低碳經(jīng)濟【外文翻譯】

1、外文翻譯Low-carbon economyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA Low-Carbon Economy (LCE) or Low-Fossil-Fuel Economy (LFFE)1 is an economy which has a minimal output of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Recently, most of scie

2、ntific and public opinion has come to the conclusion there is such an accumulation of GHGs (especially CO2) in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic causes, that the climate is changing. The over-concentrations of these gases is producing global warming that affects long-term climate, with negative im

3、pacts on humanity in the foreseeable future.2 Globally implemented LCEs therefore, are proposed as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change, and as a precursor to the more advanced, zero-carbon society and renewable-energy economy.Rationale and aimsNations seek to become low-carbon economies as

4、a part of a national global warming mitigation strategy. A comprehensive strategy to manage global warming is carbon neutrality, geoengineering and adaptation to global warming.The aim of a LCE is to integrate all aspects of itself from its manufacturing, agriculture, transportation and power-genera

5、tion etc. around technologies that produce energy and materials with little GHG emission; and thus, around populations, buildings, machines and devices which use those energies and materials efficiently, and, dispose of or recycle its wastes so as to have a minimal output of GHGs. Furthermore, it ha

6、s been proposed that to make the transition to an LCE economically viable we would have to attribute a cost(per unit output) to GHGs through means such as emissions trading and/or a carbon tax.Some nations are presently low carbon: societies which are not heavily industrialised or populated. In orde

7、r to avoid climate change on a global level, all nations considered carbon intensive societies and societies which are heavily populated might have to become zero-carbon societies and economies. Several of these countries have pledged to cut their emissions by 100% via offsetting emissions rather th

8、an ceasing all emissions (carbon neutrality); in other words, emitting will not cease but will continue and will be offset to a different geographical area.Energy policyA countrys energy policy will be immediately impacted by a transition toward a low-carbon economy. Advisory bodies and techno-econo

9、mic modelling (such as the POLES energy model) can be used by governments and NGOs in order to study transition pathways.Nuclear power, or, the proposed strategies of carbon capture and storage (CCS) have been proposed as the primary means to achieve a LCE while continuing to exploit non-renewable r

10、esources; there is concern, however, with the matter of spent-nuclear-fuel storage, security and the uncertainty of costs and time needed to successfully implement CCS worldwide and with guarantees that the stored emissions will not leak into the biosphere. Alternatively, many have proposed renewabl

11、e energy should be the main basis of a LCE, but, they have their associated problems of high-cost and inefficiency; this is changing, however, since investment and production have been growing significantly in recent times.3 Furthermore, regardless of the effect to the biosphere by GHG emissions, th

12、e growing issue of peak oil may also be reason enough for a transition to an LCE.See also: Low carbon dietFoodstuffs should be produced as close as possible to the final consumers (preferably within walking/cycling distance). This will reduce the amount of carbon-based energy necessary to transport

13、the foodstuffs. Consumers can also buy fresh food rather than processed food, since carbon-based energy might be used to process the food. Cooking presents another opportunity to conserve energy. Energy could be saved if farmers produced more foods that people would eat raw.weasel wordscitation need

14、edAlso, most of the agricultural facilities in the developed world are mechanized due to rural electrification. Rural electrification has produced significant productivity gains, but it also uses a lot of energy. For this and other reasons (such as transport costs) in a low-carbon society, rural are

15、as would need available supplies of renewably produced electricity.citation needed Irrigation can be one of the main components of an agricultural facilitys energy consumption. In parts of California it can be up to 90%.4 In the low carbon economy, irrigation equipment will be maintained and continu

16、ally updated and farms will use less irrigation water.CropsDifferent crops require different amounts of energy input. For example, glasshouse crops, irrigated crops, and orchards require a lot of energy to maintain, while row crops and field crops don as much maintenance. Those glasshouse and irriga

17、ted crops that do exist will incorporate the following improvements:5LivestockLivestock operations can also use a lot of energy depending on how they are run. Feed lots use animal feed made from corn, soybeans, and other crops. Energy must be expended to produce these crops, process and transport th

18、em. Free-range animals find their own vegetation to feed on. The farmer may expend energy to take care of that vegetation, but not nearly as much as the farmer who grows cereal and oil-seed crops.Many livestock operations currently use a lot of energy to water their livestock. In the low-carbon econ

19、omy, such operations will use more water conservation methods such as rainwater collection, water cisterns, etc. and they will also pump/distribute that water with on-site renewable energy sources (most likely wind and solar).Due to rural electrification, most agricultural facilities in the develope

20、d world use a lot of electricity. In a low-carbon economy, farms will be run and equipped to allow for greater energy efficiency. The dairy industry, for example, will incorporate the following changes:5 Irrigated Dairy ? chemical substitute for hot water washHunting and FishingFishing is quite ener

