電氣工程及其自動化專業(yè)英語第五章課文翻譯

1、Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things andcome in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an allpurpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input，processes

2、data， storesdataandproducesoutput， allaccordingtoaseriesofstoredinstructions。Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by theenvironmentorbyanothercomputer。 Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can acceptinclude the words and symbols in a

3、document, numbers for a calculation， pictures， temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone， and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse， gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronicsignalsforthecomputer。 represent facts,ob

4、jects， andideas.Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer programorsimplyaprogram。 These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do asp

5、ecifictask。 In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processingunit （CPU)， which is sometimes describedasthe”brainofthecomputer.AcomputerstoresdatasothatitwillbeavailableforprocessingMostcomputershavemorethanonelocationforstoringdatadependingonhowthedataisbeinguse

6、d。 Memory is an area of a computerthattemporarilyholdsdatathatiswaitingtobeprocessedstored， oroutput。 Storage is theareawheredatacanbeleftonapermanentbasiswhenitisnotimmediatelyneededforprocessing。OutputistheresultsproducedbyacomputerSomeexamplesofcomputeroutputincludereports,documentsmusicgraphsand

7、pictures。 An output device displays, prints, or transmits the resultsofprocessing。Computers are versatile machines， which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of ， ofcomputers。Computers can be categorized as personal computer， handheld computers, workstations， mainframes， supercomputers ，

8、andservers。,消滅這樣的外形和大小不同，它好像難以提煉成一個全能的定義,它們的共同特點(diǎn)。在其核心，一臺計(jì)算機(jī)是一種裝置，它接受輸入，處理數(shù)據(jù)， 存儲數(shù)據(jù)，并產(chǎn)生輸出，依據(jù)對全部存儲一系列指示。什么是計(jì)算機(jī)輸入到計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的壓力。輸入可供應(yīng)的一人，由環(huán)境，或由另一臺計(jì)算機(jī)。對輸入的各種例子，一個計(jì)算機(jī)可以接受包括文字和符號的文件,規(guī)定計(jì)算，圖片,從恒溫器的溫度數(shù)字,音頻信號從一個麥克風(fēng),從電腦程序指令。一個輸入設(shè)備，如鍵盤或鼠標(biāo)，集輸和轉(zhuǎn)換成一個電子信號的計(jì)算機(jī)的一系列。在計(jì)算中，數(shù)據(jù)是指以符號代表的事實(shí)，對象和想法.計(jì)算機(jī)操作在很多方面的數(shù)據(jù)，我們稱之為操作處理.一系列的指令，告知計(jì)

9、算機(jī)如何進(jìn)行處理任務(wù)，被稱為一個計(jì)算機(jī)程序,或只是一個“程序”.這些方案形成了軟件，建立了計(jì)算機(jī)做特定的任務(wù)。在計(jì)算機(jī)中,大部分處理發(fā)生在一個組件的地方稱為中心處理單元(CPU），有時為“大腦的計(jì)算機(jī)來形容。數(shù)據(jù)如何被使用。內(nèi)存是計(jì)算機(jī)的一個領(lǐng)域，數(shù)據(jù)是臨時持有等待處理,存儲或輸出。在數(shù)據(jù)存儲，是可以在一個地區(qū)長期離開時，沒有馬上處理所需。,文件，音樂，圖形，圖片。輸出設(shè)備顯示，打印，或傳送的處理結(jié)果。計(jì)算機(jī)的某些任務(wù)。計(jì)算機(jī)可以被歸類為個人電腦,掌上電腦，工作站，大型機(jī)，超級計(jì)算機(jī)和服務(wù)器。A personal computer is a type of microcomputer， des

10、igned to meet the computing needs of an individual。 It typically provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processingphotoeditinge-mailandInternetaccess。 Personal computers are available as desktopcomputersornotebookcomputers。個人計(jì)算機(jī)是一種微型計(jì)算機(jī)，它能夠滿足個人的計(jì)算需要，它特殊供應(yīng)了適應(yīng)各種各樣計(jì)算應(yīng)

11、用的方法，比如說文字處理、相片編輯、電子郵件以及進(jìn)入互聯(lián)網(wǎng),個人計(jì)算機(jī)可以被當(dāng)作臺式計(jì)算機(jī)以及筆記本電腦一樣使用A handheld computer is designed to fit into a pocket， run on batteries, and be used while you areholdingit。 Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) and a palmtop computer, a computer in this category is typically used as an electronic ap

12、pointment book， address book, calculator, and notepad. With its slow processing speed and small screen， a handheld compute is not powerful enough to handle many of the tasks that can be accomplished by desktop or notebook personal computers. A handheld computer is designed to bea computing accessory

