2022高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)第一部分句子成分下的語法攻略第十一講構(gòu)詞法學(xué)案新人教版

1、第十一講構(gòu)詞法編者按：正確運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法知識，是詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的重要途徑，同時也是擴(kuò)大詞匯量的一個重 要方法。英語中構(gòu)詞法主要可以分為派生法、轉(zhuǎn)化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟練運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法 知識，不僅有助于提高考生對閱讀中生詞進(jìn)行辨識的能力，更能夠靈活運(yùn)用到語法填空和短 文改錯對于詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的考查當(dāng)中。一、派生法在一個詞的詞根之前或之后加上某個詞綴來生成一個新詞的構(gòu)詞法，即稱作派生法。加 在詞根之前的詞綴叫作前綴，加在詞根之后的為后綴。表示否認(rèn)意義的前綴表示否認(rèn)意義的前綴不高興的 不幸的不舒服的看不見的 不正確的 不精確的 不完全的不禮貌的 不可能的 不實(shí)際的違法的不規(guī)那么的 不負(fù)責(zé)任的(1)un- unhap

2、py unfortunate uncomfortable ininvisible incorrect inaccurate incomplete(3) im- impolite impossible impractical (4)il- illegal(5) ir- irregular irresponsible (6) non-一、前綴unusualunableunfitinconvenientinformal incurableimperfect immoralimproperillogicalirrelevant不同尋常的不能夠的不合適的不方便的 不正式的 不可治愈的不完美的 不道德的不

3、合適的不合邏輯的不相關(guān)的non- stop不停的，不間斷的non-profit 非營利的non-violent non-smoker dis- dislike非暴力的non-verbal非言語的不吸煙者non-professional非專業(yè)的不喜歡disappear消失per-* improperdisapprove不贊成disagreedishonestdisapprove不贊成disagreedishonest不老實(shí)的disorderdisadvantage 弊端，不利條件 2.表示其他意義的常見前綴(Da- asleep awake(2) en- enable enlarge(3)rer

4、etell reunitemismisunderstand misreadprepreview prehistoric (6)foreforehead forecast(7)overovereat overweight (8)interinternational interpersonal (9)transtranslate transform不同意 紊亂，混亂活著的使豐富 危及復(fù)習(xí)誤導(dǎo)讀前預(yù)言超額預(yù)訂互動運(yùn)輸睡著的 alive醒著的，清醒的使使能夠 enrich擴(kuò)大，使變大endanger再，又復(fù)述review團(tuán)聚錯誤誤解mislead誤讀在之前預(yù)習(xí)pre-reading史前的在前面前額fo

5、retell預(yù)測，預(yù)報過度的，過量的過度食用 overbook超重 在之間，互相國際的 interact人際的轉(zhuǎn)變，變換翻譯transport轉(zhuǎn)變，改造二、后綴1.形容詞后綴 (l)-ywindy有風(fēng)的sunny晴朗的dusty布滿灰塵的lucky幸運(yùn)的healthy健康的rainy多雨的(2)-lyfriendly友好的lovely可愛的deadly致命的lively活潑的daily每天的costly昂貴的(3)-alnatural自然的national國家的personal個人的formal正式的global全球的cultural文化的(4)-iveactive積極的attractive吸

6、引人的effective有效的impressive印象深刻的(5)-ic/-icalhistoric有歷史意義的energetic精力充分的historical歷史的practical實(shí)際的(6)-ousfamous著名的dangerous危險的mysterious神秘的curious好奇的(7)-fulwonderful精彩的beautiful美麗的hopeful有希望的grateful感激的(8)- lesscareless粗心的homeless無家可歸的helpless無助的endless無止境的(9)- sometiresome令人厭倦的troublesome麻煩的(10)- able

7、comfortable舒適的acceptable可接受的reasonable合乎情理的adaptable可適應(yīng)的(ll)-ibleterrible可怕的possible可能的accessible容易到達(dá)的，容易取得的responsible 負(fù)責(zé)的，有責(zé)任的2.名詞后綴表示“人”的名詞后綴-ercleaner清潔工reporter記者employer雇主，老板stranger陌生人-orinventor創(chuàng)造者actor演員visitor游客director導(dǎo)演editor編輯monitor班長-arliar說謊者beggar乞討者，乞丐-eeemployee雇員interviewee參加面試者t

8、rainee受訓(xùn)者，學(xué)員-esshostess女主人waitress女服務(wù)員actress女演員-ianmusician音樂家politician政治家historian歷史學(xué)家-istartist藝術(shù)家scientist科學(xué)家pianist鋼琴家dentist牙科醫(yī)生-antservant仆人participant參加者assistant助手，助理表示其他意義的常見名詞后綴-thtruth真相strength力量，強(qiáng)項(xiàng)width寬度warmth溫暖-domfreedom自由boredom無聊，厭煩wisdom智慧-mentdevelopment開展achievement成就amazement

9、驚訝excitement興奮(4)-nesshappiness幸福weakness弱點(diǎn)kindness善良seriousness嚴(yán)重性-tion 或-sioncompetition競爭construction建設(shè)celebration慶祝organization組織discussion討論decision決定conclusion結(jié)論，結(jié)束admission準(zhǔn)許加入ance 或-enceacceptance接受distance距離importance重要性patience耐心silence沉默confidence信心appearance出現(xiàn)，相貌existence存在(t)ydifficulty

10、困難loyalty忠誠cruelty殘忍safety平安responsibility職責(zé),責(zé)任-alarrival到達(dá)approval贊成，批準(zhǔn)survival幸存proposal提議，建議-urefailure失敗pressure壓力-ageshortage短缺marriage婚姻storage儲存inghearing聽力feeling感覺sufferings痛苦，苦難,折磨 greetings問候3.動詞、副詞后綴(1) - enwiden加寬deepen加深weaken削弱shorten縮短sharpen使變尖loosen松開(2)-izeapologize抱歉emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào)me