21、gy intensive. Improvements such as heat recovery on refrigeration and trawl net technology will be common in the low-carbon economy.5dead linkForestryMain article: Wood economyIn the low-carbon economy, forestry operations will be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Forest managers will ma

22、ke sure that they do not disturb soil based carbon reserves too much. Specialized tree farms will be the main source of material for many products. Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations in order to maximize output.6 MiningMain article: Gas flareFlaring and venting of natural

23、 gas in oil wells is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Its contribution to greenhouse gases has declined by three-quarters in absolute terms since a peak in the 1970s of approximately 110 million metric tons/year and now accounts for about 1/2 of one percent of all anthropogenic carb

24、on dioxide emissions.7 The World Bank estimates that 100 billion cubic meters of natural gas are flared or vented annually, an amount equivalent to the combined annual gas consumption of Germany and France, twice the annual gas consumption of Africa, three quarters of Russian gas exports, or enough

25、to supply the entire world with gas for 20 days. This flaring is highly concentrated: 10 countries account for 75% of emissions, and twenty for 90%.8 The largest flaring operations occur in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The leading contributors to gas flaring are (in declining order): Nigeria,

26、Russia, Iran, Algeria, Mexico, Venezuela, Indonesia, and the United States.9RetailRetail operations in the low-carbon economy will have several new features. One will be high efficiency lighting such as compact fluorescent, halogen, and eventually LED light sources. Many retail stores will also feat

27、ure roof-top solar panel arrays. These make sense because solar panels produce the most energy during the daytime and during the summer. These are the same times that electricity is the most expensive and also the same times that stores use the most electricity.10 Transportation Services? More energ

28、y efficiency and alternative propulsion:o Increased focus on fuel efficient vehicle shapes and configurations, with more vehicle electrification, particularly through plug-in hybrids.o More alternative and flex-fuel vehicles (based on local conditions and availability) o Driver training for more fue

29、l efficiency.o Low carbon-biofuels cellulosic (biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol ) o Petroleum fuel surcharges will be a more significant part of consumer costs. ? Less international trade of physical objects, despite more overall trade (as measure by value of goods)? Greater use of marine and elect

30、ric rail transport, less use of air and truck transport.?Increased bicycle and public transport usage, less reliance on private motor vehicles.?More pipeline capacity for common fluid commodities such as water, ethanol, butanol,natural gas, petroleum, and hydrogen (in addition to gasoline and diesel

31、).See 111213Health ServicesThere have been some moves to investigate the ways and extent to which health systems contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and how they may need to change to become part of a low-carbon world. The Sustainable Development Unit14 of the NHS in the UK is one of the first of

32、ficial bodies to have been set up in this area, whilst organisations such as the Campaign for Greener Healthcare 15 are also producing influential changes at a clinical level. This work includes? Quantification of where the health services emissions stem from.? Information on the environmental impac

33、ts of alternative models of treatment and service provisionSome of the suggested changes needed are:? Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices (e.g. in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment).? A shift from focusing solely on cure to

34、prevention, through the promotion of healthier, lower carbon lifestyles, e.g. diets lower in red meat and dairy products, walking or cycling wherever possible, better town planning to encourage more outdoor lifestyles.? Improving public transport and liftsharing options for transport to and from hos

35、pitals and clinics.Initial stepsInternationally, the most prominent early step in the direction of a low-carbon economy was the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, which came into force on February 16, 2005, under which most industrialized countries committed to reduce their carbon emissions.1617 Importa

36、ntly, all member nations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development except the United States have ratified the protocol.CountriesCosta RicaCosta Rica sources much of its energy needs from renewables and is undertaking reforestation projects. In 2007 the Costa Rican government anno

37、unced the commitment for Costa Rica to become the first carbon neutral country by 2021.181920IcelandMain article: Renewable energy in IcelandIceland began utilising renewable energy early in the 20th century and so since has been a low-carbon economy. However since dramatic economic growth, Icelands

38、 emissions have increased significantly per capita. As of 2009, Iceland energy is sourced from mostly geothermal energy and hydropower, renewable energy in Iceland, and since 1999, has provided over 70% of the nations primary energy and 99.9% of Icelands electricity.21 As a result of this, Icelands

39、carbon emissions per capita are 62% lower than those of the United States22 despite using more primary energy per capita,23 due to the fact that it is renewable and thus limitless and costs Icelanders almost nothing. Iceland seeks carbon neutrality and expects to use 100% renewable energy by 2050 by

