醫(yī)學(xué)英語學(xué)術(shù)文章寫作課件

1、Academic WritingAcademic or Not?An essay about life in ones home villageA term paper about the influence of Sigmund Freud on Pablo Picasso paintingsNarrowly defined concept: personal academicAcademic writing emphasizes:Summarizing or synthesizing information and ideas gathered from researchExplainin

2、g, comparing and contrasting, evaluating, or analyzing concepts, events, and phenomenonArguing for or against a position in an ongoing debateAW calls for CR and CTCritical reading (CR): not only for to comprehend (through annotating, outlining, paraphrasing, summarizing, and synthesizing), but also

3、to analyze the values and assumptions embodied in the textsCritical thinking (CT): to think from different perspectives, and to adopt a skeptical attitude toward authority and published papersUsing and documenting sourcesAs Joseph Gibaldi points out, “Nearly all research builds on previous research.

4、 Researchers commonly begin a project by studying past work in the area and deriving relevant information and ideas from their predecessors.”3 ways to use sourcesSummarizingParaphrasingQuoting Why? To record the information, to document the source, to understand and organize the ideasWhen? While rea

5、ding.Where?Cards (sheets of paper) /Notebook /ComputerWhat?Whatever you think is useful in your research paper: thoughts, quotes, facts, statistics.How?Summarize / paraphrase as much as possibleUse double quotation marks around any copied materialTaking notes10/6/20228A sample note10/6/202210Guideli

6、nes1. Begin a new note on a new page2. Write some keywords on each page3. Put the notes with the same keywords into a single fileTaking notes on computers10/6/202211Summarizing A summary isa condensed version the originala brief restatement of the main points of the source in your own words1. Readin

7、g: Read through and get the gist (by marking the key words)2. Writing:word limit (1/3 to of the original)avoid a patchwork (made up of phrases and sentences quoted from the original)ensure all essential points includedfollow the logical order of the original3. Revisioncompare it carefully with the o

8、riginal further compress it correct mistakesExample 1In the article “Living green should take root in our cities”, Dr. Anthony Kachenko writes about the importance of living green in our society. Living green improves health and wellbeing, as well as the livability of communities. The author suggest

9、s that the local government should launch some policies to support this idea. In fact, the author mentions two current projects: The Street Tree Master Plan 2011 and the Urban Forest Strategy 2012-2032. These campaigns support the creation of a sustainable and thriving urban landscapes with an urban

10、 forest and more trees along the citys streets. However, we should do more to support this cause. (See the original in the mailbox) Techniques of compressionomit the detailsreduce the examplessimplify the sentenceseliminate all repetitionscompress wordy sentences; change phrases into words.use gener

11、al words instead of specific wordsuse the shortest simple transitionsput the main points of a dialogue in indirect speechExpressions in SummaryThis article/ passage mainly tells (a story) aboutThis passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/In this passage (about ), the author The author began the

12、 essay/ passage by telling/ presentingFirst/Firstly/ In the beginning/In the first part, the author argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)Secondly/ Next/ Further on/ Then/ In the next part/ In the main part, the author goes on withFinally/ As a conclusion/, the author concludes/ adds/

13、 stresses thatFinally, the author summarizes that (See more expressions in the mailbox)ParaphrasingParaphrase means “to express in a shorter or clearer way what someone has said or written”. (Longman Dictionary)In your own wordsIn about the same number of wordsMore guide in Paraphrase.pdf (in the ma

14、ilbox)Sample Asian Americans have been described in the media as “excessively, even provocatively” successful in gaining admission to universities. Asian American shopkeepers have been congratulated, as well as criticized, for their ubiquity and entrepreneurial effectiveness. - From “The harmful myt

15、h of Asian Superiority” by Ronald Takaki, the New York Times (June 16, 1990). See the original in the mailbox. We have all heard of the success stories of Asian-Americans, particularly that of Chinese-Americans. We have all felt proud. Never had I known there was anything more to it until I read Tak

