試析法律英語(yǔ)文本中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall的用法及其翻譯

1、試析法律英語(yǔ)文本中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall的用法及其翻譯摘要：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall是英語(yǔ)法律文本中重復(fù)率很高的法律用詞，其具有指示性和施為性的法律含義，與普通英語(yǔ)中的含義有很大的不同。能否正確的理解和準(zhǔn)確的翻譯shall的用法和意思對(duì)于強(qiáng)調(diào)準(zhǔn)確性的英漢法律法規(guī)及法律合同意義重大，本文旨在探討法律英語(yǔ)中shall的根本用法。論文關(guān)鍵詞：shall,法律英語(yǔ),法律翻譯Shall是構(gòu)成英文法律文體的一個(gè)最主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)shall作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與第三人稱(chēng)一起使用時(shí)，它表示義務(wù)、職責(zé)、權(quán)利、命令、特權(quán)和許諾等。這一點(diǎn)是法律英語(yǔ)界人士和英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)家所共知和公認(rèn)的。在大陸法系A(chǔ)ny person whose me

2、ntal illness is of an intermittent nature shall bear criminal responsibility if he commits a crime when he is in a normal mental state. 【2】例2. 設(shè)立股份，應(yīng)當(dāng)具備以下條件：The following conditions shall be met if a company limited by shares is to be incorporated:英語(yǔ)教育畢業(yè)論文 【3】例3. 人民法院發(fā)現(xiàn)受理的案件不屬于本院管轄的，應(yīng)當(dāng)移送有管轄權(quán)的人民法院，受移

3、送的人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)受理。受移送的人民法院認(rèn)為受移送的案件依照規(guī)定不屬于本院管轄的，應(yīng)該報(bào)請(qǐng)上級(jí)人民法院指定管轄，不得再自行移送。If a Peoples Court finds that a case is has entertained is not under its jurisdiction, it shall refer the case to the Peoples Court that has jurisdiction over the case. The Peoples Court to which a case has been referred shall entertain

4、the case, and if it considers that, according to the relevant regulations, the case referred to it is not under its jurisdiction, it shall report to a superior Peoples Court for the designation of jurisdiction and shall not independently refer the case again to another Peoples Court. 【4】例4. 行政長(zhǎng)官缺位時(shí)，

5、應(yīng)在六個(gè)月內(nèi)依本法第四十五條的規(guī)定產(chǎn)生新的行政長(zhǎng)官。行政長(zhǎng)官缺位期間的職務(wù)代理，依照上款規(guī)定辦理。(?中華人民共和國(guó)香港特別行政區(qū)根本法?第53條第二款)In the event that the office of Chief Executive becomes vacant, a new Chief executive shall be selected within six months in accordance with the provisions of Article 45 of this Law. During the period of vacancy, his or her

6、 duties shall be assumed according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. 【5】例5. 眾議院由各州人民每?jī)赡赀x舉產(chǎn)生的眾議員組成。每個(gè)州的選舉人須具備該州州議會(huì)人數(shù)最多一院選舉人所必需的資格。The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall ha

7、ve the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 【6】例6. 進(jìn)出境運(yùn)輸工具、貨物、物品，必須通過(guò)設(shè)立海關(guān)的地點(diǎn)進(jìn)境或出境All inward and outward means of transport, goods and articles shall enter or leave the territory at a place where there is a Customs office. 【7】2.2 shall在中文文本中不譯;的情

8、況The law shall be equally applied to anyone who commits a crime. No one shall have the privilege of transcending the law.例8. 香港居民在法律面前一律平等。(?中華人民共和國(guó)香港特別行政區(qū)根本法?第25條)All Hong Kong residents shall be equal before the law.例9. 單位犯罪的，對(duì)單位判處分金，并對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員判處刑罰。本法分那么和其他法律另有規(guī)定的，依照規(guī)定。Where a unit comm

9、its a crime, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be given criminal punishment. Where it is otherwise provided for in the Specific Provisions of this Law or in other laws, those provisions shall prevail.遠(yuǎn)

10、程品學(xué)堂The death penalty shall only be applied to criminals who have committed extremely serious crimes.例11. 公司股東會(huì)或者股東大會(huì)、董事會(huì)的決議內(nèi)容違反法律、行政法規(guī)的無(wú)效。The resolution adopted by the shareholders assembly or the shareholders general assembly or the board of directors of a company, which in content violates laws o

11、r administrative regulations, shall be invalid.例12. 中央人民政府負(fù)責(zé)管理與香港特別行政區(qū)有關(guān)的外交事務(wù)。(?中華人民共和國(guó)香港特別行政區(qū)根本法?第13條)The Central Peoples Government shall be responsible for the foreign affairs relating to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.例13. 香港特別行政區(qū)享有獨(dú)立的司法權(quán)和終審權(quán)。(?中華人民共和國(guó)香港特別行政區(qū)根本法?第19條)The Hong Kong S

