托?；A(chǔ)語(yǔ)法

1、托?；A(chǔ)語(yǔ)法 國(guó)外部 史月 什么是語(yǔ)法 (Grammar)？語(yǔ)言的章法課程安排宏觀寫作閱讀微觀7333七種句子成分三種句子類型三大類從句三種特殊句型句子的七種成分句子的七種成分主謂賓定狀補(bǔ)同位語(yǔ)句子的核心謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)什么詞性可以作謂語(yǔ)？一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的個(gè)數(shù)？造句：有許多同學(xué)都想出國(guó)有there be許多同學(xué)many students都想出國(guó)want to go abroad.There are many students want to go abroad. There are many students wanting to go abroad. There are many studen

2、ts who want to go abroad. 造句廣告類作文在許多地方性的報(bào)紙和國(guó)家發(fā)行的報(bào)紙上都有關(guān)于假期的廣告和信息。地方性的local 國(guó)家的 nationalThere are advertisements and information about holidays on many local and national newspapers.Many local and national newspapers carry advertisements and information about holidays.時(shí) 態(tài) 動(dòng)詞在不同時(shí)間下的“變態(tài)”一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在doam

3、/is/are doinghave /has donehave/has been doing過去didwas/were doinghad doneX將來will dowill be doingwill have doneX過去將來XXXX一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)目前存在的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)太空探索是崇高的理想。Space exploration is a high ideal.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)2. 經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、習(xí)慣網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)只提供了與機(jī)器的交流。E-learning; interactionE-learning only provide interactions with a machine.E-learning

4、only provides interactions with a machine.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)3. 客觀真理、客觀存在哥倫布證明了地球是圓的。Columbus proved that the earth was round.Columbus proved that the earth is round.一般過去時(shí)態(tài)表示在過去時(shí)間里發(fā)生過的事情。主語(yǔ)+ v過去式一般過去時(shí)態(tài)大眾以往只從包括報(bào)紙、雜志、電視、收音機(jī)等傳統(tǒng)媒體中獲取信息。used to obtainthe public ；traditional mediaThe public used to obtain information

5、merely from traditional media, including newspaper, magazines, TV and radio.一般過去時(shí)態(tài)It is high/about time that did 現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候了現(xiàn)在是電子書籍完全取代紙質(zhì)書籍的時(shí)候了。It is about time that electronic books completely replaced paper books.現(xiàn)在是政府和普通市民聯(lián)合起來保護(hù)日益惡化的環(huán)境的時(shí)候了。join together/ join hand in hand / deteriorating It is high ti

6、me that the government and common people joined hand in hand to protect the deteriorating environment.一般將來時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的事情shall/will + v.be going to/ be about to一般將來時(shí) 地球有一天將會(huì)不適合人類居住。be suitable for Mankind / human beingsThe earth will not be suitable for mankind to live one day.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.表示此時(shí)此刻或當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在 發(fā)生的

7、事情。be + doing現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)成百上千萬人都在掙扎，只為了可以度日。Millions of people are struggling simply to live from day to day.新的媒體正在出現(xiàn)New media are showing up.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)2.go,come,leave,arrive,return(去來離到)等動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將要發(fā)生的、計(jì)劃好、安排好的事情。You are going to Britain next year.He is arriving at 10 p.m.Im leaving for Beijing.造句如果我們忽視環(huán)境保

8、護(hù)，全球性的生態(tài)危機(jī)就快到了。come/approach / ecological crisis / neglectA global ecological crisis is approaching, if we neglect environmental protection.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)過去發(fā)生，已經(jīng)完成，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響have/has + done區(qū)別： I loved him. I have loved him.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)在研究人類長(zhǎng)壽的問題上，醫(yī)生已經(jīng)取得很大的進(jìn)展。Doctors have made a great breakthrough in human longevity.過

9、去完成時(shí)態(tài)過去的過去！Had done在電視機(jī)發(fā)明之前，廣播是最主要的交流工具。Radio had been the most important communication tool before TV was invented.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：be + done為了保護(hù)公民的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)，人們?cè)诜泵Φ某擎?zhèn)安裝攝像頭Install / cameraPeople install the cameras in the busy downtown, in order to protect the citizens life and property.Cameras are in

