實驗動物眼科檢查術語

1、GlossaryofMedicalTerms-OphthalmologyAberration券bereijen：Distortions,relatedtoastigmatism,thatcausetheinabilityoflightraysenteringtheeyetoconverge(cometogether)toasinglefocuspointontheretina.Aberrationaredividedintotwomaincategories:higher-orderandlower-order.變型：畸變，與散光有關，由于進入眼睛的光線不能在視網(wǎng)膜上形成單聚焦點。變型被劃分成

2、二個主要類別：高位和下位Adnexa:Accessorystructuresoftheeye,includingtheeyelids,lacrimalapparatus,etc.眼的附屬器官包括眼瞼和淚器等AK:AstigmaticKeratotomy散光角膜切開術,modifiedformofRadialKeratotomy(RK).近視矯正術Amblyopia券mbeupie：Dullnessorobscurityofsightfornoapparentorganicreason,thereforenotcorrectablewithglassesorsurgery.Sometimesca

3、lledalazyeye,whereinoneeyebecomesdependentontheothereyetofocus,usuallydevelopedinearlychildhood.Oftenassociatedwithstrabismus.弱視：非器質(zhì)性的視力模糊和遲鈍，因此不能通過戴眼鏡或手術實施矯正。又叫l(wèi)azyeye單眼的聚焦一般依賴于另一眼的聚焦，通常發(fā)生在兒童時期。一般與斜視有關聯(lián)。Amslergrid:Handheldchartfeaturinghorizontalandverticallines,usuallywhiteonblackbackground,usedto

4、testforcentralvisualfielddefects.阿姆斯勒方格表常用于檢查中心視力缺陷Angle:Drainageareaoftheeyeformedbetweenthecorneaandthe唾，namedforitsangularshape,whichiswhyyouseethewordangleinthedifferentglaucomanames.在評估不同青光眼時使用，體現(xiàn)角膜和虹膜間的角度Anisometropia:Conditionoftheeyesinwhichtheyhaveunequalrefractivepower.屈光不等Anteriorchamber:

5、Spacebetweenthecorneaandthecrystallinelens,whichcontainsaqueoushumor.前房，位于角膜和晶體之間Anteriorocularsegment:Partoftheeyeanteriortothecrystallinelens,includingthecornea,anteriorchamber,irandciliarybody.Aphakia:Absenceofthelensoftheeye.無晶狀體Aqueous血詞humor:Transparentfluidoccupyingtheanteriorchamberandmainta

6、inseyepressure.房水：前房內(nèi)透明的液體，維持眼壓ARMD:agerelatedmaculardegeneration:年齡相關性黃斑退行性病變Destructionandlossofthephotoreceptorsinthemacularegionoftheretinaresultingindecreasedcentralvisionand,inadvancedcases,blindness.視網(wǎng)膜黃斑區(qū)光感受區(qū)破壞和缺失導致中心視力下降并漸漸失明Asthenopia:Eyestrain.眼疲勞AstigmaticKeratotomy(AK):Treatsastigmatism

7、byflatteningthecorneawitharc-shapedincisionsinitsperiphery,similartoRK.散光角膜切開術、近視矯正術Astigmatism9stigm9tiz9m:Structuraldefectsoftheeyeinwhichthelightraysfromaviewedobjectdonotmeetinasinglefocalpoint,resultinginblurredimagesbeingsenttothebrain.Astigmatismismostoftencombinedwithmyopiaorhyperopia.散光：光線不

8、能聚焦于一點造成視線模糊Axis:Optical-astraightlinethroughthecentersofbothsurfacesofalens.Visual-astraightlinefromtheobjectofvisiontothefoveaoftheeye.眼中軸/視線軸BCVA:Bestcorrectedvisualacuity.視力Bestcorrectedvisualacuity(BCVA):Bestpossiblevisionapersoncanachievewithcorrectivelenses,measuredintermsofSnellenlinesonaney

