普通化學(xué)(全英文)教學(xué)大綱

1、普通化學(xué)（全英文）教學(xué)大綱SyllabusforGeneralChemistry(I)ClassWebpage: HYPERLINK /m_netteacher/gfzheng/teaching.html /m_netteacher/gfzheng/teaching.html1Introduction(Chapter13)1.1Elements,compounds,andmixtures1.2Atoms,moleculesandions1.3SIunitsandconvertingunits1.4Extensiveandintensiveproperties1.5Amountofsubstan

2、ce1.6Lawofconservationofmatter1.7MassrelationshipsinchemicalreactionsBalancingthechemicalreactionLimitingreactantsEmpiricalformulaElectronicStructuresandthePeriodicTable(Chapter78)Atomicstructure,IsotopeTheperiodictable.Maingroups,metalsandnon-metals.s-block,p-block,d-blockelementsElectroncloudandAt

3、omicorbitalsElectronconfigurations.4quantumnumbers:n,l,m,ms.Picturesoftheorbitals:s,px,py,pz.Howtofillelectronsindifferentorbitals.Beabletodrawtheelectronconfigurationofthefirst20elements.Unpairedelectrons,Spin,ParamagneticandDiamagnetismComparingtheatomicorbitalswithBohrsmodelofatoms(Classicalbutin

4、correct)Electronsstates.Eachstateisrelatedtospecificenergy.e-willtransitbetweenstateswhenabsorbing/givingoffenergy,inaformof“l(fā)ight”.Groundstate,Excitedstates,thefirstexcitedstate.Energyof“l(fā)ight”:relationshipamongwavelength,frequency,andphotonsenergy.AbsorptionspectrumandEmissionspectrum.Redshiftandb

5、lueshift.MaterialscolorAtomicandionicradiiIonizationenergy:thefirst,second,.ionizationenergyElectronaffinity(Notehereweuseadifferentdefinitionoftheelectronaffinity)fromthetexExothermicandEndothermicreactionsChemicalBonds,ValenceBond,andMolecularShape(Chapter9)ValenceelectronsIonicbondCovalentbondLew

6、isstructures.Octetrule.Single,double,andtriplebonds.Bondorder,bondlength,andbondenergy:Beabletocalculatetheheatofareactionfromthegivenbondenergies.Lonepairelectrons,Coordinatebond.BeabletowriteLewisstructuresofcommonmolecules.Exceptionoftheoctetrule:morethan8e-;fewerthan8e-;oddnumberofe-.Resonancest

7、ructures.FormalchargesawaytoselectthemosteffectiveLewisstructure(s).FailureofLewisstructure:octetruleexception;resonancestructure;paramagnetismElectronegativityNonpolarandpolarcovalentbondsValenceBond(VB)method.Definitionofthevalencebondmethod.obondandnbondHowobondandnbondaremadefroms,px,py,pzorbita

8、ls?Howobondandnbondrelatetosingle/double/triplebonds?Hybridorbitals(onlyappliedtocentralatoms):sp,sp2,sp3,sp3dBondangleandtheshapeofmoleculesCis-andTrans-isomerism(sp2hybrid)VSEPRmethod:predicttheelectronpairshapesandmolecularshapesHowtocalculatethehybridtypeofthecentralatom(s)Howtoarrangelonepairel

9、ectronsandbondingelectronsAdvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheVBmethod3.8Moleculespolarity:sumofallbondsdipoles3.9Briefintroductiontoorganicmolecules4MolecularOrbital(MO)Method(Chapter10)IntroductiontotheMOmethodBonding,Antibonding,andNonbondingMOs.obondandnbondCompare“obondandnbond”inVBmethodandinMOmeth

10、odBondorders,unpairedelectronsCompare“Bondorder”definitionsinLewisstructure,VB,andMOmethodCompare“Lonepairelectrons”inLewisstructure,VB,andMOmethodPredictthestabilityofmolecules/ionsPredictparamagnetism/diamagnetismofamolecule4.3Homonucleardiatomicmolecules(1stand2ndperiodelements)4.4Heteronucleardi