10、stalled in busy downtowns in order to protect citizens life and property.主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)名詞代詞動(dòng)名詞不定式名詞性從句 主語(yǔ)從句名詞作主語(yǔ)一些城市貌似比其他的城市擁有更好的教育。貌似seem to have更好的教育better educationSome cities seem to have better education than others.一些城市，地區(qū)和國(guó)家貌似比其他的地區(qū)和國(guó)家擁有更好的教育。Some towns, cities, regions and countries seem to have bette

11、r education than others.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)同其他孩子在一起并且分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蚴购⒆痈猩缃荒芰?。同其他孩子在一起spend time with other children分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)share experiences使孩子更有社交能力make children more sociableSpending time with other children and sharing experiences can make children more sociable.不定式作為主語(yǔ)在工作有壓力時(shí)，保持冷靜是很重要的。保持冷靜 keep calmIt is important to k

12、eep calm while working under pressure.Keeping calm while working under pressure is important.To keep calm while working under pressure is important.主語(yǔ)從句作為主語(yǔ)X 讓我吃驚。X shocked me.X：She used to be a man.That she used to be a man shocked me.賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)名詞代詞動(dòng)名詞不定式名詞性從句 賓語(yǔ)從句問題：找賓語(yǔ)沒有人能否人這一事實(shí):教育是人生最重要的一方面.No one can

13、 deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.定 語(yǔ)修飾成分定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ) “的”修飾名詞形容詞貝多芬是一個(gè)天生的音樂家。Beethoven is a natural musician.名詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)前置規(guī)律：名詞短語(yǔ) N1 + N2中心詞永遠(yuǎn)是最后一個(gè)名詞N2前面的名詞N1作為定語(yǔ)。Eg.a table clotha college student有關(guān) Of 的那點(diǎn)事ofprep.“的”of 前后連接名詞短語(yǔ)規(guī)律：the + N1 + of + N2 中 of 的理解方法N1是普通名詞

14、，則 of 結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成：N2的N12) N1是動(dòng)詞V1變來的名詞，且V1與N2為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則 of 結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成：對(duì)N2的N1of 前后連接名詞短語(yǔ)the beauty of nature the protection of nature the book of the teacherthe criticism of the teacher the screen of the computerthe screening of harmful information介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)穿裙子的男人The man in the skirt is Xiao Shenyang.不定式作定語(yǔ)The old pr

15、ovide the young with enough money to spend.n + (to do)每個(gè)人，不論男女，都有在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的同等機(jī)會(huì)。不論男女male or femaleEveryone, male or female, has equal opportunities to study in universities.從句作定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句 “的”定語(yǔ)從句Any teacher would be dismissed instantly.Any teacher who hit children would be dismissed instantly.Teacher hit chi

16、ldren. who狀語(yǔ)作用：修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，或者整個(gè)句子可以作為狀語(yǔ)的詞：副詞介詞短語(yǔ)（介賓）動(dòng)詞不定式分詞從句副詞做狀語(yǔ)他們通常會(huì)比其他的孩子更有自信。通常generallyThey are generally more confident than other children.介賓結(jié)構(gòu)這一周以來，我都感覺我有點(diǎn)病了。這一周以來for a weekI have been feeling slightly ill for a week.動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)我到這里來，是為了和你說再見。I come here only to say good-bye to you.為了趕上第一輛公車，他跑的很

17、快。He ran very fast in order to catch the first bus.We saw a flower show, walking through the park.We saw a flower show.We walked through the park.We saw a flower show, when we walked through the park.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)閱讀重要句法：S + V , v-ing S + V , v-ed 第一種變化：V-ing , S + V V-ed , S + V 分詞作狀語(yǔ)第二種變化：Conj. + v-ing ,

18、 S + V Conj. + v-ed , S + V Walking through the park, we saw a flower show.When walking through the park, we saw a flower show.Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.If seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.分詞作狀語(yǔ)從句做狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句是行使?fàn)钫Z(yǔ)功能的從句，其作用相當(dāng)于副詞，因此也稱為副詞性從句。在觀眾享受賽馬或者斗牛的時(shí)候，動(dòng)物們?cè)谠馐芡纯?。賽馬h

