LITERATURE-REVIEW文獻(xiàn)綜述優(yōu)秀課件

LITERATUREREVIEWLITERATUREREVIEWWhatisLR?Aliteraturereviewdiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularsubjectarea,andsometimesinformationinaparticularsubjectareawithinacertaintimeperiod.Aliteraturereviewcanbejustasimplesummaryofthesources,butitusuallyhasanorganizationalpatternandcombinesbothsummaryandsynthesis.2Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?AliteraturereviewWhatisLR?Asummaryisarecapoftheimportantinformationofthesource,butasynthesisisare-organization,orareshuffling,ofthatinformation.Itmightgiveanewinterpretationofoldmaterialorcombinenewwitholdinterpretations.Oritmighttracetheintellectualprogressionofthefield,includingmajordebates.Anddependingonthesituation,theliteraturereviewmayevaluatethesourcesandadvisethereaderonthemostpertinentorrelevant.3Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?AsummaryisarecaWhatisLR?Theformatofareviewofliteraturemayvaryfromdisciplinetodisciplineandfromassignmenttoassignment.Areviewmaybeaself-containedunit--anendinitself--oraprefacetoandrationaleforengaginginprimaryresearch.Areviewisarequiredpartofgrantandresearchproposalsandoftenachapterinthesesanddissertations.Generally,thepurposeofareviewistoanalyzecriticallyasegmentofapublishedbodyofknowledgethroughsummary,classification,andcomparisonofpriorresearchstudies,reviewsofliterature,andtheoreticalarticles.4Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?TheformatofarevWhatisLR?Aliteraturereviewistheeffectiveevaluationofselecteddocumentsonaresearchtopic.Areviewmayformanessentialpartoftheresearchprocessormayconstitutearesearchprojectinitself.Inthecontextofaresearchpaperorthesistheliteraturereviewisacriticalsynthesisofpreviousresearch.Theevaluationoftheliteratureleadslogicallytotheresearchquestion.5Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?AliteraturereviewWhatisLR?6Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?6Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?Literaturereviewsprovideyouwithahandyguidetoaparticulartopic.Ifyouhavelimitedtimetoconductresearch,literaturereviewscangiveyouanovervieworactasasteppingstone.Literaturereviewsalsoprovideasolidbackgroundforaresearchpaper'sinvestigation.Comprehensiveknowledgeoftheliteratureofthefieldisessentialtomostresearchpapers.7Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?LiteraturereviewWhywriteLR?Forprofessionals,theyareusefulreportsthatkeepthemuptodatewithwhatiscurrentinthefield.Forscholars,thedepthandbreadthoftheliteraturereviewemphasizesthecredibilityofthewriterinhisorherfield8Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?ForprofessionalsWhywriteLR?Thepurposeofaliteraturereviewisforyoutotakeacriticallookattheliterature(factsandviews)thatalreadyexistsintheareayouareresearching.Aliteraturereviewisnotashoppinglistofeverythingthatexists,butacriticalanalysisthatshowsanevaluationoftheexistingliteratureandarelationshipbetweenthedifferentworks.Itdemonstratestherelevanceoftheresearch.9Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?ThepurposeofaWhywriteLR?Literaturecanincludebooks,journalarticles,internet(electronicjournals),newspapers,magazines,thesesanddissertations,conferenceproceedings,reports,anddocumentaries.Literaturereviewsarewrittenoccasionallyinthehumanities,butmostlyinthesciencesandsocialsciences;inexperimentandlabreports,theyconstituteasectionofthepaper.Sometimesaliteraturereviewiswrittenasapaperinitself.10Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?LiteraturecaninWhywriteLR?Inthecontextofaresearchpaperonathesis,theliteraturereviewprovidesabackgroundtothestudybeingproposed.Thebackgroundmayconsideroneormoreofthefollowingaspectsdependingontheresearchquestionbeingposed:Theoreticalbackground–past,presentorfutureClinicalpractice–previousorcontemporaryMethodologyand/orresearchmethodsPreviousfindingsRationaleand/orrelevanceofthecurrentstudy11Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?InthecontextofWhywriteLR?Inabroadercontext

