考研考博-英語-天水師范學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天水師范學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Allthepartsofthewashingmachineare（）,sothatitisveryconvenienttoreplacethem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.normalized

B.standardized

C.mechanized

D.modernized

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)normalize“正?；?，常規(guī)化，規(guī)格化”；B選項(xiàng)standardize“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”；C選項(xiàng)mechanize“使機(jī)械化，機(jī)械化”；D選項(xiàng)modernize“使現(xiàn)代化”，句意：這臺洗衣機(jī)的所有零件都標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化了，所以要更換它們很方便。由選項(xiàng)意思和句意可知，B選項(xiàng)符合句意。

2.單選題

Therearetwomethodsoffighting,theonebylaw,theotherbyforce;thefirstmethodisthatofmen,thesecondofbeasts;butasthefirstmethodisofteninsufficient,onemusthaverecoursetothesecond.Itis,therefore,necessaryforaprincetoknowwellhowtouseboththebeastandtheman.Thiswascovertlytaughttorulersbyancientwriters,whorelatedhowAchillesandmanyothersofthoseancientprincesweregiventoChironthecentaurtobebroughtupandeducatedunderhisdiscipline.Theparableofthissemi-animal,semi-humanteacherismeanttoindicatethataprincemustknowhowtousebothnatures,andthattheonewithouttheotherisnotdurable.Aprince,beingthusobligedtoknowwellhowtoactasabeast,mustimitatethefox,andthelion,forthelioncannotprotecthimselffromtraps;andthefoxcannotdefendhimselffromwolves.Thosethatwishtobeonlylionsdonotunderstandthis.Therefore,aprudentruleroughtnottokeepfaithwhenbydoingsoitwouldbeagainsthisinterest,andwhenthereasonswhichmadehimbindhimselfnolongerexist,ifmenwereallgood,thispreceptwouldnotbegood;butastheyarebad;andwouldnotobservetheirfaithwithyou,soyouarenotboundtokeepfaithwiththem.Norhavelegitimategroundseverfailedaprincewhowishedtoshowcolorableexcuseforthenonfulfillmentofhispromise.Ofthisonecouldfurnishaninfinitenumberofexamples,andshowhowmanytimespeacehasbeenbroken,andhowmanypromisesrenderedworthless,bythefaithlessnessofprinces,andthosethathavebestbeenabletoimitatethefoxhavesucceededbest.Butitisnecessarytobeabletodisguisethischaracterwell,andtobeagreatfeigneranddissembler,andmenaresosimpleandsoreadytoobeypresentnecessities,thattheonewhodeceiveswillalwaysfindthosewhoallowthemselvestobedeceived.

1.Theauthorofthepassagedoesnotbelievethat（

）.

2.Thelionrepresentsthosewhoare

（

）.

3.Thefox,inthispassage,is

（

）.

4.Thewritersuggeststhatasuccessfulleadermust

（

）.

5.Thewriterwouldapproveanunsuccessfulpoliticalcandidate（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.peoplecanprotectthemselves

