新時代核心英語教程寫作1教學(xué)課件(U10)

1、oreurriculum新時代核心英語教程寫 作1oreurriculum新時代寫 作1Sentence variety10UNITSentence varietySentence variety10UNITSentencleft-branching sentence 左擴散句（圓周句）right-branching sentence 右擴散句（累積句）Key Termssentence interrupter 插入語left-branching sentence Key TeMain ContentsVariation of Sentence TypesVariation of Senten

2、ce BeginningsVariation of Sentence LengthsOther Techniques to Vary SentencesMain ContentsVariation of Sent2. Different way to achieve sentence varietyDifficult Points1. The importance of avoiding monotonous repetition 2. Different way to achieve seVariation of Sentence LengthsVariation of Sentence L

3、engthsVariation of Variation of Short sentencesShort sentences are often used to emphasize a key idea and to give sharp advice.Time flies!Punctuality is the thief of time.Honesty is the best policy.Short sentencesShort sentencesShort sentencesA series of short simple sentences/syntactic structures c

4、an help build up the atmosphere of fast movement, great urgency, and continuous activities.He stepped on the starter. The engine turned over and over, and there was no bark of the motor. He choked the engine deeply. The battery turned the sodden motor there and more slowly, and there was no cough. O

5、ver and over, slower and slower. Al set the spark high.Short sentencesA series of shoShort sentencesA series of short simple sentences/syntactic structures can help build up the atmosphere of fast movement, great urgency, and continuous activities.He felt under the seat for the crank and jumped out.

6、 The water was higher than the running board. He ran to the front end. Crank-case was under water now. Frantically he fitted the crank and twisted around and around, and his clenched hand on the crank splashed in the slowly flowing water at each turn. At last his frenzy gave out . Short sentencesA s

7、eries of shoShort sentencesA string of short sentences which begin in the same way tend to be choppy.I sit here at this keyboard. I try to think of things to say. The words are not coming very freely. I think that is probably because it is the end of a long day. It may be that I am tired. I cannot c

8、ontinue my writing. Free writing may help me break through the writers block.Short sentencesA string of shoShort sentencesWith only a few changes (transitional words and phrases, and the sentence structure), the paragraph will read better.I sit here at this keyboard trying to think of things to say,

9、 but the words arent coming very freely. Probably, they arent coming because its the end of a long day, and Im tired. Whatever the reason, I cannot continue my writing. Perhaps free writing may help me break through the writers block.Short sentencesWith only a fewLong sentencesLong sentences often c

10、onvey a leisurely pace and establish a calm tone.Yet there is laughter in Achill. The young girls laugh as they drive the geese over the rocks; they laugh as they climb the low stone walls with their baskets; they laugh as they call off the wild dogs that threaten to devour the stranger; they laugh

11、most of all, so I am told, on evenings at dance time when the men are home from overseas and the fiddles twitter over the hills of Achill like birds under an eave.Long sentencesLong sentences Long sentencesLong sentences are frequently used for detailed description, explanation, and argument.A slend

12、er woman with a valentine face given to pensive pouts and blazing smiles, elegant in movement, precise in speech, and hair in dark brown curls to her shoulders and in bangs over dark shining eyes, wore a white dress imprinted with red flowers.Long sentencesLong sentences Long sentencesLong sentences

13、 are particularly useful for presenting a set of complex, interlocking ideas, or for building up momentum.In light of the foregoing and realization by Employee and the Company that the Companys trade secrets are valuable assets of the Company and form the foundation upon which much of the Companys s

14、uccess and existence depend, Employee hereby agrees that Employee willLong sentencesLong sentences Long sentences should not be overused. Too many long sentences can be hard to follow. Remember: A sentence stands out when it differs in length from surrounding sentences.Long sentencesLong sentences s

15、hould not be oCombining short sentences with long ones would make our writing flow more naturally and rhythmically.Frequent alternation in sentence length characterizes much memorable writing.Alternation of short and long sentencesCombining short sentences withIt is rather for us to be here dedicate

16、d to the great task remaining before usthat from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotionthat we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vainthat this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedomand t

17、hat government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.Alternation of short and long sentencesA famous example is Abraham Lincolns epic speech “The Gettysburg Address.” Alternation of short and long Activity 1 The Winslow family visited Canada and Alaska last su

18、mmer to look for some Native American art. In Anchorage stores they found some excellent examples of soapstone carvings. But they couldnt find a dealer selling any of the woven wall hangings they wanted. They were very disappointed when they left Anchorage empty-handed.Revise the following paragraph

19、 to add variety to the lengths of the sentences. Activity 1 The Winslow family Activity 1 The Winslow family visited Canada and Alaska last summer to look for some Native American art, such as soapstone carvings and wall hangings. Anchorage stores had many soapstone items available. Still, they were