Hart(1998)liststhefollowingpurposesofareview:Distinguishingwhathasbeendonefromwhatneedstobedone;Discoveringimportantvariablesrelevanttothetopic;Synthesisingandgaininganewperspective;Identifyingrelationshipsbetweenideasandpractice;Establishingthecontextofthetopicorproblem;12Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?InabroadercontWhywriteLR?Rationalisingthesignificanceoftheproblem;Enhancingandacquiringthesubjectvocabulary;Understandingthestructureofthesubject;Relatingideasandtheorytoapplications;Identifyingmethodologiesandtechniquesthathavebeenused;Placingtheresearchinahistoricalcontexttoshowfamiliaritywithstate-of-the-artdevelopments.13Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?RationalisingtheWhywriteLR?Itspurposeisto:PlaceeachworkinthecontextofitscontributiontotheunderstandingofthesubjectunderreviewDescribetherelationshipofeachworktotheothersunderconsiderationIdentifynewwaystointerpret,andshedlightonanygapsin,previousresearchResolveconflictsamongstseeminglycontradictorypreviousstudiesIdentifyareasofpriorscholarshiptopreventduplicationofeffortPointthewayforwardforfurtherresearchPlaceone'soriginalwork(inthecaseofthesesordissertations)inthecontextofexistingliterature14Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?ItspurposeistoWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?ClarifyIfyourassignmentisnotveryspecific,seekclarificationfromyoursupervisor/lecturer:Roughlyhowmanysourcesshouldyouinclude?Whattypesofsources(books,journalarticles,websites)?Shouldyousummarize,synthesize,orcritiqueyoursourcesbydiscussingacommonthemeorissue?Shouldyouevaluateyoursources?Shouldyouprovidesubheadingsandotherbackgroundinformation,suchasdefinitionsand/orahistory?15Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?FindmodelsLookforotherliteraturereviewsinyourareaofinterestorinthedisciplineandreadthemtogetasenseofthetypesofthemesyoumightwanttolookforinyourownresearchorwaystoorganizeyourfinalreview.Youcansimplyputtheword"review"inyoursearchenginealongwithyourothertopictermstofindarticlesofthistypeontheInternetorinanelectronicdatabase.Thebibliographyorreferencesectionofsourcesyou'vealreadyreadarealsoexcellententrypointsintoyourownresearch.16Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NarrowyourtopicTherearehundredsoreventhousandsofarticlesandbooksonmostareasofstudy.Thenarroweryourtopic,theeasieritwillbetolimitthenumberofsourcesyouneedtoreadinordertogetagoodsurveyofthematerial.Yourinstructorwillprobablynotexpectyoutoreadeverythingthat'soutthereonthetopic,butyou'llmakeyourjobeasierifyoufirstlimityourscope.17Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?ConsiderwhetheryoursourcesarecurrentSomedisciplinesrequirethatyouuseinformationthatisascurrentaspossible.Inthesciences,forinstance,treatmentsformedicalproblemsareconstantlychangingaccordingtothelateststudies.Informationeventwoyearsoldcouldbeobsolete.18Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?However,ifyouarewritingareviewinthehumanities,history,orsocialsciences,asurveyofthehistoryoftheliteraturemaybewhatisneeded,becausewhatisimportantishowperspectiveshavechangedthroughtheyearsorwithinacertaintimeperiod.Trysortingthroughsomeothercurrentbibliographiesorliteraturereviewsinthefieldtogetasenseofwhatyourdisciplineexpects.Youcanalsousethismethodtoconsiderwhatis"hot"andwhatisnot.19Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?FindafocusAliteraturereview,likeatermpaper,isusuallyorganizedaroundideas,notthesourcesthemselvesasanannotatedbibliographywouldbeorganized.Thismeansthatyouwillnotjustsimplylistyoursourcesandgointodetailabouteachoneofthem,oneatatime.No.20Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?Asyoureadwidelybutselectivelyinyourtopicarea,considerinsteadwhatthemesorissuesconnectyoursourcestogether.Dotheypresentoneordifferentsolutions?Isthereanaspectofthefieldthatismissing?Howwelldotheypresentthematerialanddotheyportrayitaccordingtoanappropriatetheory?Dotheyrevealatrendinthefield?Aragingdebate?Pickoneofthesethemestofocustheorganizationofyourreview.21Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?ConstructaworkingthesisstatementThenusethefocusyou'vefoundtoconstructathesisstatement.Yes!Literaturereviewshavethesisstatementsaswell!However,yourthesisstatementwillnotnecessarilyargueforapositionoranopinion;ratheritwillargueforaparticularperspectiveonthematerial.22Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?Somesamplethesisstatementsforliteraturereviewsareasfollows:Thecurrenttrendintreatmentforcongestiveheartfailurecombinessurgeryandmedicine.Moreandmoreculturalstudiesscholarsareacceptingpopularmediaasasubjectworthyofacademicconsideration.23Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?ConsiderorganizationYou'vegotafocus,andyou'venarroweditdowntoathesisstatement.Nowwhatisthemosteffectivewayofpresentingtheinformation?Whatarethemostimportanttopics,subtopics,etc.,thatyourreviewneedstoinclude?Andinwhatordershouldyoupresentthem?24Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?Developanorganizationforyourreviewatbothaglobalandlocallevel:First,coverthebasiccategoriesJustlikemostacademicpapers,literaturereviewsalsomustcontainatleastthreebasicelements:anintroductionorbackgroundinformationsection;thebodyofthereviewcontainingthediscussionofsources;and,finally,aconclusionand/orrecommendationssectiontoendthepaper.25Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?Introduction:Givesaquickideaofthetopicoftheliteraturereview,suchasthecentralthemeororganizationalpattern.Body:Containsyourdiscussionofsourcesandisorganizedeitherchronologically,thematically,ormethodologically(seebelowformoreinformationoneach).Conclusions/Recommendations:Discusswhatyouhavedrawnfromreviewingliteraturesofar.Wheremightthediscussionproceed?26Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?Theintroductionshouldprovidethereaderwiththescaleandstructureofyourreview.Itservesasakindofmap.Thebodyofthereviewdependsonhowyouhaveorganisedyourkeypoints.Literaturereviewsatpostgraduatelevelshouldbeevaluativeandnotmerelydescriptive.Forexamplepossiblereasonsforsimilaritiesordifferencesbetweenstudiesareconsideredratherthanamereidentificationofthem.Theconclusionofthereviewneedstosumupthemainfindingsofyourresearchintotheliterature.Thefindingscanberelatedtotheaimsofthestudyyouareproposingtodo.Thereaderisthusprovidedwithacoherentbackgroundtothecurrentstudy.27Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?OrganizingthebodyOnceyouhavethebasiccategoriesinplace,thenyoumustconsiderhowyouwillpresentthesourcesthemselveswithinthebodyofyourpaper.Createanorganizationalmethodtofocusthissectionevenfurther.Tohelpyoucomeupwithanoverallorganizationalframeworkforyourreview,considerthesixtypicalwaysoforganizingthesourcesintoareview:Chronological