11、atomicmolecules4.5.Conjugatednbondandelectrondelocalization.BeabletojudgewhetheramoleculehasaconjugatednbondDrawthemolecularshape,andjudgethep-orbitalsandp-electrons.Calculatethenmn4.6HOMOandLUMO4.7Bandtheoryofbondinginsolids:Valenceband,conductionband,bandgapMetal,semiconductorandinsulatorInter-mol

12、ecularinteractionsvanderWaalsinteraction:polarvs.nonpolarmoleculesHydrogenbondBondenergy:chemicalbondhydrogenbondvanderWaalsinteractionRelationshipofInter-molecularinteractionswithMelting,boilingpoint,hardnessHydrophobicandhydrophilicinteraction4.9Introductiontoproteinsandnucleicacids.Aminoacid-Pept

13、ide-Protein:whichinteractionsareinvolvedineachstep?.Oligonucleotide-SinglestrandDNA-DoublestrandDNA:whichinteractions?5AcidsandBases(Chapter15,16.116.4)5.1TheBronsted-Lowrydefinitions(H+,OH-transfer)Strongacid(base)andWeakacid(base)Conjugatedacid-basepairNoteineachacid-basereactions,therearetwoconju

14、gatedacid-basepairsPoly-proticacid(base),andamphotericsubstance5.2Lewisacid-basedefinition(transferoflonepairelectronstoanemptyorbital)Ionproductofwater,Kw=H3O+xOH-=10-14(25oC)Kwisaconstantinallaqueoussolution(underaconstanttemperature).H3O+10-7MTacidic;H3O+=10-7MTneutral;H3O+10-5M?.weakacidonlyCons

15、idertheKa1only(forpoly-proticacid)IfC.丿K100TH3O+=1(C.dxK)acida3acidaIfC.丿K100Tneedtosolvethequadraticequationacida.onestrongacid+oneweakacidLetthestrongaciddissociatecompletelyfirst,andthensetupthe“ICE”equationoftheweakacidsdissociation.oneweakacid+itsconjugatedbase(itisabuffer!)Inabuffer:H3O+=Kax(C

16、acid/Cbase)3aacidbase.oneacid+onebaseLettheacid-basereactiongointocompletionfirst.(Needtofindoutthelimitingreactants!)Thentheremainingspecieswillbelongtooneofthepreviouscategories.CalculationofOH-inbasesolution(s)Hydrolysisofsalt.Howtoquicklyjudgewhetherasaltisacidic,neutralorbasic.CalculatethepHval

17、ueofasaltsolutionBuffersolutionsNoteforagoodbuffer,itsacid/baseratioshouldbe0.110.Titration.Titrationcurve:useastrongbasetotitrateastrongacid.Titrationcurve:useastrongbasetotitrateaweakacidOutlineforGeneralChemistry(II)6ASolution(Chapter4)1class6.1Solute,solvent,andsolution6.2Solubility(S)andmolarit

18、y(C)Solubility:#gramsofsolute/100gsolvent;Molarity:#molesofsolute/1LsolutionBeabletoconvertbetweensolubilityandmolarityofagivensolution6.3ElectrolyteStrongelectrolyte:fullydissociateintocationsandanionsinsolutionormeltWeakelectrolyte:partiallydissociate(withadissociationfactorbetween01),andmajorityr

19、emainsasmolecules6.4Acid,base,andsaltNotethat“insolublesalt”isstillastrongelectrolyte6.5Reaction/calculationbetweenionsinsolution(a)Watersolubilityofdifferentacids,basesandsalts(b)Findoutthelimitingreactantsforcalculation6.6Ionicequation6BPrecipitate(Chapter16.516.8)1class6.7Solubilityproduct:.Ksp=c

20、ationmxanionn,(wherem,narecoefficientsofionsintheprecipitatesspdissociationreaction).Convertbetweensolubilityproduct(Ksp)andsolubility(S)PredictthesolubilityformationComparethemagnitudeofionproduct,cationmxanionn,withtheKsp.cationmxanionnundersaturatedsolution,Noprecipitate.cationmxanionn=Ksp-satura