40、 generating hydrogen fuel from renewable energy sources.AustraliaMain article: Renewable energy in AustraliaAustralia has implemented schemes to start the transition to a low carbon economy but carbon neutrality has not been mentioned and since the introduction of such scheme emissions have increase

41、d. The current government has mentioned the concept but has done little and has pledged to lower emissions by 5-15%. In 2001, The Howard Government introduced a Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) scheme. In 2007, the Government revised the MRET - 20 per cent of Australias electricity supply to

42、 come from renewable energy sources by 2020. In 2009, the Rudd Government will legislate a short-term emissions reduction target, another revision to the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target as well as an emissions trading scheme. Renewable energy sources provide 8-10% of the nations energy and this fi

43、gure will increase significantly in the coming years. However coal dependence and exporting conflicts with the concept of Australia as a low-carbon economy. Carbon neutral businesses have received no incentive; they have voluntarily done so. Carbon offset companies offer assessments based on life cy

44、cle impacts to businesses that seek carbon neutrality. The Carbon Reduction Institute is one such offset provider, that has produced a Low Carbon Directory to promote a low carbon economy in Australia.New ZealandChinaMain article: Renewable energy in ChinaIn China, the city of Dongtan is to be built

45、 to produce zero net greenhouse gas emissions.24 Chinese State Council has announced its aim to cut Chinas carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by 40%-45% in 2020 from 2005 levels.25SwedenOil phase-out in SwedenUnited KingdomIn the United Kingdom, the Climate Change Act outlining a framework for

46、the transition to a low-carbon economy became law on November 26, 2008. This legislation requires a 80% cut in the UKs carbon emissions by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels), with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020.26 Thus, the UK became the first country to set such a long-range and

47、significant carbon reduction target into law.A meeting at the Royal Society on 17 T8 November 2008 concluded that an integrated approach, making best use of all available technologies is required to move towards a low carbon future. It was suggested by participants that it would be possible to move

48、to a low carbon economy within a few decades, but that urgent and sustained action is needed on several fronts.27United StatesLow Carbon Economy Act of 2007.28譯文低碳經(jīng)濟從維基百科，免費的百科全書一個低碳經(jīng)濟（現(xiàn)狀）或Low-Fossil-Fuel經(jīng)濟（LFFE）1是一種經(jīng)濟具有最小輸出的溫室 氣體排放的溫室氣體（進入生物圈，但具體指的溫室氣體二氧化碳。最近，大多數(shù)科學(xué)和輿論已 得出的結(jié)論有這樣一種累積的GHGs（特別是在大氣中二氧化碳

49、由于人為造成的氣候變化，。這些氣體的不得造成中國生產(chǎn)的全球變暖的影響，長期氣候有負面影響人類在可預(yù)見的將來。2,因此全球?qū)嵤┈F(xiàn)狀提出的手段來避免災(zāi)難性的氣候變化，并為先導(dǎo)，以更先進的技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟和社會 renewable-energy zero-carbon。原理和目標(biāo)國家尋求成為低碳經(jīng)濟作為全球變暖的一個組成部分緩解策略。一個全面的策略管理全球變暖是碳中和，geoengineering和適應(yīng)全球變暖。這個目的是整合各方面的現(xiàn)狀，從其制造的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、交通運輸、發(fā)電等技術(shù)，生產(chǎn)能源,周圍的小溫室氣體排放材料 ；因此，圍繞人口、建筑、機械、設(shè)備和材料的使用這些能量效率、 處分或回收的廢物，以便有一個

50、最小輸出的GHGs。再者，它已經(jīng)提議做轉(zhuǎn)變到經(jīng)濟可行的現(xiàn) 狀,我們將不得不屬性的成本（每單位產(chǎn)出）等方式GHGs通過排放交易和/或碳排放稅。一些國家目前低碳：社會不重工業(yè)化或居住。為了避免氣候變化對全球水平上，所有的國家和社會的碳密集社會認為是人口密集的可能要成為zero-carbon社會和經(jīng)濟。這些國家的承諾減少溫室氣體的排放100%通過抵消排放的溫室氣體的排放，而不是終止一切（碳中和）;換句t目兌，散發(fā)出不會停止，但仍將繼續(xù)，將抵消到不同的地理區(qū)域。能源政策，一個國家的能源政策將被立即受到了向低碳經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型。咨詢機構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)的造型（如兩極能量模式，可用于由政府和非政府組織為了研究轉(zhuǎn)型

