武漢大學(xué)博士英語結(jié)課考試

1、.學(xué)習(xí).資料.一、段落分析Concept-definingContent容(fromparagraphlevel)Topic話題(特點(diǎn)general籠統(tǒng))Aspect(supportingsentence)frommaterialtospiritualaspects從物質(zhì)到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects從身體到心理fromidea/mentalitytobehavior從思想到行為fromtechnologytosocietyfromindividualtosocialaspects從個(gè)體到社會(huì)fromoneselftoothers從自身到他人from

2、directtoindirectaspects從直接到間接fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure從地理環(huán)境到社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)Perspective(pointofview)角度+Keywords=thesis論點(diǎn)+evidenee論據(jù)=theme主題(mainidea丿+aspeets方面Form/Function形式(passagelevel)Strueture:theorganizationofthewholeartieleIntroduetion(what)Body(why)Conelusion(how)Paragraphdev

3、elopment1Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatisties統(tǒng)計(jì)Examples例證Statements闡述Quotation引言Method針對(duì)所選用的skill的方法topicordercausalorder=causeandeffectspatialorder=spaceorderchronologicalorder=timeorderproblemandsolutionmeansandendsprocessandresultclassificationhierarchicalstructure分層次、等級(jí)的(fromleasttomost)antithesi

4、s對(duì)偶、排比progression遞進(jìn)(agradualprocessofchangeordevelopingoverperiodoftime)comparison(相似)andcontrast(差異)對(duì)比Logicrelationship(frompassagelevel)(what,why,how)Causeandeffect因果關(guān)系=why&howMeansandends=processandpurpose=how手段和目的；過程和目的Topic/ideaandreason(introduction)=what&whyProblemandsolution=what&howExample=

5、howDevelopingParagraph/Body(正文/主體)Unity(一致性)topicsentence切題，與開篇提出的論點(diǎn)相關(guān)Development(發(fā)展性)一supportingsentencesnomorethan5aspects論據(jù)是否充分CommonMethodsofDevelopmentexemplification例證facts事實(shí)citation引證comparisonandcontrast比較與對(duì)比analysis分析classification分類3Coherence(連貫性):主要指段落中的句子與句子之間在邏輯上和結(jié)構(gòu)上的相互連貫條理清楚、層次分明、銜接自然t

6、ransitions/signposts過渡詞/路標(biāo)詞fromthemostimportanttotheleastimportantorviceverse由重到輕，反之亦然generalprinciplebyclassification:總原貝分類丿frommaterialtospiritualaspects從物質(zhì)到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects從身體到心理fromindividualtosocialaspects從個(gè)體到社會(huì)fromoneselftoothers從自身到他人fromdirecttoindirectaspects從直接到間接fromph

7、ysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure從地理環(huán)境到社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)第一課的第三段：OursecondmajordiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplacewilldramaticallyaffectpeopleandorganizationsonawidescale.Besidesitsmanyusesincommerce,officework,andmanufacturing,itwillalsoimprovehealthcare,providenewwaystoshop,enableprofessiona

8、landsocialencountersacrosstheglobe,andgenerallypermeatethethousandsofthingswedointhecourseofourdailylives.Itwillhelpuspursueoldandnewpleasures,anditwillencouragenewartforms,whichmaybecriticizedbutwillmoveartforward,asnewtoolshavealwaysdone.Itwillalsoimproveeducationandtraining,firstinspecificandesta

9、blishedwaysandlaterthroughbreakthroughsthatareconfidentlyawaited.Humanorganizationsfromtinycompaniestoentirenationalgovernmentswillbenefittoo,becausesomuchoftheworktheydoisinformationwork.TopicEffect/InfluencePerspectiveHumanandorganizationsAspectHuman:fromphysicaltopsychologicalOrganization:fromind

10、ividualtosocialKeywordsSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)ByclassificationQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第一課的第十二段：ThewiseeyewillalsoseethattheInformationMarketplaceismuchinfluentialthanitspartstheinterfaces,middlewareandpipesthatmakeupthethree-storybuildingonwhichwestand.Oncetheyareintegrated,theyprese

11、ntamuchgreaterpowerthepowertopreventanasthmaticfromdyinginaremotetowninAlaska,toenableanunemployedbankloanofficertofindandsucceedatanewformofwork,toallowahusbandandwifetorevelintheaccomplishmentsofadistantdaughterwhilealsoprovidingemotionalandfinancialsupport.Thesepowersarefargreaterthantheabilityto

12、sendanmessage,ortohavefivehundredTVchannels.TopicPowerPerspectivePhysiologysafetyandBelongingnessAspectFrommaterialtospiritualKeywordsSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)HierarchicalstructureQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第八課的第一段：Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.I

