arrangement related to the wine industry. Under this arrangement, France would share with us their experience in promoting wine-related trade and tourism, as well as providing training on wine-tasting. I also

34、hope that the considerable experience and expertise of the many companies that are present today will help us establish internationally recognised standards in Hong Kong for the handling of fine wine as an investment asset. Ladies and gentlemen, I hope I have given you a taste of the new opportuniti

35、es for the wine industry in Hong Kong and in Asia. We already have the world-class infrastructure, logistics, financial and telecommunication systems required and, more importantly, very discerning palate and ample appetite to become a wine trading and distribution centre in Asia. We count on your k

36、nowledge, we count on your support in lifting the wine industry to new heights in Asia. It just remains for me to wish Vinexpo every success. I look forward to the opportunity to welcome you back here frequently. And trust me, you will find your presence here worthwhile. So I wish you good business

37、and every success. Thank you very much. Prime Minister Tony Blairs Broadcast Speech on EducationHow well our children do at school _ themselves and their families. A good start at school, a good education, _ to childrens chances in later life. But the quality of education our children receive also _

38、 - because our future economic success and prosperity depends on it. In this new century, more than ever before, the raw material that counts is _ . So to succeed, we need to make sure that _ make the most of that potential. Its for these reasons that we made education _ . And we have backed that wi

39、th _ . It is investment which can only be afforded now and in future years because of the tough decisions taken to bring long-term stability to our economy. _ is why I was so pleased this week to hear of the steady progress taking place in our secondary schools. The latest performance tables highlig

40、ht _ . Its particularly good news that we have seen _ in secondary schools in some of our inner-city areas. Many inner-city schools now have _ , extra staff to cope with those with problems and more backing to improve discipline. And they show how the policies that David Blunkett has targeted at tho

41、se communities with some of the greatest problems _ . But while Im pleased that Government policies are playing their part in these improvements, _ by the pupils, parents and, of course, teachers. Its the thousands of _ , day in day out in classrooms up and down the country, _ . And these results sh

42、ow just what can be achieved by committed teachers and their pupils, supported by effective national strategies and investment. The results also build on _ we have already seen in our primary schools. Here _ have helped teachers ensure their pupils have a better grip on the basics. So successful have these