9、echart.Beta-carotene:Memberofthecarotinoidfamilyofvitamins,aprecursortovitaminA,thoughttobebeneficialtotheeyes,helpfulintreatingdiseasessuchasglaucoma.B胡蘿卜素Blepharitisblefraitis:Inflamationoftheeyelids,acommonproblemwhichtendstobereoccuringinnature.眼瞼炎Blindspot:Theareaoftheopticdiskwheretheopticnerv

10、efibersexittheeyeandwheretherearenolight-sensitivecells.Thissmallareacanbemeasuredandinglaucoma,asthenervefibersdie,theblindspottendstoenlargeandelongate.Thisisoneofthediagnostichallmarksofglaucoma.視覺盲點：視盤區(qū)，視神經(jīng)匯集區(qū)沒有感光細胞。青光眼的視覺盲點會由于視神經(jīng)的死亡而擴大青光眼的特征性病變Bowmansmembrane:Extremelythinsecondlayerofthecornea

11、,situatedbetweentheepitheliumandstroma,thoughttoberesponsibleforepitheliumadhesion前彈性層(角膜非常薄的第二層），位于角膜上皮層和基質(zhì)層之間，便于上皮層附著。CarunclekrAqkl:Small,redportionofthecorneroftheeyethatcontainsmodifiedsebaceousandsweatglands.肉冠：眼角小而紅色的肉球，包含皮脂腺和汗腺Cataract作血e佞kt：Gradualcloudingofthecrystallinelensresultinginredu

12、cedvisionoreventualblindness,correctablebycataractsurgery.白內(nèi)障晶狀體漸進性云霧狀變化導致視力喪失Choroid憶丁前membrane:Dark,vascular,thinskin-liketissue,situatedbetweenthescleraandtheretina,formingthemiddlecoatoftheeye.Thechoroidmembranenourishestheouterportionsoftheretinaandabsorbsexcesslight.脈絡膜：鞏膜和視網(wǎng)膜之間的一層薄的暗色的分布有血管的膜

13、。脈絡膜滋養(yǎng)著視網(wǎng)膜部分同時吸收過度的光線。Chronic:Oflongduration,goingonforsometime.Closedangleglaucoma:Glaucomaconditionsoccurringsuddenly(acute).閉角型青光眼急性突然發(fā)生的青光眼Ciliary怡可body:Partoftheeyethatconnectsthechoroidmembranetotheir.Producesaqueoushumorthatfillsthefrontpartoftheeyeandmaintainseyepressure.睫狀體：脈絡膜和虹膜的鏈接部，并產(chǎn)生房水

14、充實眼前房和維持眼壓。Ciliarymuscle:Muscleattachedtothecrystallinejensresponsibleforfocus(thesameasciliarybody,butusedinadifferentcontext).睫狀?。焊街诰铙w上的肌肉，主要用于眼球的聚焦Colorblindness:Inaccuratetermforalackofperceptualsensitivitytocertaincolors.Absolutecolorblindnessisalmostunknown.色盲Colorvision:Abilitytoperceivedif

15、ferencesincolor,includinghue,saturationandbrightness.色視覺，具有分辨不同色彩的視力ConductiveKeratoplasty(CK):Procedureinwhicharadiofrequencyprobe,ratherthanalaser,isusedtoreshapethecornea傳導式角膜成型術Coneskunz:Oneofthetwotypesoflight-sensitivecells,concentratedinthecenteroftheretina(alsoseerods).Thereareabout6.5millio

16、nconesineacheye-150,000conesineverysquaremillimeter-responsiblefordetailedvisualacuityandtheabilitytoseeincolor.錐細胞：光感細胞的一種，集中分布在視網(wǎng)膜中心，作用于視覺分辨和彩色分辨Conjunctiva作nd3AqktaiV9:Mucousmembraneliningtheinnersurfaceoftheeyelidsandcoveringthefrontpartofthesclera(whitepartofeye),responsibleforkeepingtheeyemois