13、, rather than your primary 掌上電腦被設(shè)計(jì)成能夠放進(jìn)口袋，能依靠電池工作，并且當(dāng)你放在手上它時能夠運(yùn)行.它也被稱PDA(個人數(shù)字助手）和手掌上的電腦，這種類型的計(jì)算機(jī)典型性地被作為電子圖書、通訊錄、計(jì)算器以及記事原來使用.由于其速度較慢且顯示屏較小，所以掌上電腦功能不夠強(qiáng)大無法執(zhí)行臺式計(jì)算機(jī)及個人電腦所能完成的很多任務(wù).掌上電腦旨在成為計(jì)算助手而非成為你的主要計(jì)算機(jī).Computers advertised as workstation are usually powerful desktop computers designed for specialized ta

14、sks. A workstation can tackle tasks that require a lot of processing speed， such as medicalimagingandcomputeraideddesign。 Some workstations contain more than one microprocessor， and most have circuitry specially designed for creating and displaying three- dimensionalandanimatedgraphics 。Becauseofits

15、cost， a workstation is often dedicated to， photoediting,andaccessingtheWeb。被人們大力宣揚(yáng)為工作站的計(jì)算機(jī)通常是指設(shè)計(jì)來完成特定任務(wù)的功能強(qiáng)大的臺式計(jì)算機(jī)。工作站能夠處理需要快速處理的任務(wù)，例如醫(yī)學(xué)成像以及計(jì)算機(jī)幫助設(shè)計(jì).某些工作站包含不止一個微處理器，并且大多數(shù)具有特殊為產(chǎn)生和顯示三維和動畫圖像而設(shè)計(jì)的電路.由于其成本高，所以一個工作站通常用來設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，而不是用來作為典型的微型計(jì)算機(jī)來應(yīng)用,例如文字處理、圖像編輯以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)訪問Ordinary personal computers that are connected t

16、o a local area network can also be called as workstations. A computer network is two or more computers and other devices that are connected for the purpose of sharing data and programs. A LAN (local area network) is simply a computer network thatislocatedwithin a limited geographical areasuchasascho

17、olcomputerlaborasmallbusiness與LAN（局域網(wǎng))僅僅是一個限定地理區(qū)域內(nèi)的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò),例如一個學(xué)校計(jì)算機(jī)試驗(yàn)室或一個小商行。A mainframe computer （ or simply a mainframe” ) is a large and expensive computer that is capableofsimultaneouslyprocessingdataforhundredsorthousandsofusers。 Mainframes are ， and management for large amounts of data. Mainfra

18、mes remain the computer of choice in situations where reliabilitydatasecurity， andcentralizedcontrolarenecessary.主機(jī)（或簡寫為“mainframe”）是一種大型昂貴的能夠同時為成百上千用戶處理數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算機(jī).主機(jī)通常由商行或政府使用用來供應(yīng)對大量數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算機(jī)。A computer falls into the supercomputer category if it is， at the time of construction, one of the fastest compute

19、rs in the world. Because of their speed， supercomputers can tackle complex tasks thatjustwouldnotbepracticalforothercomputers。 Typical uses for supercomputers include breaking codes, modeling worldwide weather systems， and simulating nuclear explosions. One impressive simulation designed to run on a

20、 supercomputer tracked the movement of thousands of dust particles astheyweretossedaboutbyatornado假如某種計(jì)算機(jī)在其制造的時代是世界上最快的計(jì)算機(jī)之一，那么這種計(jì)算機(jī)就屬于超級計(jì)算機(jī)類型。由于它們的速度,超級計(jì)算機(jī)能夠處理其它計(jì)算機(jī)所不能處理的簡單機(jī)上所完成的一個使人留下深刻印象的仿真是對數(shù)以千計(jì)的塵埃微粒的運(yùn)動進(jìn)行追蹤,這些塵埃微粒就象被一場龍卷風(fēng)所拋擲一樣。In the computer industry， the term server has several meanings. It ca

21、n refer to computer hardware， toaspecifictypeofsoftware， ortoacombinationofhardwareandsoftware。 In any case, the purpose of a server is to serve the computers on a network （ such as the Internet or a LAN） bysupplyingthemwithdata。 A personal computer， workstation, or software that requests datafromas

22、erverisreferredtoasa client。 For example， on a network， a server might respond toaclientsrequestforaWebpage。 Another server might handle the. steady stream of email that travels among clients from all over the Internet。 A server might also allow clients within a LAN to sharefilesoraccessacentralized