21、tedsolution,Starttoprecipitate.cationmxanionnKsp-Oversaturatedsolution,PrecipitateisformedThecommonioneffectCalculationofionconcentrationsinsolutionWhenmorethanoneprecipitatecanbeformed,whichonewillprecipitatefirst?Whenthe2ndprecipitatestartstoform,whatistheremainingionconcentrationforthe1stion?7.Ox

22、idation-ReductionReaction(Chapter11)2classOxidationnumbers(Oxidationstate)RulesforassigningtheoxidationnumberApplythe5stepsinorder7.3OxidationnumbersandtheperiodictableHighestpossibleoxidationnumber=#ofitsvalencee-s;Lowestpossibleoxidationnumber=#ofe-sneededtogainforanoctet7.4Oxidation-reductionreac

23、tion.Anyoxidationnumberchange-Red-oxreaction.Oxidationhalf-reaction(forReducingagent):Oxidation#f,losee-s,beingoxidized.Reductionhalf-reaction(forOxidizingagent):Oxidation#J,gaine-s,beingreducedBalancetheRed-oxreactions(Half-reactionmethod)Findoutspeciesthatareoxidizedorreduced(basedontheiroxidation

24、#s);Balanceeachhalfreaction;Ifinabasicsolution,addOH-toeachsidetoneutralizeH+;Doublechecktheconservationofmassandcharges8ChangesinStates(Chapter5,12,13.513.7)3classes8.1.StateofMattersGas,liquid,andsolid8.2GasandIdealGas2assumptionsfortheidealgasmolecules:(1)nomoleculesize;(2)nointermolecularinterac

25、tionIdealgaslaw:PV=nRTSelectthecorrectvalueforthegasconstantR,basedontheunits.8.4AvogadroslawsameT&P,1moleofanyidealgasoccupiesthesamevolume;Standardtemperatureandpressure,1moleofanyidealgastakes22.4liter.8.5Molefraction(X.):Xi=ni/ntotal=Pi/Ptotal=Vi/VtotaliitotalitotalitotalNotethaatllthenshereonly

26、includegasspeciesPartialpressure(PJ:pressureofagascomponent訐itsolelyoccupiesthewholevolumePttl=PA+PB+P.totalABiP.=PttlxX.itotali8.7Partialvolume(Vi):VolumeofagascomponentunderTandPtotalVtotal=VA+VB+VitotalABiPixVtotal=PtotalxViitotaltotali8.8Phase,Phasechange,andPhaseequilibrium(a)Liquidevaporationa

27、ndthevaporpressureEstimatetherelativemagnitudeofdifferentmoleculesvaporpressure,basedontheirmolecularstructures.ChangeofthevaporpressurewithT:ln(P2/PJ=AHyap/R(1/T21/TJBoilingtemperature(Tb):Tb,vaporpressure=1atmMelting&Freezingcurves:Understandthemolecularviewofmelting&freezingprocess:Whythetemperat

28、uredoesnotincreasewhenasolidmelts,oraliquidboils?Whyaliquidcangolowerthanitsfreezingpointbeforeitfreezes?Sublimation&deposition8.9PhasediagramsUnderstandthemeaningofdifferentzones,linesandpointsinaphasediagramBeabletouseaphasediagramtoexplaindifferentphenomena8.10Twoadditionalconcentrationrepresenta

29、tion:Molality(m):#ofsolutemolespersolventmassinkgMolefraction(X):percentageofmoles(betweensoluteandsolvent)Colligativeproperties:onlydependonthenumberofsoluteparticles(a).VaporpressureloweringRaoultslawUnderstandthereasonofvaporpressureloweringfrommolecularpointofviewFornonvolatilesolute:P=P,xX;AP=P

30、,xX,0,solventsolvent0,solventsoluteFortwovolatilecomponents:Ptotal=P1,0 xX1+P2,0 xX2Calculatetheratiosoftwovolatilecomponentsinbothliquidandgasphasestheonewithhighervaporpressurewillbeenrichedinthegasphase-Distillation(b)(c)(d)Boilingpointelevation:IncreaseofTb:ATb=Tb-Tb=Kbxm；(Kisaconstantforthesolv