17、t.結(jié)膜：忖在眼球內(nèi)表面的組織膜且覆蓋在眼前部鞏膜，保存眼球濕潤Conjunctivitis灼nd3AnktiVaitiS：Inflammationorirritationoftheconjunctiva.Symptomscanbepresentinjustoneeye,oritcanaffectbotheyesandincluderednessoftheeyesortheedgesoftheeyelids,swellingoftheeyelidsoritching.結(jié)膜炎：紅眼或眼瞼邊緣發(fā)紅，眼瞼腫脹或發(fā)癢。Cornea憶：nq：Transparenttissuethatformsthefr

18、ontpartoftheeyeball,coveringtheirandpupil.Thecorneaisthefirstpartoftheeyethatbends(orrefracts)thelightandprovidesmostofthefocusingpower.角膜Cornealcurvature:Shapeofthefrontoftheeye.角膜曲率Cornealmapping,topography:Atoolusedtoseetherefractiveproblemsthatmightbepresentinthecornea.Cornealtopographyisusednot

19、onlyforscreeningallpatientsbeforerefractivesurgerylikeLASIKbutalsoforfittingcontacts.角膜地形圖Crystallinelens:Doubleconvex,transparentpartoftheeye,locatedbehindtheirandinfrontofthevitreousbody.Servesinconjunctionwiththecorneatorefractincomingraysoflightontotheretina.晶狀體：眼內(nèi)雙凸的透明部件，位于虹膜和玻璃體之間。與角膜一起將光線折射到視

20、網(wǎng)膜上。Detachedretina:Aretinaldetachmentoccurswhentheretinaispulledawayfromitsnormalpositioninthebackoftheeye.視網(wǎng)膜脫落DiabetestypeI(IDDM):Insulindependent,resultingfromdestructionoftheinsulinproducingpancreaticisletcells胰島素依賴的I型糖尿病DiabetestypeII(NIDDM):Non-insulindependent,resultingfromtissueresistancetoi

21、nsulin非胰島素依賴的II型糖尿病Diabeticretinopathy:Deteriorationofretinalbloodvesselsindiabeticpatients,possiblyleadingtovisionloss.視網(wǎng)膜血管退化所致的糖尿病型視網(wǎng)膜病變Dilated,dilation:Enlargmentofthepupil(spaceinthemiddleoftheiris).散瞳Diopter或申怡：Unitofmeasureoftherefractivepowerofanopticallens(equaltothepowerofalenswithafocaldi

22、stanceofonemeter).Anegativedioptervalue(suchas-3D)signifiesaneyewithmyopiaandpositivedioptervalue(suchas+3D)signifiesaneyewithhyperopia.屈光度Diplopia:Conditioninwhichasingleobjectisperceivedastwo;alsocalleddoublevision.復視，視一為二Divergence:Turningoftheeyesoutwardssothattheyarebothaimedtowardstheobjectbei

23、ngviewed.Normallyworksinharmonywithconvergence.Dryeye:Acommonconditionthatoccurswhentheeyesdonotproduceenoughtearstokeeptheeyemoistandcomfortable.干眼癥Endotheliumend9Uei:li9m：Cellulartissuethatcoverstheinnersurfaceoftheeyewithintheclosedcavity,typicallyreferringtothecornea.內(nèi)皮細胞Epitheliumepiei:li9m：Cel

24、lulartissuethatcoverstheoutersurfaceoftheeye.Consistsofoneorseverallayersofcellswithonlylittleintercellularmaterial.上皮細胞Esophoriaes9f9uri9：Positionoftheeyesinanover-convergedpositioncompensatedbytheexternaleyemusclessothattheeyesdonotappearturnedinward.內(nèi)隱斜視：眼位有向內(nèi)偏斜的傾向，平時可用矯正性融合反射來控制，不出現(xiàn)斜位，并能保持雙眼單視。E

25、sotropiaies9utr9upi9：Positionoftheeyesinanover-convergedpositionsothatnon-fixatingeyeisturnedinward.Oneeyelooksstraight;onelooksinward.內(nèi)斜視：一眼或兩眼的瞳孔經(jīng)常向中間傾斜。通稱對眼或斗眼。Exophoriaeks9f9uri9：Positionoftheeyesinanover-divergedpositioncompensatedbytheexternaleyemusclessothattheeyesdonotappearturnedoutward.外隱斜