20、 disappointed to learn that wall hangings, which they had especially wanted, were difficult to find. Sadly, they left empty-handed. Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the lengths of the sentences. Activity 1 The Winslow family Variation of Sentence TypesVariation of Sentence TypesVaria

21、tion of Variation of Do not always write simple subject-verb sentences, and do not overuse compound or complexsentence patterns either. Too many sentences arranged in the same grammatical pattern one after another would make our writing dull and tedious. Try to offer a mixture of simple, compound, c

22、omplex, and compound-complex sentences.Grammatical types Do not always write simple subPassage 1: Red wine goes best with meat, and white wine goes best with fish. Red wine should be served at room temperature, and white wine should be chilled. Red wine should usually be opened for about half an hou

23、r before serving, so that the accumulated gases could be allowed to escape from the bottle. These rules are not meaningless customs, but they are proven by centuries of experience, and they improve the taste of the food as well as the wine.Grammatical types Passage 1: Red wine goes best Passage 2: R

24、ed wine goes best with meat, and white wine goes best with fish. Unlike white wine, which should be served chilled, red wine should be served at room temperature. Red wine also benefits from being opened for about half an hour before serving to allow the accumulated gases to escape from the bottle.

25、Proven by experience, these rules improve the taste of the food as well as the wine. They are not meaningless customs.Grammatical types Passage 2: Red wine goes best Activity 2 Are you an “average American”? Then take heed. Here are the results of a time-management survey. You might want to budget y

26、our time differently. According to the survey, you spend six years of your life eating. Also, youre likely to spend two years trying to reach people by telephone,Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the grammatical structures of the sentences. Activity 2 Are you an “averageActivity 2 so

27、you should convince your friends to get answering machines. Finally, you may be married and expect long conversations with your spouse to occur spontaneously, but youll have to make a special effort. Ordinarily, your discussions will average only four minutes a day.Revise the following paragraph to

28、add variety to the grammatical structures of the sentences. Activity 2 so you should conRevise the following paragraph to add variety to the grammatical structures of the sentences.Activity 2 If youre the “average American,” take heed. After you hear the results of a time-management survey, you migh

29、t want to budget your time differently. According to the survey, you spend six years of your life eating. Also, unless you convince your friends to get answering machines, Revise the following paragraphRevise the following paragraph to add variety to the grammatical structures of the sentences.Activ

30、ity 2 youre likely to spend two years trying to reach them by telephone. Finally, if youre married, you shouldnt expect long conversations with your spouse to occur spontaneously. Unless you make a special effort, your discussions will average only four minutes a day.Revise the following paragraphFu

31、nctional typesQuestions at the beginning of a paragraph can point its direction or open a paragraph of definition.What is a civilized society? By definition, a civilized society is one that is well organized and developed, and has fair laws and customs.Functional typesWhat is a civFunctional typesCo

32、mmands are mainly used to give directions, but occasionally they are useful in other contexts.Observations indicate that the different clusters of galaxies are constantly moving from one another. To illustrate by a homely analogy, think of a raisin cake baked in an oven.Functional typesObservations

33、Functional typesAn exclamation, if not overused, is a sure attention-getter that will change the flow of a paragraph momentarily.Just as I was approaching the television set, the picture on the screen disappeared, and the fan gradually stopped moving. A power cut! How could it happen in such hot wea

34、ther?Functional typesJust as I wasActivity 3 I thought the course was going to be easy, but I was wrong, because after a two-week sickness early in the term I could never find time to catch up with the assignments, and I kept getting poor grades. I wished I had had the foresight to see what had been

35、 coming and had taken the initiative either to drop the course or to ask the teacher for an incomplete, but pride or vanity kept me plugging away, and nothing did any good.Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the lengths and functional types of the sentences. Make other changes when nece

36、ssary. Activity 3 I thought the coursRevise the following paragraph to add variety to the lengths and functional types of the sentences. Make other changes when necessary.Activity 3 I thought the course was going to be easy, but I was wrong. After a two-week sickness early in the term, I could never

37、 find time to catch up with the assignments, and I kept getting poor grades. Why didnt I drop? Why didnt I ask for an incomplete? If I had known for sure what was coming, I probably would have done one or the other. Pride or vanity kept me plugging away, however, nothing did any good.Revise the foll

38、owing paragraphRhetorical typesA loose sentence is one whose main statement is followed by one or more free subordinate elements.Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news.Rhetorical typesBells ra

39、ng, Rhetorical typesHowever, too much modifications will weaken the relationship between the main part and the modifiers.Simple: I ate the pizza.Complex: I ate the pizza that my sister baked.Confusing: I ate the pizza that my sister baked after I got home from work.Confusing: I ate the pizza that my

40、 sister baked after I got home from work which was really tough.Rhetorical typesHowever, tooRhetorical typesTo avoid the confusion caused by too much modifications, we should not overextend a sentence, and we should include an introductory modifier.Revised: After I got home from work, I ate the pizz

