2022年考研考博-考博英語-新疆大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號98

1、住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-新疆大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.寫作題What does “success” mean in a career? This seemingly simple question is complex indeed. In many cultures, success is often defined in terms of money, status and power. Theres nothing wrong with that. In fact, its a de

2、finition that works for lots of people. The problem is, success viewed in this way doesnt work for everyone. Explain your individual view of career success in the essay with adequate examples in no fewer than 300 words. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.【答案

3、】【參考范文】Different people have different views on success in a career. Some hold that making a great deal of money means success. Others argue that holding an important post in the government means success. In my opinion, success means brilliant achievement in our work. In other words, no matter what

4、we do, making outstanding contributions to the development of our country and bringing help and happiness to others is success.To achieve success, we should, first of all, have a clear long-term goal in our life. Besides, we should have short term goals in different periods of life. As we know, it i

5、s these short term goals that make our long-term goal possible. Second, we should be both perseverant and hardworking. Whatever we do, there are always two possibilities: success and failure. We should never lose heart when we come across difficulties or when we are confronted with failure. Instead,

6、 we should learn from our experience, build up our confidence and work even harder and smarter towards our purpose. Finally, we should try to get along well with our classmates and colleagues. We should care for each other and help each other in our study, our work and our life, because team work is

7、 of great importance in the realization of our dream.If we can follow these principles, we will certainly achieve remarkable success in our life.2.不定項選擇題Before a big exam, a sound nights sleep will do you better than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form

8、 of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then “edited” at n

9、ight, to flush away what is superfluous.To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in whi

10、ch the Belgian group is interested is rapid eye movement(REM) sleep, when brain and body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep t

11、hat people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible,

12、 in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern-what is referred to as “artificial grammar”. Yet the reductions in response time showed

13、 that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.What is more, those with more to learn (i.e., the “grammar”, as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The “editing” theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimul

14、i would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are

15、reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra

16、and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.6. Researchers in behavioral psychology are divided with regard to（ ）.7. As manifested in the experimental study, rapid eye movement is characterized by（ ）.8. By referring to the artificial grammar, the author intends to show（ ）.9. In their study,

17、 researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of（ ）.10. What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day?問題1選項A.how dreams are modified in their coursesB.the difference between sleep and wakefulnessC.why sleep is of great benefit to memoryD.the function

18、s of a good nights sleep問題2選項A.intensely active brainwave tracesB.subjects quicker response timesC.complicated memory patternsD.revival of events in the previous day問題3選項A.its significance in the studyB.an inherent pattern being learntC.its resemblance to the lightsD.the importance of a nights sleep

19、問題4選項A.exposing a long-held folk wisdomB.clarifying the predictions on dreamsC.making contrasts and comparisonsD.correlating effects with their causes問題5選項A.Memorizing grammar with great efforts.B.Study textbooks with close attention.C.Have their brain images recorded.D.Enjoy their sleep at night so

20、undly.【答案】第1題:C第2題:A第3題:A第4題:C第5題:D【解析】6.【試題答案】C【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文中第一段But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory.（但是這樣的行為研究并不能區(qū)分為什么睡眠對記憶力有好處的兩種相互矛盾的理論），所以他們對為什么睡眠對記憶力有好處持有不同的觀點，故應(yīng)選C選項“為什么睡眠對記憶力很有好處”。A選項“夢是如何在課程中被修改的”，不符合題意，可排除。B選項“睡眠和

21、清醒的區(qū)別”，不符合題意，可排除。D選項“一個好覺的作用”，過于片面，可排除。因此C選項正確。7.【試題答案】A【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第二段中指出“when brain and body are active”，大腦積極運轉(zhuǎn)是眼珠快速轉(zhuǎn)動的主要特征，且在第三、四段又再次說明。選項B“被研究者更快的反應(yīng)速度”，選項C“復(fù)雜的記憶模式”和選項D“前一天事件的重現(xiàn)”都不是眼球快速運動的主要特征。故應(yīng)選A“強烈活躍的腦電波痕跡”。因此A選項正確。8.【試題答案】A【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。原文的第三段最后What they did not knowfollowed a pattern-what is

22、referred to as “artificial grammar”. Yet the reductions in response time showed that說明了這種內(nèi)在模式，也就是“artificial grantor”對于記憶的重要性。因此A選項正確。9.【試題答案】C【試題解析】推理判斷題。這個題考查的是對后面幾段的歸納。首先在第三段開始Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PETthey practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the followi