26、視Exotropiaeks9tr9upi9：Positionoftheeyesinanover-divergedpositionsothatnon-fixatingeyeisturnedoutward.Oneeyelooksstraightaheadandoneturnsoutward.外斜視Extraocularekstr90kj9l9muscles:Sixmusclesthatcontroleyemovement.Fiveoriginatefromthebackoftheorbit;theotheroneoriginatesfromthelowerrimoftheorbit.Fourmov

27、etheeyeup,down,leftandright,theothertwocontrolthetwistingmotionoftheeyewhentheheadtilts.Allsixmusclesworkinunison;whentheydonotfunctionproperly,theconditioniscalledstrabismusstr9bizm9s-眼外?。貉矍蜻\動有6個肌肉參與；5個來自于眼窩背部，另一個來自于眼窩下部；其中4個控制上下左右運動，另2個在頭部傾斜時扭轉(zhuǎn)眼球。當肌肉協(xié)調(diào)出現(xiàn)問題就產(chǎn)生斜視。Eyelid:Eitheroftwomovable,protective

28、,foldsoffleshthatcoveranduncoverthefrontoftheeyeball.眼瞼FFarsighted:Commontermforhyperopiahaip9r9upi9.遠視Fieldofvision:Entireareawhichcanbeseenwithoutshiftingthegaze.視野Flashes&floaters:Lightspotsorstreaksanddarkmovingspecksduetothevitreoustractionontheretinal(lightflashes)andsolidvitreousmaterialorblo

29、od(floaters).閃光和漂浮物Fluorescein?。簮u前nangiography妙4耳如殉：Diagnostictestbywhichtheveinsdeepinsidetheeyeareexamined.Dyeisinjectedintoaveininthearmandcirculatedbythebloodtothebackoftheeye,allowingforvisualexamination.熒光血管造影術Fovea血山詒:Smalldepressionintheretina,thepointwherevisionismostacute.視網(wǎng)膜中央凹FundusfAnde

30、s：Furthestpointatthebackoftheeye,consistingoftheretina,choroidmembrane,sclera,opticdiscandbloodvessels,seenbymeansoftheophthalmoscope陽帥辛keup眼基底部，包括視網(wǎng)膜、脈絡膜和鞏膜、視乳頭/視盤和血管，一般檢眼鏡實施檢查GGhostimage:Faintsecondimageoftheobjectyouareviewing.鬼像/重像Giantpapillaryconjunctivitis:Typeofconjunctivitiswhereinbumpsorri

31、dgesformontheinsideofeyelids,whichmakewearingcontactlensesuncomfortable;infact,thisconditionisoftencausedbyoverwearingofcertaincontactlenses巨乳頭性結(jié)膜炎（CPC）上瞼結(jié)膜的非感染性免疫性炎癥反應Glare別：Scatterfrombrightlightthatdecreasesvision.晃眼，光線太亮造成視力下降Glaucomagl0：k9um9：Painlessdiseaseoftheeyecharacterizedbyincreasedpress

32、urewithin;青光眼，眼內(nèi)壓升高所致的非疼痛性疾病；Gonioscopy:Viewingprocedureutilizingamirror/lensdeviceplaceddirectlyuponthecorneathatisusedtoviewthedrainageareacalledtheanglethroughwhichaqueousfluidexitstheeyeball.前房角鏡檢查HHalosheiieu：Ringsaroundlightsduetoopticalimperfectionsin,orinfrontof,theeye.光暈/光圈Haze阮園：Cornealclo

33、udingthatcausesthesensationoflookingthroughsmokeorfog.角膜混濁，云霧狀感Heterophoriahet9r9fo:ri9：Constanttendencyofoneeyetodeviateinoneoranotherdirectionduetoimperfectbalanceofocularmuscles.隱斜視：潛在性眼位偏斜，但能在融合反射控制下保持雙眼單視，以強制兩眼球保持在正位而不顯出偏斜，一旦大腦融合作用遭到阻斷（如一眼被遮蓋時）或失去控制（如在過度使用目力或精神疲勞時），眼位偏斜就會表現(xiàn)出來。Hyperopia:istheina