19、orse racing斗牛 bull fighting受苦 sufferWhen the audience enjoy horse racing or bull fighting, the animals are suffering狀語(yǔ)從句種類：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句比較狀語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)一個(gè)名詞/ 或其它形式,對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾，限定或說明，這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)名詞代詞數(shù)詞形容詞名詞詞組或分詞詞有明確引導(dǎo)詞的同位語(yǔ)名詞充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)He wrote a biography of the Russia

20、n writer Tolstoy.You girls are much more active than us boys.This is Professor Baker, head of our department.They are staying at Miami, a summer resort in Florida.We completed the project in six months, half the usual time.代詞充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)We both came from Australia.The theory itself is all right.We each put

21、 forward a proposal.They none of them said anything.She seemed different from us all.數(shù)詞充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)Is there room for us two?You three sit here.Another example is John Brown, now 66, who has been here for 40 years.形容詞充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished visitors.Middle-aged, tall

22、and thin, he used to be a famous singer.名詞詞組或分詞詞組充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)Mary, normally a timid girl, argued with them about it.It has several waiting rooms, filled with chairs and sofas.Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer.有明確引導(dǎo)詞的同位語(yǔ)They visit eight European countries, for example, London and Paris.New Ze

23、aland possesses rich mineral deposits, including gold.The children like animals, particularly the panda.I like all the kids, especially Lester.I like only one boy, namely George.He is a cutter, that is to say , a man who sells knives and sharp tools.1. 主+謂2. 主+謂+賓3. 主+謂+雙賓4. 主+謂+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)5. 主+系+表簡(jiǎn)單句句式句子冗

24、長(zhǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜經(jīng)常作為出題點(diǎn)閱讀長(zhǎng)難句特點(diǎn)快速讀出主謂賓理解一些特殊句型讀懂句子在上下文中的作用怎樣才能真正理解長(zhǎng)難句？他看書。困倦的他在看書。一夜沒睡的困倦的他在看一本發(fā)黃的舊書?？吭谏嘲l(fā)上，沒有血色的嘴唇上叨著一支不知什么時(shí)候早已經(jīng)熄滅的雪茄煙，一夜沒睡的他目光呆滯地借助一盞忽明忽亮的搖曳的油燈絕望地在無精打采地看著一本發(fā)黃了的、但卻保存得頗為完整的現(xiàn)在市面上很難買到的名叫準(zhǔn)備英語(yǔ)考試的你能讀懂這句不僅無聊之極而且無恥之極的話么？的舊書?？吭谏嘲l(fā)上，沒有血色的嘴唇上叨著一支不知什么時(shí)候早已經(jīng)熄滅的雪茄煙，一夜沒睡的他目光呆滯地借助一盞忽明忽亮的搖曳的油燈絕望地在無精打采地看著一本發(fā)黃了的、但卻

25、保存得頗為完整的現(xiàn)在市面上很難買到的名叫準(zhǔn)備英語(yǔ)考試的你能讀懂這句不僅無聊之極而且無恥之極的話么？的舊書。句子分類簡(jiǎn)單句并列句復(fù)合句 （三大從句）句子分類規(guī)律：句子的分類判斷只有一套主謂關(guān)系簡(jiǎn)單句。有兩套主謂關(guān)系，中間用and/or/but/so 連接并列句。有兩套或以上主謂關(guān)系，句子之間用that/if /wh- 等引導(dǎo)詞連接復(fù)合句。動(dòng)詞的各種形式：動(dòng)詞原形v.動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)vs動(dòng)詞過去式v-ed動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞v-ing動(dòng)詞過去分詞v-ed動(dòng)詞不定式to do/(to) do怎樣找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?一定是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞形式： 動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù) am / is / are / was / were 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can / may / must 怎樣找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?一定不是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞形式： 不定式 to do 獨(dú)立存在的現(xiàn)在分詞 v-ing 獨(dú)立存在的過去分詞 v-ed可能是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞形式： 動(dòng)詞原形 v. v-ed （過去式）怎樣找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?A world rise in allergies