23、ng night.這是一種對比性的研究方法。后來的第四段最后their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep也采用了對比的分析研究，故應(yīng)選C“對比與比較”。因此C選項正確。10.【試題答案】D【試題解析】推理判斷題。這是一個通篇的中心歸納的考查題。文章一開始就指出Before a big exam, a sound nights sleep will do you better than poring over textbooks.意思是在晚上好好的睡覺對記憶是有好處的。最

24、后作者又歸納了研究的結(jié)果，“concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep”也說明結(jié)構(gòu)性知識在REM睡眠中是可以鞏固的。故應(yīng)選D。3.單選題The earth revolves a little more rapidly（ ）it is closer to the sun.問題1選項A.whenB.orC.thanD.wherever【答案】A【解析】考查連詞辨析。A選項when“當(dāng)時候”；B選項or“或者”；C選項than“

25、比”；D選項wherever“無論在哪里”。句意：當(dāng)?shù)厍螂x太陽較近時，它的公轉(zhuǎn)速度稍快一些。故A項符合句意。4.單選題Our committee has elected a new（ ）.問題1選項A.chiefB.principalC.headD.chairman【答案】D【解析】本題考查名詞用法。A選項chief“首領(lǐng)，頭目”，B選項principal“校長”，C選項head“負(fù)責(zé)人，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人”，D選項chairman“（會議的）主席，主持人，（委員會的）委員長，主席，（公司等的）董事長”。句意：我們委員會選出了一位新的委員長。因此，D選項符合句意。5.不定項選擇題The word “bio

26、diversity” is a term heard with increasing frequency in the ongoing debate over how best to protect the worlds environment, and more specifically, how to preserve its rapidly dwindling numbers of plant and animal species. In very general terms, “biodiversity” refers to the number of plant and animal

27、 species that can be found in a particular habitat or ecosystem. This is apparently a very simple concept, but the simplicity of it belies its significance. A better popular understanding of the real meaning of biodiversity and of its importance to the circumstances in which we presently find oursel

28、ves is critical to the success of efforts to protect the environment, and therefore essential to our own survival.Global biodiversity, which is the total number of plant and animal species existing on the planet at any one time, can only be estimated; and only very roughly estimated at that. Undoubt

29、edly, many species remain to be discovered. Some of these, such as insects and microscopic life, are small enough to have escaped our notice, while others dwell in areas we have only begun to explore; the species inhabiting the deepest ocean depths, for example. It must also be remembered that we ar

30、e in the midst of a mass extinction event. Species are now disappearing at a rate estimated to be between 1,000 and 10,000 times faster than the average for the history of life on earth. Taken together, these two uncertain elements prevent the global biodiversity estimate from becoming much more tha

31、n an educated guess. The current best estimate is somewhere in the neighborhood of 100 to 200 million species.This number, while it may be of some interest to nonscientists, isnt of much real value to researchers. They are generally more concerned with local biodiversity. Despite the apparent enormi

32、ty of the number of species that inhabit the earth as a whole, local biodiversitythe number of species found in any one habitatfluctuates greatly as we cross the boundaries separating the ecosystems that make up the Earths biosphere. It reaches its highest levels on the coral reefs and in the tropic

33、al rain forests where there may be thousands of species per acre.Of course, it is this valuethe measure of local biodiversitythat is most useful for anyone concerned with assessing the health of an ecosystem or protecting it from destruction. In measuring the biodiversity of a particular ecosystem,

34、biologists are usually quite impartial when weighing the relative significance of each species. Most are assigned a value of one, the total number of species then representing the target value. However, there are two conditions under which one species may be weighted more heavily than others. This w

35、ould certainly be the case for any species that by virtue of its genetic uniqueness would constitute a special loss to the global gene pool in the event of its extinction. The tuatara is a good example of just such a species. As the only surviving member of a family of reptiles that, except for it,

36、died out 60 million years ago, the tuatara qualifies on grounds of genetic uniqueness to be weighted more heavily in calculating the biodiversity of its habitat.A species may be accorded bonus points in the biodiversity equation for another reason as well; it may be deemed more significant by virtue

37、 of the role it plays in the ecosystem. An example of this would be the California sea otter. A The preferred food of this species of marine mammal is the sea urchin; a marine invertebrate, which feeds on a certain type of sea grass known as kelp. B Were it not for the otters contribution in control

38、ling the sea urchin population, the undersea kelp forest would surely be decimated by a dramatic increase in the population of sea urchins. C This would remove a key supporting elementthe kelpfrom the habitat of many fish and invertebrate species that depend on it. D This, in turn, would fundamental

39、ly alter an entire undersea habitat and undoubtedly put a risk a number of different species that have adapted to its peculiar characteristics. Therefore, the behavior of the otter in actively maintaining the local diversity of species dictates that it should be assigned a higher biodiversity value.