34、bilitytoseenearobjectsasclearlyasdistantobjects,andtheneedforaccommodationtoseedistantobjectsclearly.遠視Myopia陰怡皿：Alsocallednearsightednessorshortsightedness,theinabilitytoseedistantobjectsasclearlyasnearobjects.近視Hypoxiahaipoksi9：Deficiencyofoxygensupplytoatissue.組織缺氧Intracapsularcataractsurgery:Cat

35、aractsurgeryinwhichboththelensandcapsulearecompletelyremoved,ararelyusedprocedure.Intraocularlensimplant(IOL):Permanent,artificiallenssurgicallyinsertedinsidetheeyetoreplacethecrystallinelensfollowingcataractsurgeryorclearlensextraction.Intraocularpressure(IOP):Fluidpressurewithintheeyecreatedbythec

36、ontinualproductionanddrainageofaqueousfluidintheanteriorchamber.眼內(nèi)壓Iridotomy“出怡耐：Treatmentforclosed-angleglaucoma虹膜切開術，用于治療閉角青光眼Irisairis:Coloredpartoftheeye.Elastic,pigmented,musculartissueinfrontofthecrystallinelensthatregulatestheamountoflightthatenterstheeyebyadjustingthesizeofthepupilinthecente

37、r.虹膜，晶體前有彈性的有色的肌肉組織，通過調(diào)節(jié)瞳孔大小來控制光線進入。Ischemia頤響：Restrictionorblockageofbloodflowthroughabloodvessel.Ischemiaisacausativeagentofcertainheartattacksandstrokesandisinvolvedinvarioustypesofvisualfieldlosses.局部缺血Keratitisker9taitis：Inflammationofthecornea角膜炎Keratoconusker9t9uk9u門夬：Whichmeanscone-shapedcor

38、nea,isdiseaseinwhichthecorneaslowlythinsandprotrudesforward.Rare,serious,degenerativecornealdisease,inwhichthecorneathinsandassumestheshapeofacone.圓錐形角膜Keratomileusis:Carvingofthecorneatoreshapeit.屈光性角膜成型術Keratoplastyker9t9uplsti：Surgicalreshapingofthecornea.角膜成型術Keratectomyker9tekt9mi：Surgicalremov

39、alofcornealtissue.角膜切除術Keratotomyker9t0t9mi:Surgicalincision(cut)ofthecornea角膜切開術Lacrimal口券krimiapparatus:Partoftheeyethatproducestears.淚器Lazyeye:Amblyopia,aneyeconditionnotedbyreducedvisionnotcorrectablebyglassesorcontactlensesandisnotduetoanyeyedisease.弱視LidHdspeculumSpekjUl9m：Asurgicaltoolthathol

40、dstheeyelidsopenandwhichallowsthesurgeontogainaccesstotheeyewithminimalpressureontheglobe.開眼器Limbalrelaxingincisions(LRI):Smallincisionsplacedonthefarperipheralaspectofthecornearesultinginacorneathatismoreround,forcorrectingastigmatism.角膜緣環(huán)切術Limbus口仙夬：Thinareathatconnectsthecorneaandthesclera.角膜緣Mac

41、ula論帥間：Yellowspotontheretina,wherethephotoreceptorsaremostdenseandresponsibleforthecentralvision.Hasthegreatestconcentrationofcones,responsibleforvisualacuityandtheabilitytoseeincolor.黃斑，視網(wǎng)膜上感光細胞最密集的區(qū)域Macularedema:Collectionoffluidinandunderthemacularportionoftheretina.黃斑水腫Maculardegeneration:Diseas

42、eofthemacula,whichresultsinthelossofcentralvision.黃斑變性Miosis詬怡曲可：Pupillaryconstriction.瞳孔縮小Mydriasismidrai9sis:Pupillarydilation.散瞳，瞳孔放大Neovascularization:Oftenassociatedwithdiabetes,involvestheformationofnewbloodvessels,oftenfragileandinappropriateforthelocation.新血管再生，常與糖尿病癥有關Nervefibers/axons:Exte

