生理學(xué)課件英文版

1、Introduction toPhysiologyXiaoqun Qin, PhD.,MD.Introduction toPhysiologyXiaoqoutlineWhat is physiology?Internal environment and homeostasisFunctional adjustment and control outlineWhat is physiology?生理學(xué)課件英文版生理學(xué)課件英文版生理學(xué)課件英文版Principle thesis in physiology:Identity of function with structureHomeostasis

2、Essential characters of life: metabolism excitability adaptation reproductionPrinciple thesis in physiologyMetabolism: Exchange of matter or energy between the lives and environment, based on which the lives renew automatically.Excitability: The ability of life to response to the changes in environm

3、ent (stimulus). Inhibition: activity weaken or decrease Excitation: activity strength or increase Three elements of a stimulus: intensity, duration, rateAdaptation: The character of life to adjust its inner functions according to the outer circumstance.Reproduction: Organisms or lives duplicate new

4、lives which resemble themselves.Metabolism: Exchange of matterConceptual Organization of the Body and Organ SystemsBlood, a crucial fluid by which the diverse organ systems communicate and exchange materials and energy. It is essential to the function of every other organ system.Circulation system,i

5、ncluding the heart and blood vessels, which push blood flowing in whole body.Respiratory system, take the exchange of air between the body and the outer environment.Gastrointestinal tract,including esophagus,stomach,small and large intestines,liver,pancreas and gallbladder.Conceptual Organization of

6、 theEnergy metabolism and thermoregulation.Renal system,formation and regulation of urine, based on which the body regulates the balance of water, salts, and acid-base.Special senses, including sight, hearing, taste and smell, etc.The nervous system: sensory system, motor system, autonomic nervous s

7、ystem, and advanced function of brain.Endocrine system.Reproductive system.Immune system.Others: skin, skeleton, muscles. Energy metabolism and thermoreInternal environmentInternal environment was firstly introduced by Claude Bernard at 1870s. It means the liquid environment in which cells live, tha

8、t is, extracellular liquid.Fluid is about 60% of whole body weight, approximately two third as intracellular fluid and one third as extracellular fluid that include interstitial fluid and plasma.Internal environmentInternal eHomeostasis was initially termed as the state in which physical and chemica

9、l properties of internal environment keep relative steady.It is a basic condition for free and independent alive of whole body, and is essential for cells survive and activity. It is a dynamic steady state, all of function or regulation in cells or organs contribute to maintain homeostasis. (core th

10、eme)The conception has been now extended to the understanding of all physiological activities constancy.HomeostasisHomeostasis was initially termRegulation for physiological functionNervous regulation basic manner: reflex character: rapidly, accurately, momentarilyHumoral regulation basic manner: ho

11、rmone, local liquid factors character: slowly, extensively, persistentlyAutoregulation: organ or tissue itself directly and adaptively response to stimulus. character: directly, limited Regulation for physiological fPositive feedbackcontroleffecteroutputfeedback message command(+)Mathematics model:

12、dX/dt=kX (k 0) or X t+1=kXtSignificance: accelerate an functional activity reach to a needed level or a maximum the system can reach in a short time.Positive feedbackcontroleffec生理學(xué)課件英文版Negative feedbackcontroleffecteroutputfeedback message command(-)Mathematics model: dX/dt=k(X0-X) (k 0) or X t+1=Xt+k(X0-Xt ) (X0 is the set point)Significance: keep an functional activity toward to a stable level persistently.Negative feedbackcontroleffec生理學(xué)課件英文版生理學(xué)課件英文版Feed forwardcontrollereffecteraffect message(+)commandoutput A si