11、morize記住realize實(shí)現(xiàn)(3)-ifysimplify簡化beautify美化purify凈化terrify使驚嚇(4)-lyslowly慢慢地happily高興地extremely極其surprisingly令人驚訝地二、合成法把兩個或兩個以上的單詞合成一個新的單詞的構(gòu)詞法叫作合成法，以合成法構(gòu)成的單詞叫作合成詞，包括合成名詞、合成動詞、叫作合成詞，包括合成名詞、合成動詞、叫作合成詞，包括合成名詞、合成動詞、合成形容詞、合成副詞等。1.合成名詞 (1)名詞+名詞 叫作合成詞，包括合成名詞、合成動詞、合成形容詞、合成副詞等。1.合成名詞 (1)名詞+名詞 newspaper birt

12、hplace 形容詞+名詞 greenhouse software(3)動名詞+名詞 waiting room(4)名詞+動名詞 handwriting 動詞+副詞 get-together (6)副詞+動詞 outbreak(7)代詞+名詞 he-goat報紙babysitter 保姆發(fā)源地firewood木柴溫室highway公路軟件等候室freezing point書法sunbathing日光浴聯(lián)歡會breakthrough爆發(fā)output輸出公山羊she-wolf母狼冰點(diǎn)突破(8)其他構(gòu)成grown-up成年人passer-by grown-up成年人passer-by 路人女婿son

13、-in-law女婿.合成形容詞(1)形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞+edwarmheartedwarmheartedwarmhearted熱心的absent-minded心不在焉的middle-aged中年的one- sided 片面的three-leggedwarmhearted熱心的absent-minded心不在焉的middle-aged中年的one- sided 片面的three-legged三條腿的(2)名詞/副詞+分詞peace-lovingpeace-lovingpeace-loving熱愛和平的English- speaking 講英語的snow-covered被雪覆蓋的newly-bui

14、ltpeace-loving熱愛和平的English- speaking 講英語的snow-covered被雪覆蓋的newly-built新建的(3)名詞+形容詞world-famousworld-famousworld-famous世界著名的snow-white雪白的trouble-free無憂無慮的world-famous世界著名的snow-white雪白的trouble-free無憂無慮的(4)形容詞+名詞part-timepart-timepart-time兼職的second-hand二手的large-scale大規(guī)模的part-time兼職的second-hand二手的large-s

15、cale大規(guī)模的(5)形容詞十分詞good-lookinggood-lookinggood-looking好看的easy-going隨和的good-looking好看的easy-going隨和的(6)數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞five-year-oldfive-year-oldfive-year-old五歲的200-meter- long 兩百米的100-word-longfive-year-old五歲的200-meter- long 兩百米的100-word-long100詞的.其他合成詞合成動詞overcomeovercomeovercome克服oversleep睡過頭overcome克服over

16、sleep睡過頭經(jīng)歷undergo經(jīng)歷(2)合成副詞afterwardsafterwardsafterwards后來anywhere任何地方afterwards后來anywhere任何地方樓上upstairs樓上合成介詞outside在外邊within在之內(nèi)onto到之上onto三、轉(zhuǎn)化法轉(zhuǎn)化法是由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為一種或幾種詞類的構(gòu)詞法。這種構(gòu)詞法詞形沒有改變，轉(zhuǎn)化 后的單詞在意義上通常與原單詞有密切聯(lián)系。轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)那么例詞名詞f動詞face (.臉f v.面對)name (.名字f v.命名)water (.水澆水) back (.背支持) shoulder (/?.肩f v.肩負(fù))動詞f名詞lo

17、ok (匕/.)看try (匕/.)嘗試dream (匕/.)夢想 chat (匕/.)聊天形容詞一動詞empty adj.空的f匕倒空） slow （d4/.慢的f V.減慢） dirty （d口臟的f匕弄臟） warm （adj.暖的f匕使變暖）形容詞一副詞hard kadj.難的f乞血.努力） high （a4/.高的ad匕高） deep kadj.深的f ad匕深） wide adj,寬的f dd匕寬）注意：high, deep, wide 表示具體，而 highly, deeply, widely 表示抽象。應(yīng)用落實(shí)一一通方法I.單句語法填空It is natural (nature

18、) that young people are often uncomfortable (comfort) when they are with their parents.Todays experience taught me some valuable (value) lessons in my life.Obviously (obvious), the story is not true, but the festival is interesting.The sightseeing options are endless (end), but most travelers begin

19、on the harbor at the Sydney Opera House.My first impression (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful (thought) young man.The high school boys love playing basketball, and it is a useful (use) way to release their study pressure (press).When Bob was still young, his parents， marriage (m

20、arry) ended in divorce.A group of robbers entered the building using equipment (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Sunday night.His eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep (sleep).Ron had a successful (success) career and worked for Ford before retiring and leading a relaxed life.He

21、 encouraged (courage) me to be a writer (write) in the future.In the past few years, Lucy has formed the habit of keeping a supply of candles in case of a power failure (fail).I love children very much because I always feel that they bring great happiness (happy) and excitement (excite) to my life.W

22、hat points can be raised in defence (defend) of this argument (argue)?Only in this way can they grow up to be independent (depend) and become truly successful (success).Not knowing how to operate the computer is one of the disadvantages (advantage) in finding jobs.News of the robberies frightened (f

23、right) many people into fitting new locks to their doors.I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time, because there are more meaningful (meaning) things to do.Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver (drive), should be equally (equal) respected.Thankfully (thank), I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.II ,單句改錯In spite of repeated wrongs done to him,