13、nMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,KhmerstatuesinCambodia,andmagnificentziggurat-likestructuresincentralAfrica.TopicculturePerspectiveworldAspectFrommaterialaspectsKeywordsCulture,mythologies;Mayantemples,Incanmonuments,Celticc

14、airns,Khmerstatues,Ziggurat-likestructuresSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)InspatialorderQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第八課的第四段：Itislikelythatchangesintheforestoccurredoverdecadesandwouldhavebeendifficulttodetectimmediately.Anislandermighteasilyhavemissedthelong-termtrend,thinking:“Thisyearweclearedt

15、hosewoodsoverthere,buttreesarestartingtogrowbackagainoverhere.”Furthermore,anyislanderwhoissuedawarningagainsttheoncomingdisasterwouldhavebeensilencedbytherulingclass.Chiefs,priests,andstonecarversalldependedonthestatusquotoretaintheirpositionsandprivileges.TopiccivilizationPerspectiveEasterIslander

16、sAspectFromideatobehaviorKeywordsChange;Longtermtrend,warning,statusquoSkill(s)ByquotationandstatementMethod(s)ByclassificationQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandWhy第八課的第六段：Humanitymaynotactintimetopreventthedecimationoftherainforests,fossilfuels,arableland,andfisheries.Inonly40years,Ethiopiasforestc

17、overshrankfrom30%to1%.Duringthesametimeperiod,therestoftheworldlosthalfofitsrainforests.Powerfuldecision-makinggroupsignorethosewhosoundanalarm;theirpolitical,economic,andreligiousagendasfailtoaddresstheproblemofdisappearingnaturalresources.TopicdecimationPerspectivehumanityAspectFromideatobehavioro

18、rviceverse/frommaterialtospiritualaspectsKeywordsDecimation;(oftherainforests,fossilfuels,arableland,andfisheries)Skill(s)BystatisticsandstatementMethod(s)CauseandeffectQuestion(LogicRelationship)What-How-Why第八課的第八段：IfwearegoingtoavoidthefateoftheEasterIslanders,wemustchangethemythsthatareleadingust

19、owardextinctionandfindinspiringvisionsofaplausibleandappealingfuture.Theoldmythshavecollapsed,butnonewoneshaveemergedtofillthevacuum.Fortransformationtooccur,humanbeingsmustactivelyshapethefuture,anenterprisethatgoestotheheartofmythmaking.IfweareeachacellinwhatPeterRussellcalls“TheGlobalBrain,”thent

20、hisisanindividualaswellacollectiveventure.TopicMythsPerspectiveMythmakingAspectMythsKeywordsMyth-changing;oldmyths-collapsing,newmyths-emerging,future-shaping,mythmaking,venture,enterpriseSkill(s)BystatementMethod(s)ProblemandsolutionQuestion(LogicRelationship)What-Why-How第八課的第十二段：ButastheGrandNarra

21、tiveofProgresscametodominateothervaluesandviews,itcastamalignantshadow.Theinventionoftheautomobilewasthequintesseneeofprogress,butitleftovercrowdedhighways,airpollution,anddeforestationinitswake.Fertilizersincreasedcropproductionbutalsoincreasedthegrowthofalgaeinlakesandcanals.Thediscoveryofpowerful

22、insecticidesfirstgreetedwithenthusiasmandaNobelPrizewasfollowedbytheunintentionalpoisoningoffish,birds,andanimals.Nuclearpowerplantsincreasedavailableenergybutledtostorageproblems,life-threateningcontamination,andatleastoneaccidentwithworldwiderepercussions.Thewasteproductsoftechnologicallivingbegan

23、tochokegreatcitiesandfoulonce-pristinelands.AlthoughWesternhousing,clothing,andreligionwerebroughttoaboriginalpeople,andtherateofinfectiousdiseasewentdown,therateofalcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,andspouseandchildabusewentup.TopicShadowPerspectiveScieneeandsocietyAspectFromtechnologytosocietyKeywor

24、dsShadow;automobile,fertilizers,insecticides,nuclearpowerplants,wasteproducts,alcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,spouseandchildabuseSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)Byclassification:macro:hierarchicalstructure(fromleasttomost)micro:antithesis(frompositivetonegative)QuestionWhatandHow(LogicRelationship)第八課的第二

25、十五段：Thethirdprincipleistoidentifyreal-lifesituationsinwhichantagonistscanfindcommonground.Witharecognitionofthelimitationsoflinguisticexchange,postmodernistsurgethatgroups“pressbeyonddialogue.”Forexample,athletesandmusiciansfromallwalksoflifecangeneratesmoothandeffectiveteamsormusicalgroups.Business