31、ent,misthemolalityofsolute)UsingtheboilingpointelevationtocalculatethesolutesMolarmass.FreezingpointdepresstionOsmoticpressureDecreaseofTf:ATf=TfTf=Kfxm;(Kfisaconstantforthesolvent,misthemolalityofsolute)n=C.*R*TsoluteUsingtheosmoticpressuretocalculatethesolutesMolarmass.1classSummaryandExerciseClas

32、s#3MidtermExam1class9ChemicalThermodynamicsandThermochemistry(Chapter6)4classes9.1System,surroundings,anduniverseSystem+Surroundings=UniverseOpensystem,Closedsystem,Isolatedsystem9.2StateandStatefunctionStatefunctions:changesthatonlydependsontheinitialstateandthefinalstate,notonthepathofchanges.Inte

33、rnalenergyandInternalenergychange(U,AU).Heat(Q)andWork(W)theyareNOTstatefunctions!Q=nC*(Tfinal-Tinitial)，whereC(CporCJisthemolarheatcapacityThermodynamicsFirstLaw:AU=QW(a)SignsofAU,Q,andW(b)Calculationofthevolumework(i.e.expansion,compression)Underconstantexternalpressure(P):W=PAVexexUndervacuum(P=0

34、)：W=0AV=0ex9.4EnthalpyandEnthalpychange(H,AH)RelationshipbetweenAHandAU:AH=AU+AnRTgas9.5ThermalChemicalEquationAHandQ(heat)areextensiveproperties,andrelatetomolesofareaction.Exothermic(q0):AH0;Endothermic(q0HessLawWhenareactioncanbewrittenascombinationofafewotherreactions,thosethermodynamicstatefunc

35、tions,(e.g.AU,AH,AS,AG,K)canbeexpressedascorrespondingcombination.Howtofindoutthecombinationcoefficientsofdifferentsub-reactions?9.7StandardStates(XoT):Forapuresolidorliquid-theyarestandardstates,concentration=1Foragas-Standardstates:P.】=1atmpartialForanioninsolution-Standardstates:ion=1MIfnon-stand

36、ardstates,weneedtoconvert,e.g.AGT=AGoT+RlnQ9.8CalculationofAH-Usingtheenthalpyofformation(AHfo):AHo=工(AHfoproducts)-S(AHforeactants).Usingtheenthalpyofcombustion(AHco):AHo=工(AHcoreactants)(AHcoproducts).Usingthebondenergy(BE.):AHo=z(BE.陶訕丿KBEproduct9.9EntropyandEntropyChange(S,AS)Factorsthataffecten

37、tropy:Stateofmatter,Temperature,Pressure,Molecularweight,molecularsymmetry.Qualitatively,訐gasmolecules#fTASf(c)ASo=z(Soproducts)-z(Soreactants)9.10ThermodynamicsSecondLaw:AS=AS+AS0isolatedsystemsurroundingsAS0Tspontaneous;AS=0Tequilibrium;AS0-spontaneous;AG=0-equilibrium;AGnon-spontaneousQualitative

38、estimationofreactiondirection(bysignsofAHandAS)AH0-spontaneousallTAH0,ASnon-spontaneousallTAH0,ASspontaneouslowT(T0,AS0-spontaneoushighT(TAH/AS)CalculationofAG298k：AG298K=乞(AGf,298Kproducts)E(AGf,298Kreactants).CalculationofAGTo：AGoT=AHo298KT-ASo298K,(assumeAH,ASarenottemperaturedependent).Calculati

39、onofAGfromAGo：AGT=AGoT+RTlnQ,(Q=products/reactants)9.12ThermodynamicsThirdLaw：forallmaterials,S0K=010ChemicalEquilibrium(Chapter14,17)3classes10.1Introductiontochemicalequilibrium10.2.Equilibriumconstants(K)Konlydependsontemperature!10.3CalculationsinvolvingequilibriumSetupthechemicalequationwith“ICE”(initial,change,andequilibrium)concentrations,pressures,ormole