40、13. What was the authors main purpose in writing the passage?14. It is implied in the passage that we dont have an accurate measure of global biodiversity because（ ）.15. The word enormity in the passage is closest in the meaning to（ ）.16. According to the passage, the largest number of species would

41、 be found（ ）.17. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT important in assessing biodiversity?18. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?19. Look at the four squares marked A, B, C, and D that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.T

42、he effect of this would be a dramatic loss of local biodiversity.Where would the sentence best fit (A, B, C or D)?20. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the italicized sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out e

43、ssential information.問題1選項A.To explain why biodiversity is essential to our survival.B.To explain the concept of biodiversity.C.To show why local biodiversity is more important than global biodiversity.D.To clarify the dangers that result from declining biodiversity.問題2選項A.the number of species is c

44、onstantly changingB.populations of animals move from place to placeC.we dont know the ecological role played by all speciesD.the definition of biodiversity is not clear enough問題3選項A.importantB.qualityC.vastnessD.accuracy問題4選項A.on the coral reefsB.in the boundary areas between local ecosystemsC.in th

45、e undersea kelp forestsD.in fresh water lakes and streams問題5選項A.The special function a particular species plays in an ecosystem.B.The number of species present in an ecosystem.C.The genetic uniqueness of the species within an ecosystem.D.The size of the area an ecosystem covers.問題6選項A.Local biodiver

46、sity may change, but global biodiversity does not.B.All species have the same significance when considering biodiversity.C.The concept of biodiversity is of little value to ecologists.D.The earth is experiencing a reduction in global biodiversity.問題7選項A.AB.BC.CD.D問題8選項A.As the last of a 60 million y

47、ear old family of reptiles to die out, the tuatara was so genetically special that it would have raised the calculated biodiversity value of the habitat in which it lived.B.The tuatara deserves a heavier biodiversity weighting by virtue of the fact that all other genetically similar animals vanished

48、 60 million years ago and therefore, it adds an unusual amount to the local biodiversity value.C.The tuatara s genetic uniqueness makes it more likely to die out like the other members of its family which disappeared 60 million years ago, and therefore it should be given a higher biodiversity value.

49、D.Because of the higher biodiversity value contributed by the tuatara to its habitat, the tuatara qualifies for special status to prevent it from vanishing like the other members of its family did 60 million years ago.【答案】第1題:B第2題:A第3題:C第4題:A第5題:D第6題:D第7題:D第8題:B【解析】13.【試題答案】B【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章首先引出“生物多樣性

50、”的定義，介紹了全球大概的物種數(shù)量，接著介紹了研究生物多樣性的意義，說明本文的主要目的是介紹生物多樣性的概念。因此B選項“解釋生物多樣性的概念”正確。A選項“解釋為什么生物多樣性對我們的生存至關(guān)重要”，原文只提到生物多樣性對我們的生存至關(guān)重要，沒有具體闡述，所以A錯誤。C選項“說明為什么當(dāng)?shù)氐纳锒鄻有员热虻纳锒鄻有愿匾敝皇窃牡囊徊糠謨?nèi)容，不能概括全文主旨，所以C錯誤。D選項“闡明生物多樣性的減少所帶來的危險”，原文沒有講到生物多樣性減少的危害，所以D錯誤。14.【試題答案】A【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段，第二段中說到Undoubtedly, many spec

51、ies remain to be discovered It must also be remembered that we are in the midst of a mass extinction event Taken together, these two uncertain elements prevent the global biodiversity estimate from becoming much more than an educated guess.（毫無疑問，還有許多物種有待發(fā)現(xiàn)還必須記住，我們正處于大規(guī)模滅絕事件之中綜合來看，這兩個不確定因素使全球生物多樣性的估計

52、不能成為一個有根據(jù)的猜測。），說明物種的數(shù)量有增有減，在不斷的變化中，所以不能準(zhǔn)確衡量生物的多樣性。因此A選項“物種的數(shù)量在不斷變化”正確。B選項“動物的種群從一個地方移到另一個地方”，C選項“我們不知道所有物種在生態(tài)方面的作用”在文中沒有提及，所以B，C錯誤。D選項“生物多樣性的定義還不夠明確”，原文明確給出了生物多樣性的定義，即在一個特定的棲息地或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的植物和動物物種的數(shù)量，所以D錯誤。15.【試題答案】C【試題解析】詞義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“enormity”可以定位到文章第三段第三句Despite the apparent enormity of the number of

