定語和定語從句

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)定語和定語從句 山東淄博一中 任大中定語從句貫穿每份高考試卷，是復習重點。由于它是定語的一種形式，復習應從“定語”拋磚引玉。一、定語定語是句子成分之一，可以由單詞、短語或從句擔當，對名（代）詞修飾和限制。名（代）詞稱為中心詞。形容詞作定語一般前置，短語和從句作定語要后置，翻譯成“的”。另外名詞、數(shù)詞、非謂語動詞（短語）、介詞短語也可以擔當定語。例如：a beautiful girl （形容詞作前置定語）一個美麗的女孩a girl in white （介詞短語作后置定語）

2、一個穿白色衣服的女孩a girl who is singing （定語從句，a girl為先行詞）一個正唱歌的女孩定語有限制性和非限制性之分。對中心詞來說必不可少的定語叫限制性定語，一般不用逗號將兩者分隔；只起補充說明，用逗號隔開的定語叫非限制性定語。 She had many red pencils .(red 作限制性定語) 她有許多紅鉛筆。 She had many pencils , red .(red作非限制性定語) 她有許多鉛筆，是紅的。 高考“定語”考點：名詞作定語；不定式作定語；多個形容詞作定語的排列；定語后置?！靖呖笺暯印?. (NMET 1993)He dropped th

3、e _ and broke it . A. cup of coffee B. cup for coffee C. coffees cup D. coffee cup 2. (NMET 2001 )The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it . A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop 3. (1999 上海) There are five pairs of shoes _ , but Im at a loss which to buy . A

4、. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing 4. (NMET1997)- How was your recent visit to Qingdao ? - It was great . We visited some friend , and spent the _ days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 5. (NMET 1998)If I had _ , Id visi

5、t Europe , stopping at all the small interesting places . A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough 6. (NMET2000)_ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills . A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students

6、C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave 7. Id like you to give me _ to read A. different nothing B. something different C. different anything D. anything different【答案與分析】1-2.D;B名詞修飾名詞。例如apple tree, door bell , church yard , shoe factory , cotton production , art works ; school gate , party

7、 member ; letter box 等。3.B不及物動詞不定式作后置定語不能忽略介詞。4.B幾個形容詞同時修飾一個名詞的排列順序：限定性的+數(shù)量的+描述性+度量+形狀+新舊年齡+顏色+國家來源出處+材料質(zhì)地，例如that pretty little old white house ; his interesting new history book。5-6A;C.考查enough用法。7. B 形容詞修飾不定代詞-thing要后置。二、定語從句概述 定語從句是定語的一種特殊形式，定語從句中的中心詞叫做先行詞。形容詞常作定語，因此定語從句又稱形容詞性從句。定語從句也有限制性和非限制性之分，

8、注意兩種形式的翻譯。例如： I still remember the day when we went out for a picnic . .(限制性定語從句)至今我仍記得我們一起外出野餐的那一天。 This pupil studies very well , whose father feels glad .（非限制性定語從句）這位小學生學習不錯， 他的爸爸感到挺高興。重點 關(guān)系詞的選擇。主要是：which和that區(qū)別；as和which用法；介詞+關(guān)系詞。 關(guān)系代詞的省略。定語從句和其他句型區(qū)別。 在復習過程中樹立辨證、全面的觀點，由普遍到特殊，結(jié)合具體語境發(fā)散思維。切忌死背語法條目，只

9、記特殊情況，忽略一般情況，形成思維定勢。例如： 1. -Look ! My name is on the bag .- Yes . I think this is the same bag _ you lost yesterday . A. as B. that C. like D. who 2. (2002 上海春季) Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he

10、explained 【答案與分析】如果認為the same修飾的先行詞后用as，reason后面用why，兩個題目必錯無疑。1. B根據(jù)上下語境，指“同一個包”，并非同類。2. A the reason在定語從句中作賓語。典型錯誤 書面表達使用定語從句常出現(xiàn)下列錯誤：成分多余或缺失；從句主謂不一致；關(guān)系詞誤用或搭配錯誤；與其他句型混淆。單句改錯1. The boy I helped him that day isnt good at English . 2. Who is the soldier gave us a speech last month ?3. I , who is in Aus

11、tralia , feel proud of being a Chinese . 4. All what she could do was to go to church . 5. The building which roof we can see is a school . 6. The girl failed in the exam , that made us disappointed . 7. I still remember the house which I lived when I was a child .8. They talked an hour things and p