BypublicationBytrendThematicMethodologicalQuestionsforFurtherResearch28Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?Similartoprimaryresearch,developmentoftheliteraturereviewrequiresfourstages:Problemformulation—whichtopicorfieldisbeingexaminedandwhatareitscomponentissues?Literaturesearch—findingmaterialsrelevanttothesubjectbeingexploredDataevaluation—determiningwhichliteraturemakesasignificantcontributiontotheunderstandingofthetopicAnalysisandinterpretation—discussingthefindingsandconclusionsofpertinentliterature29Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldIdobeforewritinWhatshouldyouwrite?theacceptedfactsintheareathepopularopinionthemainvariablestherelationshipbetweenconceptsandvariablesshortcomingsintheexistingfindingslimitationsinthemethodsusedintheexistingfindingstherelevanceofyourresearchsuggestionsforfurtherresearchinthearea.30Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldyouwrite?theacceWhatshouldyouwrite?Literaturereviewsshouldcomprisethefollowingelements:Anoverviewofthesubject,issueortheoryunderconsideration,alongwiththeobjectivesoftheliteraturereviewDivisionofworksunderreviewintocategories(e.g.thoseinsupportofaparticularposition,thoseagainst,andthoseofferingalternativethesesentirely)ExplanationofhoweachworkissimilartoandhowitvariesfromtheothersConclusionsastowhichpiecesarebestconsideredintheirargument,aremostconvincingoftheiropinions,andmakethegreatestcontributiontotheunderstandinganddevelopmentoftheirareaofresearch31Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldyouwrite?LiteratuWhatshouldyouwrite?Inassessingeachpiece,considerationshouldbegivento:Provenance—Whataretheauthor'scredentials?Aretheauthor'sargumentssupportedbyevidence(e.g.primaryhistoricalmaterial,casestudies,narratives,statistics,recentscientificfindings)?Objectivity—Istheauthor'sperspectiveeven-handedorprejudicial?Iscontrarydataconsideredoriscertainpertinentinformationignoredtoprovetheauthor'spoint?Persuasiveness—Whichoftheauthor'sthesesaremost/leastconvincing?Value—Aretheauthor'sargumentsandconclusionsconvincing?Doestheworkultimatelycontributeinanysignificantwaytoanunderstandingofthesubject?32Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldyouwrite?InassesWhatshouldyouwrite?LayoutMakeyourliteraturereviewhaveanacademicandprofessionalappearance.HerearesomepointstomakethelookofyourreportappealingtothereaderWhitespace:leavespacebetweensections,especiallyfromtheabstract.Thisgivesanunclutteredeffect.Headings/sub-headings:thesehelptoseparateideas.Textboxes:youcanusetheseforquotationsorparaphrasingtoseparatethemfromtherestofyourtext.Itisalsopleasingtotheeye.33Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldyouwrite?Layout33Whatshouldyouwrite?Graphics:centreyourgraphics,suchasdiagramsortables,tohavespacearoundthem.Trynottoburygraphicsinyourtext.Pagination:youcannumberpagesorsectionsorboth,buttheimportantthingtodoistobeconsistent.Thecoverpagenormallyisnotnumbered.Thecontentpageandabstractpageusuallyhaveaseparatenumberingsystemtothebodyofyourliteraturereview.34Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldyouwrite?GraphicsWhatshouldyouwrite?LanguagefocusCreateabalancebetweendirectquotation(citation)andparaphrasing.Avoidtoomuchdirectquoting.Theverbtensechosendependsonyouremphasis:Whenyouarecitingaspecificauthor'sfindings,usethepasttense:(found,demonstrated);Whenyouarewritingaboutanacceptedfact,usethepresenttense:(demonstrates,finds);andWhenyouarecitingseveralauthorsormakingageneralstatement,usethepresentperfecttense:(haveshown,havefound,littleresearchhasbeendone).35Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldyouwrite?LanguageWhatshouldyouwrite?FinalchecklistHaveIfulfilledthepurposeoftheliteraturereview?Isitwrittenatalevelappropriatetoitsaudience?Areitsfactscorrect?Isalltheinformationincludedrelevant?Arethelayoutandpresentationeasyontheeye?Isthelanguageclear,conciseandacademic?Doestheabstractsummarisetheentirereview?Doestheintroductionadequatelyintroducethetopic?Isthebodyorganisedlogically?Doestheconclusioninterpret,analyseandevaluate?Aretherecommendationsreasonable?Doesthetableofcontentscorrespondwiththeactualcontents?Arepagenumberscorrect?HaveIacknowledgedallsourcesofinformationthroughcorrectreferencing?HaveIcheckedspelling,grammarandpunctuation?HaveIcarefullyproof-readthefinaldraft?36Dr.LiliAnnWhatshouldyouwrite?FinalchHowtoreview?Thewholeprocessofreviewingincludes: a.Searchingforliterature