26、executivesandscientistsfromconflictingbackgroundsareoftenabletoworktogethertogeneratemultinationalcorporationsandcooperativeresearchundertakings.TopicPrinciplePerspectiveSituationsAspectPressbeyonddialogue(nonverbalcommunication)KeywordsReallifesituation,commonground;pressbeyonddialogueSkill(s)Byexa

27、mpleMethod(s)Byantithesis:homogeneity(同質(zhì))andheterogeneity(異質(zhì))Question(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow二、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析第八課1-4段Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.InMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,Khmer

28、statuesinCambodia,andmagnificentziggurat-likestructuresincentralAfrica.EasterIsland,celebratedforthegiantstatuesleftbyitsvanishedcivilization,isuniqueinarchaeologybecauseofitsisolationfromitsneighbors.Currentarchaeologicalevidenceindicatesthatsome1,600yearsagotheislandsfirstsettlers,explorersfromPol

29、ynesia,foundthemselvesinapristineparadisewithsubtropicalforests,dozensofwildbirdspecies,andnopredators.Theymultipliedandprospered,distributingresourcesinamannerthatsuggestsasophisticatedeconomyandcomplexpoliticalsystem.Rivalclanserectedever-largerstatuesonplatforms,emulatingthestonecarvingsoftheirPo

30、lynesianforebears,tryingtosurpasseachotherwithdisplaysofpowerandwealth.Eventually,astheislandspopulationgrewto20,000people,theforestswerecutmorerapidlythantheyregenerated.Treesweretransformedintofuel,canoes,andhouses,aswellasrollersandropestotransportthegiganticstoneheads.Intime,theabsenceofwoodfors

31、eagoingcanoesreducedthefishcatches,whileerosionanddeforestationdiminishedcropyields.Thegrowingpopulaceconsumedthelocalbirdandanimalpopulations.Whentheislandcouldnolongerfeeditshumanpopulation,thepoliticalandreligiousoligarchythathaddirectedanddistributedthelocalresourcesbegantolanguish.Manyarchaeolo

32、gistsbelievetherulingclasswasoverthrownbywarriors.Intheensuingdisorder,clanfoughtclanfoughtclan,topplinganddesecratingeachothersstatues.WhentheEuropeansarrivedonEasterSunday,1772,theonce-fertileislandwasbarrenanddesolate.Itsremaininginhabitants,onlyafractionofthenumbersafewgenerationsearlier,werehei

33、rstoaonce-greatersocietythathaddegeneratedintoviolence,starvation,andcannibalism.Itislikelythatchangesintheforestoccurredoverdecadesandwouldhavebeendifficulttodetectimmediately.Anislandermighteasilyhavemissedthelong-termtrend,thinking:“Thisyearweclearedthosewoodsoverthere,buttreesarestartingtogrowba

34、ckagainoverhere.”Furthermore,anyislanderwhoissuedawarningagainsttheoncomingdisasterwouldhavebeensilencedbytherulingclass.Chiefs,priests,andstonecarversalldependedonthestatusquotoretaintheirpositionsandprivileges.PARAPerspective(pointofview)KeyWord(Document)Structure(Function)1WorldDisappearanee(ofva

35、nishedcivilization)Mayantemples,Incanmonuments,CelticWhat(phenomenacairns,Khmerstatues,Ziggurat-likestructures/situation)2EasterislandersPristineparadise(ofonce-flourishingcivilization)subtropicalforests,wildbirdspecies,nopredators,(sophisticated)economy,(complex)politicalsystemHow(example)3Easteris

36、landersBarrenanddesolateislandviolenee,starvation,cannibalismHow(example)4EasterislandersLong-termtrend(islandersthinking);Warning,statusquo(rulingclass)Why附：武漢大學(xué)博士研究生英語試題說明：所有答案均寫在答題紙上。用漢語正楷寫清自己的、學(xué)號(hào)、所在院糸及任課教師?？荚嚂r(shí)間為100分鐘。PartIDocumentalAnalysis20%Attention:Analyzethefollowingparagraphaccordingtother

37、equirementsofperspective,methodandskill,andquestions.ButastheGrandNarrativeofProgresscametodominateothervaluesandviews,itcastamalignantshadow.Theinventionoftheautomobilewasthequintessenceofprogress,butitleftovercrowdedhighways,airpollution,anddeforestationinitswake.Fertilizersincreasedcropproduction