23、printer.在計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)中，“服務(wù)器”這個術(shù)語有多種含義.它可以指計(jì)算機(jī)硬件、特定類型的軟件或是指硬軟件結(jié)合.在任何場合,一個服務(wù)器的目的是通過向計(jì)算機(jī)供應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)而為（例如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或局域網(wǎng)）計(jì)算機(jī)服務(wù)。一臺個人計(jì)算機(jī)、服務(wù)站或者向服務(wù)器申請數(shù)據(jù)的軟件被稱為客戶，例如在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上,一個服務(wù)器可能會用一個網(wǎng)頁來回應(yīng)客戶的要求.另外的服務(wù)器可能會處理來往件或可以使用同一臺中心打印機(jī)。A computer system usually refers to a computer and all of the input, output, and storage devices that are connec

24、ted to it. At the core of a personal computer system is a desktop or notebook 。一個計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)通常是指一臺計(jì)算機(jī)以及與它相連的輸入、輸出以及存儲設(shè)備。就實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容來說，一個個人計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)就是一臺臺式計(jì)算機(jī)或一臺筆記本電腦。除個人計(jì)算機(jī)之間裝飾部分不同以外，一個個人計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)通常包括以下幾種設(shè)備：Despitecosmeticdifferencesamongpersonalcomputers,apersonalcomputersystemusuallyincludesthefollowingequipment：Compu

25、tersystemunit。 The system unit is the case that holds the main circuit boards， microprocessorpowersupplyandstoragedevices。 The system unit for most notebook computersholdsabuilt-inkeyboardandspeakerstoo。Displaydevice。 Most desktop computers use a separate monitor as a display device,whereas notebook

26、 computers use an flat panel LCD screen (liquid crystal display screen） that isattachedtothesystemunit。Keyboard。 Mostcomputersareequippedwithakeyboardastheprimaryinputdevice.1）計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)單元系統(tǒng)單元包括主電路板、微處理器、電源以及存儲設(shè)備,對于大多數(shù)筆記本電腦系統(tǒng)單元還包括一個機(jī)內(nèi)鍵盤和喇叭.顯示設(shè)備 大多數(shù)臺式計(jì)算機(jī)使用一個單獨(dú)的監(jiān)視器作為顯示器，然而筆記本電腦使用一個與系統(tǒng)LCD屏（液晶顯示屏）作為顯示器.鍵盤 大多

27、數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)配有一個鍵盤作為主要輸入設(shè)備。（4)MouseAmouseisanalternativeinputdevicedesignedtomanipulateon-screengraphicalobjectsandcontrols.4)鼠標(biāo) 鼠標(biāo)是另外一個旨在顯示屏上處理圖像目標(biāo)和把握的輸入設(shè)備Floppy disk drive. A floppy disk drive is a storage device that reads data from and writes data to floppy disks. A floppy disk is a round piece of flexi

28、ble mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of magneticoxideandsealedinsideaprotectivecasing . The floppies most commonly usedpersonalcomputersare31/2diskswithacapacityof1。44MB.Harddiskdrive。 A hard disk contains one or more metallic disks encased within a disk drive， which can store billions of cha

29、racters of data in the form of magnetized spots. The storage capacityofaharddiskunitismanytimesthatofafloppydiskandmuchfaster。 It is usually mountedinsidethecomputerssystemunit.5)軟盤驅(qū)動器 軟盤驅(qū)動器是從軟盤上讀取數(shù)據(jù)或向軟盤寫入數(shù)據(jù)的存儲設(shè)備。一個軟盤是一張松軟的聚酯薄膜塑料圓盤，圓盤上掩蓋著一層薄的磁性氧化物并被封裝在一個愛護(hù)套里。大多數(shù)通常使用在目前41/31。44MB的盤子.6）硬盤驅(qū)動器 硬盤包含一個或多個

30、裝入硬盤驅(qū)動器內(nèi)的金屬盤片，硬盤可以用磁道來儲存數(shù)十億的單元內(nèi)部.CDROMorDVDdriveACD-ROM(compactdiscreadonlymemorydriveisor audio CDs. A DVD (digital video disc) drive can read data from computer CDs， audio CDs, computerDVDsorDVDmoviedisks。 CDROM and DVD drives typically cannot be used to write dataonto disks. The ”RO” in ROM stands for ”read-only and means that the drive can read data from ， newdataonthem。7）CD-ROMDVDCD盒裝的磁盤只讀存儲器）CD中的數(shù)DVD（數(shù)字視頻磁盤)CDCDDVDDVD電子DVD驅(qū)動器不能用來在磁盤上寫數(shù)據(jù)，“ROM中的“RO”表示“只