12、ersons who they remembered .9. Is this factory where he works ?10. The citizens welcomed the new mayor , most of who are workers .【答案與分析】1、刪除him，如果使用關(guān)系代詞可在I 前加that/who/whom；2、在gave前加that。注意關(guān)系代詞作主語不能省略，為避免歧義，本句不能使用who；3、is改為am，應根據(jù)先行詞確定謂語動詞的形式；4、有2種改正方式：刪除all，句子為主語從句；刪除what或者把what改為that。5、有2種改正方式：誤用關(guān)系

13、代詞which，表示所有關(guān)系，關(guān)系代詞作定語要用whose；在which前后分別加of和the。6、that改為which或as，兩者可以代替整個句子。位于句首只能用as，即As made us disappointed ，the girl failed in the exam .7、which改為where；lived后面加in，此時which還可that或省略；which前加in。8、刪除who；將who改為that，先行詞既指人又指物，使用that。想一想：還有哪些情況只用that而不用which？9、this factory為主語，不是先行詞，可where前加the one； 10、w

14、ho改為whom，其它改法參考（二）2定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換。命題 定語從句的命題一般不會太偏。單項選擇命題以“隱身”為顯著特點，即隱藏定語從句真面目不被輕易發(fā)現(xiàn)： 以假亂真：借助名詞性從句、強調(diào)句等形似句型混淆。例如：It was (at ) the bus stop _we met the singer and dancer . 保留at是強調(diào)句，填that；去掉是定語從句，應填where/at which。 改頭換面：采用并列復合句，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)復雜化。例如：Do you think that it could be in the inn in _ you sang a folk song yes

15、terday _ you lost your passport ?此句包含賓語從句的疑問句、強調(diào)句和定語從句，應填which和that。 笑里藏刀：借助關(guān)系詞辨析、標點符號、插入語等手段，增加試題難度。例如： A. it B. as C. that D. what E. which 1. _ is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth .2. _ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth .3. _ is known to everybody is

16、 that the moon travels round the earth .4. _ everybody knows, the moon travels round the earth .5. The moon travels round the earth ,_ everybody knows.【答案】1.B; 2.A; 3.D; 4. B; 5. A/E【高考銜接】2004上海春季高考的36、37、38和41題。 1. (36)A fast food restaurant is the place _ , just as the name suggests, eating is per

17、formed quickly . A. which B. where C. there D. what 2.(37) It was only with the help of the local guide _.A. was the mountain climber rescued B. that the mountain climber was rescuedC. when the mountain climber was rescuedD.then the mountain climber was rescued 3.(38) The other day , my brother drov

18、e his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed . A. as B. which C. what D. that 4.(41)Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas . A. which B. that C. what D. whether 【答案與分析】1. B先行詞the place和從句之間加入插入語just as the name suggests，使兩者分隔，加大了辨別難度。2.B本題實際

19、考查強調(diào)句，其中A,D兩個選項迷惑性較強，前者借助倒裝，后者借助定語從句模樣加以干擾。3.C 如果不正確分析結(jié)構(gòu)，容易選擇B. what I thought was a dangerous speed作at的賓語 .4. B 為保持句子平衡，本句進行了部分倒裝，his promise是主語，后面為that引導的同位語從句。三、定語從句的合成和轉(zhuǎn)換1定語從句的合成定語從句的合成是1+1=1，即2個簡單句合并成1個復合句。例如：Tom has an English book . The cover of it is very beautiful . 把合并成一個句子表達：Tom有本封面很漂亮的英語

20、書。找重合 an English book = it合并 Tom has an English book the cover of it is very beautiful .（an English book 和it重復）換關(guān)系詞Tom has an English book the cover of which is very beautiful.（which起替代、連接簡化和在從句中作賓語作用）其它表達形式： Tom has an English book of which the cover is very beautiful. Tom has an English book whose

21、 cover is very beautiful. 另外，上述三個定語從句還可以使用非限定性定語從句形式，這樣共有6個定語從句。 2定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換（一）合久必分。定語從句首先可以轉(zhuǎn)換為2個簡單句，即1=1+1的“斷句”。斷句是把握定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵。（參考1）（二）定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為單詞或短語的定語，使其簡單化。（1）非限制性定語從句轉(zhuǎn)化為兩個簡單句、并列句或同位語形式。例如： I found many flowers in the garden , most of which were red I found many flowers in the garden ; most of them

22、 were red .(兩個簡單句)I found many flowers in the garden . Most of them were red . (兩個簡單句)I found many flowers in the garden ,and most of them were red.（并列句）I found many flowers in the garden and most of them were red.（并列句）We finally reached London , which was the end of our journey . We finally reached London , the end of our journey .（同位語）（2）限制性定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化成含有形容詞、非謂語動詞或介詞的短語。在定語從句中，如果謂語動詞是主動語態(tài)，就用現(xiàn)在分詞短語替換；如果是被動語態(tài)，可用過