41、a that my sister baked.Rhetorical typesTo avoid theRhetorical typesA periodic sentence postpones the main idea until the very end of the sentence. It is especially useful for building tension or creating a climax or a surprise ending.Early one morning, under the arc of a lamp, carefully, silently, i

42、n smock and leather gloves, Doctor Manza performed the first grafting operation.Rhetorical typesA periodic sRhetorical typesThe periodic sentence is also effective in arousing readers interest and curiosity, and thus is frequently used in poems.Out of the bosom of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of

43、her garment shaken, Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken, Silent and soft, and slow, Descends the snow.Rhetorical typesThe periodicActivity 4 Sarah knows the filing system. Sarah has more experience than the rest of the team. Sarah can get into work at a moments notice

44、. Sarah will be in charge next week.Combine each group of short sentences into one sentence. Activity 4 Sarah knows the filCombine each group of short sentences into one sentence.Activity 4 Because she knows the filing system, has more experience than the rest of the team, and can get into work at a

45、 moments notice, Sarah will be in charge next week.Combine each group of short seActivity 4 They use irony. They blend powerful images. They re-imagine universal ideas and themes using symbolism. In this way, they rank among the great modern writers. They are Pearl S. Buck, John Steinbeck, and Toni

46、Morrison.Combine each group of short sentences into one sentence. Activity 4 They use irony.ComCombine each group of short sentences into one sentence.Activity 4 Through their use of irony, their blending of powerful images, their re-imagining of universal ideas and themes using symbolism, these thr

47、eePearl Buck, John Steinbeck, Toni Morrisonrank among the great modern writers.Combine each group of short seVariation of Sentence BeginningsVariation of Sentence BeginningsVariation of Variation of Transitional expressionsTransitional expressions can be useful for making a text or a speech flow wel

48、l, with clear connections between ideas.In order to be alert on Friday morning in New York, I planned to take the shuttle from Washington Thursday night. On Thursday morning it began to snow in Washington and to snow even harder in New York. By mid-afternoon I decided not to risk the shuttle and cau

49、ght a train to New York. Seven hours later the train completed its three-hour trip. I arrived at Penn Station to find a city shut down by the worst blizzard since 1947. Transitional expressionsIn orTransitional expressionsGenerally, a transitional expression can be an adverb, a coordinating conjunct

50、ion, or a conjunctive adverb.Suddenly, she realized that she had made a mistake.However, I cannot retreat.Transitional expressionsGenerPhrasesPrepositional, verbal, absolute, and appositive phrases can also provide variety as sentence openers.In the long run, he is the only hope we have.To help me w

51、ith my homework, he comes to my home every day after school.Dressed in blue jeans, a young woman appeared at the door.PhrasesPrepositional, verbalSubordinate clausesSubordinate clauses can be used at the beginning of a sentence toadd variety as well as coherence and supplementary information.Even th

52、ough baseball is essentially the same, the strategy of play then and now is different.When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.If you cant take responsibility for your own well-being, you will never take control over it.Subordinate clausesSubordinaOther Techniques to Vary Se

53、ntencesOther Techniques to Vary SentencesOther Techniques to Other TechSentence endingsAlmost all the methods of varying sentence beginnings can be used in varying sentence endings.He walked on slowly.The little boy hid in the back of the closet, trembling at the thought of being detected.Jonathan s

54、eems like a typical country boy in summerhis hair cut close, his arms and legs tanned, his face freckled.Sentence endingsHe walked onSentence interruptersSubordinate elements and other free modifiers can appear before/after/in the middle of an independent clause.Emma and Yolanda, in spite of two yea

55、rs of contact, still do not understand each other.The deer, grazing peacefully in the valley, were unaware of the approaching hunters.The robot, his strength failing, reached for a can of spinach.Sentence interruptersSubordThe inverted orderAny sentence element that has been taken out of its normal

56、position and placed first gets extra attention.Over the fence jumped Oscar.In front of the temple stands a tall tree with a history of more than 1000 years.Never again will she overlook the threat of an avalanche.Cup after cup of wine he drank.The inverted orderAny sentVary the sentence “Alice put o

57、n her best dress” according to the following requirements. Avoid using the same expression more than once. A sample is as follows.Activity 5 1. Using initial modifiers:Infinitive phrase: To please her mother, Alice put on her best dress.(2) Adverb: Quickly, Alice put on her best dress. Vary the sent

58、ence “Alice put oVary the sentence “Alice put on her best dress” according to the following requirements. Avoid using the same expression more than once. A sample is as follows.Activity 5 (3) Present participial phrase: Hoping to attract the attention of her secret love, Alice put on her best dress.(4) Prepositional phrase: For the sake of family honor, Alice put on her best dress.Vary the sentence “Alice put oVary the sentence “Alice put on her best dress” according to the following requirements. Avoid using the same