38、butalsoincreasedthegrowthofalgaeinlakesandcanals.Thediscoveryofpowerfulinsecticides-firstgreetedwithenthusiasmandaNobelPrize-wasfollowedbytheunintentionalpoisoningoffish,birds,andanimals.Nuclearpowerplantsincreasedavailableenergybutledtostorageproblems,life-threateningcontamination,andatleastoneacci

39、dentwithworldwiderepercussions.Thewasteproductsoftechnologicallivingbegantochokegreatcitiesandfoulonce-pristinelands.AlthoughWesternhousing,clothing,andreligionwerebroughttoaboriginalpeople,andtherateofinfectiousdiseasewentdown,therateofalcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,andspouseandchildabusewentup.P

40、artIIArticleAnalysis15%Attention:Fillthechartaccordingtotherequirementsbasedonyourunderstandingofthefollowingarticle.YWeliveintimesthatareharshbutexciting,whereeveryoneagreesthatwearemovingtoanewlevelofcivilization.Principles,values,waysoflife,willnolongerbethesame;butasyetwearenotreallyreadyforthes

41、echanges;wearefacedwithinventingthefutureandalsobringingitintooperation,progressively;wemakeexperimentsandwefrequentlymakemistakes;butwearebeginningtoknowwhatwewantwhenwetalkofjustice,freedomanddemocracy.Thescientificandtechnologicalcommunityisdirectlyinvolvedinthequestionsthatarise.Followingthoseof

42、ourgeneration,thedemandsofyourgenerationwillcontinueuntiltheseaimshavebeenatleastpartiallyachieved.2.Theclosenessofscientificproblemstopoliticalproblemsissuchthatscientificworkersarenot,farfromit,protectedfromsocio-economicvicissitudes.Somuchsothattheysometimesexpressthesameneedsasallotherworkersand

43、jointheminthiscontext;buttheyalsocallforspecificmeasures.Likeeveryoneelseweneedfreedombutweespeciallyneedfreedomofexpressionforourscientificandtechnologicalideas;weneedthisevenifitisonlytoputthemforwardforcriticism.Wedontaskforanyparticularprivilegebutwewouldliketheeffortsmadetobeevaluatedattheiract

44、ualworth,intheinterestsofsociety.3Ifourfederationissoactiveinworkingforastatementoftherightsandresponsibilitiesofscientificworkers,itisbecausewewishtoresolvethisprobleminawayappropriatetomostcountries.4Soyouwillcertainlyplayanimportantpartinsociety,evenifthisisnotalwaysreadilyrecognizedbysociety,bec

45、ausescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeandexpertisearethecontextinwhichfutureeconomic,socialandpoliticalchangeswilltakeplace.Whateveryoudo,youcannotignorethemand,whateverissaid,societywillnotbeabletoignoreyou.Youwillalsohaveadecisiveparttoplay,andperhapsanevenmoredifficultone,inthescientificandtechn

46、ologicalcommunityitself.Thewholeextensionofthiscommunityanditsinteractionwithsocietyasawholeleadsscientificworkerstogetinvolvedinallpoliticaldebates,crisesanddecisions.Youwillhavetonotetheessentialdemandsofscienceassuch;itisnotsimplyamatterofprotectingsocietyfromunacceptableconsequences;onemustalsop

47、rotectscientificactivityfrompoliticalandfinancialmeddling.5Itisvitaltosafeguardthebasichonestyofscienee,thehonestythatisbasictoitsmethod.Whenever,inthehistoryofscienee,thishonestyhasbeensetaside,theconsequenceshavebeenserious.Iamnotspeakingmerelyofthesuicideordisgraceofanindividualbutofthesocialande

48、conomicdamagearisingfromsuchlapses.Thereareworsepossibilities:atatimewhenproblemsareincreasinglycomplex,witheverwideningpoliticalimplications,weneedsciencetobetechnicallydependableandsociallycredible.Inaworldofturbulence,sciencessavinggraceisnotsimplymaterialbutliesinitsrationality.PartIIIWriting25%

49、Attention:Writeanessayonthefollowingtopicwithsubstantialevidenceandgoodreasoning(e.g.inalinearway)inmorethan300words.HowtoWriteEnglishWellasaPhDCandidateOnMyClassExperiencePartI.DocumentalAnalysis20%Topic:Perspective(s):Method(s):Skill(s):Questions:3p12p1p4pPartII.ArticleAnalysisl5%CHART-FILLINGPARA.PERSPECTIVE(pointofview)KEYWORD(S)(document)STRUCTURE(function)1234.5topicInfluencepowerculturechangeperspectiveskillmethodsquestionsPeople-organizationexampleClassification(material-spiritual.個(gè)人到社會(huì)丿What-how3ptopicInfluenceLife(physiology丿Work(safety丿Pleasure(love