16、akis essay “The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority”. According to Takaki, the mainstream media in America has reported that Asian Americans have been too successful in getting accepted by universities and their success has made others feel uncomfortable. Asian American shopkeepers have been praised a

17、nd blamed at the same time because they are doing business everywhere and are being successful in their business endeavors.QuotingTo quote is to express the sources ideas in exactly the sources own words.1. few and significant (Your paper should not be a cut-and-paste job!)2. accurate3. introduced w

18、ith comment or analysis to indicate the relevancy to the discussion4. grammatically and logically incorporated into the flow of your own writing5. Use block form for long quotations. (MLA: indent 10 spaces for quotations longer than 4 typed lines; APA: 5-7 spaces for those more than 40 wordsIn-text

19、citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underliningAlways capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Chan

20、ge. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)Italicize or underline the titles of longer works suc

21、h as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song ti

22、tles: Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds; The One Where Chandler Cant Cry. Summary or paraphraseIf you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also

23、 provide the page number (although it is not required.)According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).Verbs to introduce citationconcludeinsistsadmitrejectremarkagreear

24、gue, assert, claim, believe, point out, state, stress, suggest, note, put forwardDeveloping a thesis statementA good thesis statement should: Be in a full, declarative sentence (not a question, not a statement of purpose, not merely a topic)Be specific (limiting the subject to a narrow focus that gr

25、ows out of research)5. Writing the paper10/6/202228The instructor of a course on 19th-century America hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. 1. The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which w

26、ere the same and some different.2. While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions.3. While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners fo

27、cused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government.Samples: Bad to better 10/6/2022292 types of outline symbolsStandard outline symbolsI. Major headingA. Minor heading1. Detail headinga. Example heading(1) Minor example heading(2) Minor example heading2.

28、Detail headingB. Minor headingII. Major heading.Working out an outline10/6/202230Decimal outline1. Major heading1.1 Minor heading1.1.1 Detail heading Example heading Example heading.1 Minor example heading.2 Minor example heading1.1.2 Detail heading1.2 Minor heading2. Major heading.(Subheadings usua

29、lly do not go beyond “detail heading” in academic practice.)10/6/202231Topic outline: Every heading is a phrase (noun/gerund/infinitive phrase).Sentence outline: Every entry is a complete, full sentence (topic sentences).Paragraph outline: Every section is a paragraph, providing a summary of the mai

30、n parts of the outline. Types of outlines10/6/202232Within the first few paragraphs, write:SubjectIdentify your specific topic, and then define, limit, and narrow it to one issue.Background Provide relevant historical data. Discuss a few key sources.Problem The point of a research paper might be to

31、explore or resolve a problem.Thesis sentence Use it to establish the direction of the studyWriting the introduction10/6/202233You can develop your paper byDefinitionClassificationComparison and contrastIllustration Cause and effect Writing the body10/6/202234Restate the thesis statement Offering a s

32、olutionProviding evaluationsLooking to the futureWriting the conclusion10/6/202235Summary is a useful first step in writing with sources, but it is not the same as synthesis. When you summarize a source, you articulate its basic argument and essential points. You may even begin to evaluate it-asking

33、 yourself whether its argument is logically sound, or whether the evidence is broad or persuasive enough. From Summary to Synthesis10/6/202236Jones (2010) argues that electronic medical records (EMRs) make care for patients more reliable and thorough. The study cites many instances of medication mis

34、management and lack of treatment records that could have been avoided with consistently applied EMRs (Jones, 2010). The evidence in the article is persuasive, but Jones does not address the training and implementation costs of such systems. An example of a clear and succinct summary10/6/202237In thi

35、s excerpt, the student clearly explains the sources argument (that EMRs increase quality of care) and its evidence (the inconsistent level of care associated with analog records). She even gives an evaluation of the text and begins to put its ideas into a broader context (the training and implementa

36、tion costs of such systems). However, this paragraph still mainly contains summary. This student needs to bring in other sources and begin to let her ideas build on top of the summary. 10/6/202238Adding context (in the form of more analysis and evidence) will help a student move from summary to synt