b.Sortingandprioritisingtheretrievedliterature

c.Analyticalreadingofpapers

d.Evaluativereadingofpapers

e.Comparisonacrossstudies

f.Organisingthecontent

g.Writingthereview37Dr.LiliAnnHowtoreview?ThewholeprocesHowtoreview?ComparisonacrossstudiesTheaimistoextractkeypointsbycomparingandcontrastingACROSSstudies,insteadofreadingonepaperafteranother.Keypointsforareviewmayconcernareasofsimilaritiesand/ordifferencesin:Researchaim(s)orhypothesesResearchdesignandsamplingInstrumentsandproceduresusedHowdatawereanalysedResultsorfindingsInterpretations38Dr.LiliAnnHowtoreview?ComparisonacrosHowtoreview?Findsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenstudiesatdifferentlevels,e.g.: -philosophy

-epistemology

-morality

-methodology

-methods

-typesofdata

-dataanalysis

-interpretation39Dr.LiliAnnHowtoreview?FindsimilaritieHowtoreview?Setoutyourthinkingonpaperthroughmapsandtrees.40Dr.LiliAnnHowtoreview?SetoutyourthiHowtoreview?Tipsonwriting41Dr.LiliAnnHowtoreview?Tipsonwriting4Howtoreview?Pitfalls -Vaguenessduetotoomuchorinappropriategeneralisations