43、nsionsofphotoreceptorsthatformthenervebundlethatiscalledtheopticnerve.Normalvision:Occurswhenlightisfocuseddirectlyontheretinaratherthaninfrontorbehindit.Ocularherpes:Arecurrentviralinfectioncausedbytheherpessimplexvirus.OcularherpesrepresentsthemostcommoninfectiouscauseofcornealblindnessintheUnited

44、States.眼皰疹：多發(fā)性單純皰疹病毒感染，常導致角膜盲；系病毒侵犯三叉神經(jīng)眼支，疼痛劇烈Ocularhypertension:Elevatedfluidpressure.Thenormalpressureisabout10to21mmHg,withthemajorityofpeoplefallingbetween13and19.Over21isconsideredsuspicious.Over24cautiouslyconcerned-warrantingimmediateinvestigation.Over30isconsideredurgentandapotentialemergenc

45、ysituation.高眼壓OD/oculusdextrum:Abbreviationstandingforrighteye右眼OS/oculussinistrum:Abbreviationstandingforlefteye左眼ONH/Opticnerve,opticnervehead:.Abundleofnervefibersaboutthediameterofpencilthatpassesthroughthebackoftheeyeball,andconnectstothenervefiberlayeroftheretina.Itcanbeobserveddirectlywithoph

46、thalmoscope.視木申經(jīng)乳頭Openangleglaucomagl0：k9um9：Glaucomaconditionsoflongduration(chronic).開角青光眼(慢性)Ophthalmologist0felm0l9d3ist:Anophthalmologistiseitheramedicaldoctor(MD)oranosteopathicphysician(D.O.)whoisqualifiedandespeciallytrainedtodiagnoseandtreatalleyeandvisualsystemproblems,bothmedicallyandsurg

47、ically,aswellasdiagnosegeneraldiseasesofthebody.OphthalmoscopeOfelm9sk9up:Instrumentusedtoexaminetheinterioroftheeye:itconsistsofaperforatedmirrorarrangedtoreflectlightfromasmallbulbintotheeye.檢眼鏡Ophthalmoscopyofelmosk9pi:Examinationoftheinternalstructuresoftheeyeusinganilluminationandmagnifications

48、ystem.檢眼鏡檢測Opticdisc:Theheadoftheopticnervethatisformedbythemeetingofallretinalnervefibers.視乳頭Opticnerve:Bundleofnervefibersthatconnecttheretinawiththebrain.Theopticnervecarriessignalsoflighttotheareaofthebraincalledthevisualcortex,whichassemblesthesignalsintoimagescalledvision.視神經(jīng)Orbithbit:Boneysoc

49、ketcontainingtheeyeball,fat,extraocularmuscles,nervesandbloodvessels.眼窩Orthokeratology（OK）:Non-surgicalprocedureusingcontactlensestoaltertheshapeofthecorneatoeffectachangeintherefractiveerror.角膜矯正術（非手術性）Pachymeter:Instrumentthatmeasuresthedistancebetweenthetopofthecornealepitheliumandthebottomofthec

50、ornealendotheliumusedasdiagnostictestingdevicemeasuringforcornealthickness.角膜厚度測量Papilledemappilidi:m:Non-inflammatoryswelling/elevationoftheopticnerveoftenduetoincreasedintracranialpressureorspace-occupyingtumor.視神經(jīng)乳頭水腫：由于顱內(nèi)壓升高或占位性腫瘤造成視神經(jīng)非炎癥性腫脹PD:Usedonprescriptionstoindicatethedistancebetweenthepu

51、pilsofbotheyes.瞳間距Pellucidmarginaldegeneration（PMD）:isaconditionwherebythelowercorneabecomesthinnerandtheopticsurfaceofthecorneabecomesirregularandthevisionbecomesblurry.Abilateral,noninflammatory,peripheralcornealthinningdisorder,whichischaracterizedbyaperipheralbandofthinningoftheinferiorcornea.透明