37、hesis. Think about it-we all understand information as it relates to other information. Because studies do not exist in a vacuum, it is important to bring other texts into the picture and begin drawing connections. Imagine the student who wrote the previous paragraph went to the library and found se

38、veral more sources, then wrote the following paragraph Adding the Context 10/6/202239Jones (2010) argues that electronic medical records (EMRs) make care for patients more reliable and thorough. The study cites many instances of medication mismanagement and lack of treatment records that could have

39、been avoided with consistently applied EMRs (Jones, 2010). Bond (2012) found that patients prefer the portability of information EMRs provide. Baker (2012) found that chronic inebriates were more likely to seek care from facilities with EMRs. Roberts (2012) argued that although training and implemen

40、tation costs for these systems are considerable, patients with chronic illnesses prefer EMRs.10/6/202240This student has found many new sources that related to her topic, but notice how she is still mainly summarizing. She articulates the main point of each source, but that is all she does. She is n

41、ot yet drawing connections or highlighting the similarities or contradictions between the information. Notice also that she presents the ideas in a list-each author is fully addressed before she moves on. But is that the most productive way to structure this paragraph? 10/6/202241We use the example

42、of the dinner party to teach students about synthesis. Say you invite eight friends to your house for dinner. Do they each take turns standing up and giving a short lecture while everyone else listens? Or does everyone participate in the conversation, which is organized around topics? If your dinner

43、 parties are like ours, it is the second choice that will sound familiar. Synthesis is just like that-it is organized by idea, not by text or writer. Just as some dinner guests will have more to say than others, some texts might be cited more frequently or discussed at more length. Starting the Conv

44、ersation10/6/202242Electronic medical records (EMRs) are becoming a standard technology for many urgent care centers, and for good reason. Evidence shows that EMRs make care for patients more reliable and thorough (Jones, 2010) and that patients prefer the portability of information these systems pr

45、ovide (Bond, 2012). Furthermore, preliminary studies (Baker, 2012; Roberts, 2012) indicate certain at-risk populations may be more likely to seek care if they can access information and communicate with their provider virtually. Although the training and implementation costs of these systems are con

46、siderable (Roberts, 2012), the benefits clearly justify the investment.another example 10/6/202243Now we can see two main components of successful synthesis: evidence of the students own ideas, and a well-organized presentation of evidence. Notice here that the students arguments and analysis are em

47、phasized (in the first and last sentences especially), and the evidence and citations work to back up those arguments. Note also the natural placement of source information-its not just a list of sources the student has found, but an integrated whole. These sources are in conversation! 10/6/202244AP

48、A in-text citations guideAPA citation basicsFollow the author-year method: The authors last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 2008).All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.10/6/2022

49、45In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underliningAlways capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs and that are four le

50、tters long or greater. E.g. : Writing New Media; There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, docum

51、entaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds; The On

52、e Where Chandler Cant Cry. 10/6/202246Reference List: Articles in PeriodicalsAPA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper

53、 nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has

54、been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the website from which you are retrieving the periodical.Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. /xx.xxx/yyyyy10/6/202247Article in Journ

55、al Paginated by VolumeJournals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.Art

56、icle in Journal Paginated by IssueJournals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined.Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion

57、, 15(3), 5-13.10/6/202248With one author:Reference page citation:Ramesh, R. (2011, June 24). Unleashing rooftop solar energy through more efficient government . In Renewable Energy Word. Retrieved June 24, 2011, from /rea/news/article/2011/06/unleashing-rooftop-solar-energy-through-more-efficient-go

58、vernmentHow to make your in-text citations from online sources10/6/202249In-text citation:Paraphrase Style A: Ramesh (2011) explains the process for conserving energy.Paraphrase Style B: Rooftop solar energy can be a considerable cost savings (Ramesh, 2011). Quotation: Ramesh (2011) explains, “Up to 40 percent of the total cost of a solar energy system is the result of balance of system costs” (para 5). Notice that because this is a website document, the