12、pecial Administrative Region shall be vested with independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication.2.3 shall用于表示決心;、肯定;和強(qiáng)調(diào);是為了增強(qiáng)法律語(yǔ)言崇高、莊嚴(yán)的意味，主要起修辭性的作用，以便給法律帶來(lái)更為強(qiáng)烈的權(quán)威感。Shall;可用于第一人稱(chēng)表示強(qiáng)烈的決心;。這是其強(qiáng)調(diào)的用法，含有誓約或承諾的以為。如：在二戰(zhàn)期間，美國(guó)四星上將道格拉斯-麥克阿瑟從菲律賓撤退后說(shuō)：I shall return.;我會(huì)回來(lái)的。這個(gè)經(jīng)典式的短句就是一個(gè)承諾和一道命令，就

13、是麥克阿瑟將軍的鋼鐵誓言。Shall在第二人稱(chēng)為單數(shù)時(shí)也可以表示強(qiáng)烈的修辭色彩。最為西方人熟悉的當(dāng)屬?圣經(jīng)?這部西方最為重要的經(jīng)典著作，其所使用的語(yǔ)言也極有影響力。例如在?出埃及記?的第20章中，摩西在西奈山上從上帝那里接受了十誡;，其中有You shall not murder;(不可殺人), You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.;(不可作假見(jiàn)證)。在新約?馬太福音?第22章最大的誡命;中，耶穌說(shuō)：You shall love your neighbor as yourself.;(要愛(ài)人如己)一位著名的加拿大文學(xué)批評(píng)

14、家Northrup Frye認(rèn)為?圣經(jīng)?的簡(jiǎn)明代表莊重，而非平淡，更不是幼稚，因其簡(jiǎn)明才更具權(quán)威性。這種不加任何修飾的語(yǔ)言才能更加清晰明確地傳達(dá)上帝的旨意，也使每一條誡命更像一道命令，從而更具有神圣不可侵犯的尊嚴(yán)。加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教授Frederick Bowers把shall;的這種表修辭的用法分成三種方式：shall用于第一人稱(chēng)將來(lái)時(shí)表示決心的意思非法地illegally轉(zhuǎn)到第三人稱(chēng)表示義務(wù)的意思以產(chǎn)生修辭效果。;shall;的這個(gè)用法是比較那種依附于?圣經(jīng)?戒律式修辭的表達(dá)方式。伴隨著宣示義務(wù)的這種意識(shí)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall業(yè)已取得了一種一般含義，那就是表示要給人以深刻的印象實(shí)

15、際上，shall非常普遍地用作一種圖騰以制造出某種法律色彩。;Shall;在立法起草中的用法也是會(huì)因其歧義的。因?yàn)樗赡芎斜硎玖x務(wù)的意思，或者僅僅表示修辭之意。在兩者之間存在重疊區(qū)，在大多數(shù)情況下，兩者并不是黑白清楚的。也就是說(shuō)，在大多數(shù)情況下，shall;在具體法律中的用法究竟是完全表示義務(wù)，還是有修辭性質(zhì)并不是很清楚。筆者經(jīng)過(guò)比照發(fā)現(xiàn)：在最權(quán)威的、經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)次修改但仍待完善的?中華人民共和國(guó)憲法?的英譯本中，不少憲法法條都沒(méi)有譯成shallThe residences of citizens of the Peoples Republic of China are inviolable. U

16、nlawful search of, or intrusion into, a citizens residence is prohibited.例17. 香港居民的住宅和其他房屋不受侵犯。禁止任意或非法搜查、侵入居民的住宅和其他房屋。(?中華人民共和國(guó)香港特別行政區(qū)根本法?第29條)The homes and other premises of Hong Kong residents shall be inviolable. Arbitrary or unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a residents home or other premis

17、es shall be prohibited.例18. 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有言論、出版、集會(huì)、結(jié)社、游行、示威的自由。Citizens of the Peoples Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.例19. 香港居民享有言論、新聞、出版的自由，結(jié)社、集會(huì)、游行、示威的自由，組織和參加工會(huì)、罷工的權(quán)利和自由。(?中華人民共和國(guó)香港特別行政區(qū)根本法?第27條)Hong Kong reside

18、nts shall have freedom of speech, of the press and of publication; freedom of association, of assembly, of procession and of demonstration; and the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and to strike.3. 小結(jié)a，shall表示義務(wù);和責(zé)任;時(shí)通常被翻譯成應(yīng)當(dāng);、應(yīng);，有時(shí)那么不譯;。b, shall用于表示決心;、肯定;和強(qiáng)調(diào);是為了增強(qiáng)法律語(yǔ)言崇高、莊嚴(yán)的意味，主要起修辭性的作用，用sha