51、路徑。核能，或者,該策略的碳采集和存儲技術(shù) （CCS已經(jīng)提議為主要手段，實現(xiàn)在繼續(xù)開發(fā)現(xiàn)狀 是不可再生資源，值得關(guān)注的是，然而,spent-nuclear-fuel的存儲、安全及不確定性的成本和時 間的成功實施CCS所需全球和保證存儲的排放量將不會泄漏進入生物圈。另外，許多人提出的可再生能源應(yīng)主要依據(jù)現(xiàn)狀的，但是，他們有關(guān)聯(lián)的高成本和效率低下的問題，這是變化的，然而,從投資、生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)日益明顯，在最近的幾次。3再者，不管效果由溫室氣體的排放，生物 圈成長問題的“峰值石油”也可能會有足夠的理由為過渡到一個現(xiàn)狀。低碳飲食食品應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能靠近最終消費者（最好步行或騎車的距離）。這將減少碳能源的必要的運輸

52、食品。消費者還可以買到新鮮的食物，而不是食品加工、自碳能源可以用來加工食品。烹飪禮物一次機會節(jié)省能源。如果農(nóng)民能節(jié)省能源生產(chǎn)更多的食物，人們會吃生的。同時，大部分的設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)達國家是由于農(nóng)村電氣化。農(nóng)村電氣化建設(shè)產(chǎn)生了顯 著的生產(chǎn)率增長，但它也需要大量的能量。為了這一個，也為了別的原因（如運輸成本）在一個低，農(nóng)村社會需要提供電力供應(yīng)。引用可再生生物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)所需 灌溉可以是一個組件的農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施的能源消耗。在加利福尼亞的可高達90%。4在低碳經(jīng)濟、灌溉設(shè)備將保持與不斷更新和農(nóng)場使用較少的灌溉用水。作物不同的作物需要大量的能量輸入。 例如，溫室作物的灌溉農(nóng)作物，和果園，需要大量的能量 來維持，而排

53、農(nóng)作物和農(nóng)作物不需要太多的維修費用。灌溉作物，這些溫室，確實存在將下列改善家畜家畜操作也可以使用大量的精力取決于他們都跑了。使用動物飼料喂養(yǎng)很多是從玉米、大豆和其它作物。能量產(chǎn)生這些農(nóng)作物、過程和運輸。由動物找到自己的植物上。農(nóng)夫會耗費精力照顧 植被，但不是幾乎一樣多的農(nóng)夫，生長oil-seed谷類作物。許多牲畜操作使用大量的精力去水飼養(yǎng)牲畜。在低碳經(jīng)濟，這些行動將會使用更多的水保育方法如雨水收集，水，等等，他們將貯水池的水也泵/分發(fā)和現(xiàn)場可再生能源（最可能的風(fēng)能 和太陽能）。由于農(nóng)村電氣化，大多數(shù)發(fā)達國家農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施的使用大量的電力。在一個低碳經(jīng)濟、農(nóng)場 才能運行和裝備，以便更多的能源使用效率。

54、乳品行業(yè)，例如，將下面白變化5。狩獵、捕魚為生。釣魚是相當(dāng)能源密集的。例如熱回收在制冷拖網(wǎng)科技（深圳）有限公司將在低碳經(jīng)濟。5鏈接林業(yè)主要內(nèi)容：木經(jīng)濟在低碳經(jīng)濟、林業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)將集中在低強度的實踐和再生。森林經(jīng)理將確保他們不要打擾土壤碳儲量為基礎(chǔ)的太多了。將專業(yè)林場的主要來源為許多產(chǎn)品的材料?？焖俪墒鞓鋾砷L短品種輪換為了最大化產(chǎn)出6。開采主要內(nèi)容：燃氣光斑異形寬尾墩挑流和排氣天然氣油井的重要來源是溫室氣體的排放。為減少溫室氣體的排放，四分之三的絕對值 1970年代以來的峰值大約 110萬公噸/年,現(xiàn)在占1 / 2的百分之一的所 有人為的二氧化碳排放量。7世界銀行估計100億立方米的天然氣，每年有喇叭形或排放相 等的全年瓦斯用量的兩倍 俄國和法國一年一度的瓦斯用量非洲，四分之三的俄羅斯天然氣出口，或足以供應(yīng)整個世界與天然氣為20天。這個閃耀是高度集中：10個國家占75%的排放，二十為90%。8最大操作發(fā)生在泄流尼日爾三角洲地區(qū)白尼日利亞。氣體的主要因素是（按順序泄流）:尼日利亞、俄羅斯、伊朗、阿爾及利亞、墨西哥、委內(nèi)瑞拉、印尼、美國 9。零售零售業(yè)務(wù)，在低碳經(jīng)濟會有一些新的特點。你將高效率照明，如螢光燈泡、鹵素，并最終導(dǎo)致的光源。許多零售商店都將太陽能電池板陣列屋頂上都有些什么。這些是很有道理的，因為太陽能生產(chǎn)最能量在白天 ，在夏天的時候。這些都是相同的時代，電是最貴的，也是同樣的時