-Limitedrange

-Insufficientinformation

-Irrelevantmaterial

-Omissionofcontrastingview

-Omissionofrecentwork42Dr.LiliAnnHowtoreview?Pitfalls42Dr.LExample Earlyworkshaveaddressedsomeoftheproblemsandissuesdiscussedinvideoretrieval.Researchershavedevelopedideasandtoolsforsupportingvideoediting,forexamplein[8].Theyhavedefinedaseamlessvideoeditinginthegradientdomain.Thespatio-temporalgradientfieldsoftargetvideosaremodifiedormixedtogenerateanewgradientfield,whichisusuallynotintegrateable.Theyhavealsodescribedhowsemanticinformationaboutvideocanbestructuredandusedforcontent-basedaccess.Fromageneralvideoarchivepointofview,theproblemwiththistoolisthelackofsupportformanagingvideodocumentstructures.Adigitalvideoarchiveservingdifferentcategoriesofusersshouldofferamorestructuredwayofdescribingvideocontents43Dr.LiliAnnExample EarlyworkshaveaddreExample HiddenMarkovModels(HMMs)arestatisticaltoolsthathavebeenusedsuccessfullyinmodellingdifficulttaskssuchasspeechrecognition[15]orbiologicalsequenceanalysis[16].Inspiredbyasimilarspeechapplication,HiddenMarkovmodel(HMM)hasalsobeenappliedtoactivityrecognition.ThefirstapproachforthehumanmovementsbasedonHMMswasdescribedin[13].Itdistinguishedbetweensixdifferenttennisstrokes.Thissystemdividedtheimageintomeshesandcountedthenumberofpixelsrepresentingthepersonforeachmesh.Thenumberswerecomposedtoafeaturevectorthatwasconvertedintoadiscretelabelbyavectorquantizer.ThelabelswereclassifiedbasedondiscreteHMMs.In[8],anHMMisusedasarepresentationofsimpleactionswhicharerecognizedbycomputingtheprobabilitythatthemodelproducesthevisualobservationsequence.In[14]layeredHMMswereproposedtomodelsinglepersonofficeactivitiesatvarioustimegranularities44Dr.LiliAnnExample HiddenMarkovModels(Example Mostoftheexistingworkreliesonusingonlyasinglesourceofinformation(example,eitheraudioorvisualtrackdataalone).In[4],theaveragevideoshotactivityandthedurationareusedasfeaturesforthecategorizationofmoviesaccordingtotheactions.Anactionscenewascharacterizedbytemporallylocalizedpropertiesofvideoshotswhichhavelittleornorecurringsimilarvisualcontents[5].Althoughthesevisualcharactersareundoubtedlygoodindicatorsofrapidlyevolvingactioncontents,theyarenotenoughtodeterminethedesiredaction.Ontheotherhand,audio-basedactiondetectionwasindependentlyperformedonthesoundtrackin[6].However,thisaudioalonemethodmayleadtomanypotentialfalsedetectedcasesbecausemanysoundsoftenmixdifferentnoisesandothersimilarbackgroundsound.45Dr.LiliAnnExample MostoftheexistingwExampleVideoPre-processingClassificationMotionGenreObjectEventShotColourFeatureExtractionEdgeFeatureExtractionObjectCameraLengthDurationColourHistogramEdgeDetectionEdgeClusteringPanZoomTranslationEdgeCountRule-basedclassifiersRecognitionresultFIGURE2.3SchematicdiagramforvideoclassificationSource:L.N.Abdullahetal.2005.46Dr.LiliAnnExampleVideoPre-processingClasExample47Dr.LiliAnnExample47Dr.LiliAnnLITERATUREREVIEWLITERATUREREVIEWWhatisLR?Aliteraturereviewdiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularsubjectarea,andsometimesinformationinaparticularsubjectareawithinacertaintimeperiod.Aliteraturereviewcanbejustasimplesummaryofthesources,butitusuallyhasanorganizationalpatternandcombinesbothsummaryandsynthesis.49Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?AliteraturereviewWhatisLR?Asummaryisarecapoftheimportantinformationofthesource,butasynthesisisare-organization,orareshuffling,ofthatinformation.Itmightgiveanewinterpretationofoldmaterialorcombinenewwitholdinterpretations.Oritmighttracetheintellectualprogressionofthefield,includingmajordebates.Anddependingonthesituation,theliteraturereviewmayevaluatethesourcesandadvisethereaderonthemostpertinentorrelevant.50Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?AsummaryisarecaWhatisLR?Theformatofareviewofliteraturemayvaryfromdisciplinetodisciplineandfromassignmenttoassignment.Areviewmaybeaself-containedunit--anendinitself--oraprefacetoandrationaleforengaginginprimaryresearch.Areviewisarequiredpartofgrantandresearchproposalsandoftenachapterinthesesanddissertations.Generally,thepurposeofareviewistoanalyzecriticallyasegmentofapublishedbodyofknowledgethroughsummary,classification,andcomparisonofpriorresearchstudies,reviewsofliterature,andtheoreticalarticles.51Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?TheformatofarevWhatisLR?Aliteraturereviewistheeffectiveevaluationofselecteddocumentsonaresearchtopic.Areviewmayformanessentialpartoftheresearchprocessormayconstitutearesearchprojectinitself.Inthecontextofaresearchpaperorthesistheliteraturereviewisacriticalsynthesisofpreviousresearch.Theevaluationoftheliteratureleadslogicallytotheresearchquestion.52Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?AliteraturereviewWhatisLR?53Dr.LiliAnnWhatisLR?6Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?Literaturereviewsprovideyouwithahandyguidetoaparticulartopic.Ifyouhavelimitedtimetoconductresearch,literaturereviewscangiveyouanovervieworactasasteppingstone.Literaturereviewsalsoprovideasolidbackgroundforaresearchpaper'sinvestigation.Comprehensiveknowledgeoftheliteratureofthefieldisessentialtomostresearchpapers.54Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?LiteraturereviewWhywriteLR?Forprofessionals,theyareusefulreportsthatkeepthemuptodatewithwhatiscurrentinthefield.Forscholars,thedepthandbreadthoftheliteraturereviewemphasizesthecredibilityofthewriterinhisorherfield55Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?ForprofessionalsWhywriteLR?Thepurposeofaliteraturereviewisforyoutotakeacriticallookattheliterature(factsandviews)thatalreadyexistsintheareayouareresearching.Aliteraturereviewisnotashoppinglistofeverythingthatexists,butacriticalanalysisthatshowsanevaluationoftheexistingliteratureandarelationshipbetweenthedifferentworks.Itdemonstratestherelevanceoftheresearch.56Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?ThepurposeofaWhywriteLR?Literaturecanincludebooks,journalarticles,internet(electronicjournals),newspapers,magazines,thesesanddissertations,conferenceproceedings,reports,anddocumentaries.Literaturereviewsarewrittenoccasionallyinthehumanities,butmostlyinthesciencesandsocialsciences;inexperimentandlabreports,theyconstituteasectionofthepaper.Sometimesaliteraturereviewiswrittenasapaperinitself.57Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?LiteraturecaninWhywriteLR?Inthecontextofaresearchpaperonathesis,theliteraturereviewprovidesabackgroundtothestudybeingproposed.Thebackgroundmayconsideroneormoreofthefollowingaspectsdependingontheresearchquestionbeingposed:Theoreticalbackground–past,presentorfutureClinicalpractice–previousorcontemporaryMethodologyand/orresearchmethodsPreviousfindingsRationaleand/orrelevanceofthecurrentstudy58Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?InthecontextofWhywriteLR?Inabroadercontext

Hart(1998)liststhefollowingpurposesofareview:Distinguishingwhathasbeendonefromwhatneedstobedone;Discoveringimportantvariablesrelevanttothetopic;Synthesisingandgaininganewperspective;Identifyingrelationshipsbetweenideasandpractice;Establishingthecontextofthetopicorproblem;59Dr.LiliAnnWhywriteLR?InabroadercontWhywriteLR?Rati