53、species that inhabit the earth as a whole, local biodiversitythe number of species found in any one habitatfluctuates greatly as we cross the boundaries separating the ecosystems that make up the Earths biosphere.（盡管存在于整個地球上的物種數(shù)量明顯很龐大，但當(dāng)我們跨越分隔地球生物圈的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的界限時，當(dāng)?shù)氐纳锒鄻有栽谌魏我粋€棲息地中發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種數(shù)量都會極大地波動。），說明“enorm

54、ity”在文中是指“數(shù)量龐大”的意思。因此C選項“大量”準(zhǔn)確。A選項“重要”，B選項“質(zhì)量”，D選項“準(zhǔn)確”均不符合題意，所以A，B，D錯誤。16.【試題答案】A【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句It reaches its highest levels on the coral reefs and in the tropical rain forests where there may be thousands of species per acre.（它在珊瑚礁和熱帶雨林中達(dá)到最高水平，那里每英畝可能有數(shù)千種物種。），說明物種數(shù)量最多的地方在珊瑚礁和熱帶雨林。因此A

55、選項“珊瑚礁”正確。B選項“在當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)之間的邊界地區(qū)”，C選項“在海底的海藻林中”，D選項“在淡水湖泊和溪流中”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯誤。17.【試題答案】D【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由A選項關(guān)鍵詞“special function”可以定位到文章最后一段第一句it may be deemed more significant by virtue of the role it plays in the ecosystem.（由于它在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮的作用，可能被認(rèn)為更重要。），說明物種在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮的作用是評估生物多樣性的要素，A選項“一個特定的物種在一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮的特殊功能”表

56、述正確，排除A。由B選項關(guān)鍵詞“number of species”可以定位到文章第三段第三句local biodiversitythe number of species found in any one habitatfluctuates greatly as we cross the boundaries separating the ecosystems that make up the Earths biosphere.（當(dāng)我們跨越分隔地球生物圈的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的界限時，當(dāng)?shù)氐纳锒鄻有栽谌魏我粋€棲息地中發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種數(shù)量都會極大地波動。），說明物種的數(shù)量是評估生物多樣性的要素，B選項“一個生

57、態(tài)系統(tǒng)中存在的物種數(shù)量”表述正確，排除B。由C選項關(guān)鍵詞“genetic uniqueness”可以定位到文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句the tuatara qualifies on grounds of genetic uniqueness to be weighted more heavily in calculating the biodiversity of its habitat.（在計算其棲息地的生物多樣性時，鱷蜥的基因獨特性更值得重視。），說明基因獨特性是評估生物多樣性的要素，C選項“一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的物種的基因獨特性”表述正確，排除C。D選項“一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)所覆蓋的區(qū)域的大小”在文中沒有

58、提及，不屬于評估生物多樣性的要素，本題選D。18.【試題答案】D【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第四、五句It must also be remembered that we are in the midst of a mass extinction event. Species are now disappearing at a rate estimated to be between 1,000 and 10,000 times faster than the average for the history of life on earth.（我們還必須記住，我們正處于大

59、規(guī)模滅絕事件之中。物種正在以比地球生命歷史平均速度快1000到10000倍的速度消失。），說明全球生物多樣性在減少。因此D選項“地球正經(jīng)歷著全球生物多樣性的減少”正確。A選項“局部的生物多樣性可能會改變，但全球的生物多樣性不會改變”，由原文可知全球的生物多樣性在不斷的變化中，所以A錯誤。B選項“在考慮生物多樣性時，所有的物種都有相同的意義”，由原文可知，一些有基因獨特性或者在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮特殊作用的物種對于生物多樣性有著更重要的意義，所以B錯誤。C選項“生物多樣性的概念對生態(tài)學(xué)家沒有什么價值”，原文說的是物種數(shù)量對研究人員來說沒有多大實際價值，而不是生物多樣性這個概念，理解生物多樣性的真正意義

60、是至關(guān)重要的，所以C錯誤。19.【試題答案】D【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干中的句子The effect of this would be a dramatic loss of local biodiversity.（這個的后果將是局部生物多樣性的急劇喪失。）講的是某種做法的結(jié)果，會導(dǎo)致生物多樣性急劇喪失，D處前文說到如果沒有海獺捕食海膽，海膽就會大量消滅海藻，許多生物將會失去棲息地，那么下文應(yīng)該說到它的后果，即局部生物多樣性急劇喪失。因此該句放在D處最合適。20.【試題答案】B【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句As the only surviving member