52、邊緣角膜變性：對稱性非炎癥性外周角膜厚度異常Photophobiaif9ut9f9ubi9：Sensitivitytolight.畏光，恐光癥Photoreceptors:Microscopiclight-sensitivecellsthatarelocatedintheretinacalledrodsandcones.Thereareapproximately7millionconesand125millionrods光感受細胞：視桿細胞和視錐細胞Pingecula:Irritationcauseddegenerationoftheconjunctivaresultinginathicken

53、ingandyellowingofthenormallythintransparenttissue.黃斑結(jié)膜是一些良性兼淡黃色東西生長在眼結(jié)膜表面；由于眼刺激造成結(jié)膜變性，是結(jié)膜增厚發(fā)黃；Pinkeye:Typeofconjunctivitis,commonlyseeninchildren.紅眼，傳染性角膜炎，常見于小孩Posteriorcapsule:Thethinmembraneintheeyethatholdsthecrystallinelensinplace.晶狀體囊后部Posteriorchamber:Thebacksectionoftheeyesinterior.后房Posteri

54、oropticalsegment:Partoftheeyeposterior(behind)tothecrystallinelens,includingthevitreous,choroidretinaandopticnerve.Posteriorpstie詞Vitreous“怕夬Detachmentgrt券tjment(PVD):Separationofthevitreousbodyfromitsattachmentfromtheretinalsurfaceduetoshrinkagefromdegenerativeorinflammatoryconditionsortrauma.Anage

55、-relatedcondition.玻璃體后脫離，年齡相關性Presbyopia:Inabilitytomaintainaclearimage(focus)asobjectsaremovedcloser.Presbyopiaisduetoreducedelasticityofthelenswithincreasingage.老化眼，遠視Punctalocclusion:Treatmentfordryeyeinwhichplugsareinsertedintothepunctuminordertoretainlubricatingtearsnaturallyproducedbytheeye.點封

56、閉Punctum:Theholeintheupperandlowereyelidsthroughwhichtearsexittheeye.Inpatientswithdryeyes,temporaryorpermanentplugsmaybeinsertedtohelpkeeptearsintheeye.Tearsflowthroughthepunctumtothenose,whichiswhypeopleoftenexperiencearunnynosewhencrying.淚斑點Pupil伽:亦Blackcircularopeninginthecenterofirthroughwhichl

57、ightpassesintothecrystallinelens.Itchangessizeinresponsetohowmuchlightisbeingreceivedbytheeye,largerindimlightingconditionsandsmallerinbrighterlightingconditions.瞳孔，調(diào)節(jié)光線進入，暗視野內(nèi)瞳孔放大，強光刺激瞳孔縮小Pupillaryresponse:Constrictionanddilationofthepupilduetostimulationbylightoraccommodation.瞳孔反射Retina丫前詞：Layerof

58、finesensorytissuethatlinestheinsidewalloftheeye,composedoflightsensitivecellsknownasrodsandcones.Actslikethefilminacameratocaptureimages,transformstheimagesintoelectricalsignals,andsendsthesignalstothebrainbywayoftheopticnerve.視網(wǎng)膜RetinalDetachment:Conditionwhereinretinabreaksawayfromthechoroidmembra

59、ne,causingittolosenourishmentandresultinginlossofvisionunlesssuccessfullysurgicallyrepaired.視網(wǎng)膜脫落：視網(wǎng)膜脫離了脈絡膜從而失去營養(yǎng)供應，導致視力缺損Rodsrad/pd：Oneofthetwotypesoflight-sensitivecells,locatedprimarilyinthesideareasoftheretina(alsoseecones).Thereareabout125millionrods,whichareresponsibleforvisualsensitivitytomov

60、ement,shapes,lightanddark(blackandwhite)andtheabilitytoseeindimlight.光桿細胞：對運動、形狀、光的黑白度以及暗光的反應Routineeyeexam:Totesttheoverallconditionoftheeyeandprescribecorrectivemeasuressuchasglasses,contactlensesorLASIK.Schirmertest:Testfordryeyes,whichusesathinstripoffilterpaperplacedattheedgeoftheeye.淚試驗，測試紙放在眼