B.thetruthmakesmenfree

C.leadershavetobeconsistent

D.princesatehuman

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.toiltrusting

B.strongandcareful

C.reliantonforce

D.lackinginintelligence

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.admiredforhistrickery

B.nomatchforthelion

C.pitiedforhistrick

D.consideredworthless

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.beprudentandfaithful

B.cheatandlie

C.haveprincipletoguidehisactions

D.tellthepeoplethetruthabouthisopponent

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.gaveupallhisopportunities

B.promisedtotryagainnexttime

C.overthrewthegovernmentbyforce

D.toldthepeoplethetruthabouthisopponent

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“作者不認(rèn)為……”。文章提到有兩種方式來戰(zhàn)斗，一是法律，即文斗，一是暴力，即武斗。并且用狐貍來比喻文斗，獅子比喻武斗，而一個(gè)成功的王子必須在這兩種方法中自由切換，但是并沒有提及到“吃人”，因此選項(xiàng)D“王子吃人”的說法是錯誤的，符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“獅子代表的是哪類人”。文章提到“王子應(yīng)該學(xué)會像野獸一樣管理國家，要模仿狐貍和獅子，因?yàn)楠{子無法避免陷阱，而狐貍無法從狼群中脫身”（Aprince,beingthusobligedtoknowwellhowtoactasabeast,mustimitatethefox,andthelion,forthelioncannotprotecthimselffromtraps;andthefoxcannotdefendhimselffromwolves），獅子代表的是力量，即武斗，因此選項(xiàng)C“依賴武力”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“文章中狐貍是……”。文章提到管理者必須要學(xué)會文斗與武斗，狐貍代表的是文斗，可知作者對狐貍是贊賞的，因此選項(xiàng)A“因它的計(jì)謀而受到贊賞”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“作者暗示一個(gè)成功的統(tǒng)治者應(yīng)該……”。文章提到“當(dāng)守誠信會讓自己的利益受損時(shí)，精明的統(tǒng)治者可以不講誠信”（Therefore,aprudentruleroughtnottokeepfaithwhenbydoingsoitwouldbeagainsthisinterest），因此選項(xiàng)B“欺騙與撒謊”符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。題目問的是“作者會贊成一個(gè)失敗的政治候選人……”。文章提到“當(dāng)文斗行不通的時(shí)候，人們會選擇第二種方式，即武斗”（butasthefirstmethodisofteninsufficient,onemusthaverecoursetothesecond），選項(xiàng)C“用武力推翻政府”符合題意。

3.單選題

U.S.PresidentRonaldReaganhasaconvincingandheart-warmingsmile.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.abewildering

B.apersuasive

C.afactitious

D.anempathetic

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.abewildering一個(gè)讓人困惑的（微笑）B.apersuasive一個(gè)讓人信服的（微笑）

C.afactitious一個(gè)虛假的（微笑）D.anempathetic一個(gè)共情的（微笑）

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】語義銜接

【解題思路】劃線部分修飾的是smile“微笑”，并且與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”并列，原詞convincing“令人信服的”，因此，B選項(xiàng)apersuasive“一個(gè)讓人信服的（微笑）”最符合原句句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)abewildering“一個(gè)讓人困惑的（微笑）”，與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”語義不搭，且不符合原句句意；

C選項(xiàng)afactitious“一個(gè)（虛假的）微笑”，與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”語義不搭，且不符合原句句意；

D選項(xiàng)anempathetic“一個(gè)共情的（微笑）”，不符合原句句意。

【句意】美國總統(tǒng)羅納德?里根（RonaldReagan）的笑容令人信服，令人感動。

4.單選題

Priortothepurchaseoftheflat,thecouplewantedtomakesurethattheywouldhavecompatibleneighbors.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.harmonious

B.energetic

C.capable

D.harsh

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)harmonious“和諧的”；B選項(xiàng)energetic“精力充沛的”；C選項(xiàng)capable“有能力的”；D選項(xiàng)harsh“嚴(yán)厲的”。句意：在購買這套公寓之前，這對夫婦想要確保他們有能和諧相處的鄰居。劃線部分compatible是和諧相處的意思。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Wemustlearntomeetmisfortunegracefully.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.adversity

B.famine

C.enormity

D.nuance

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.adversity逆境；不幸B.famine饑荒

C.enormity巨大；暴行D.nuance細(xì)微差別

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意：我們必須學(xué)會優(yōu)雅地面對不幸。劃線詞misfortune意為“厄運(yùn)；不幸”。因此A選項(xiàng)與之意思相近，選A。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均不符合句意。

【句意】我們必須學(xué)會優(yōu)雅地面對不幸。

6.單選題

“MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Jensonat2o’clockthisafternoon?”

“I’msorry.Mr.Jenson（

）toaconferencelongbeforethen.”

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willhavegone

B.hadgone

C.wouldhavegone

D.hasgone

【答案】A

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)?！斑@個(gè)下午兩點(diǎn)”表示將來時(shí)間，根據(jù)“beforethen”可知要用將來完成時(shí)，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

7.單選題

Thelawondrinkinganddrivingis（

）stated.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.extravagantly

B.empirically

C.explicitly

D.exceptionally

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)extravagantly“揮霍無度地”；B選項(xiàng)empirically“以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為主地”；C選項(xiàng)explicitly“明確地，明白地”；D選項(xiàng)exceptionally“例外地，特殊地”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)aw法律”和“stated被表明，被解釋”，可知“明確地”符合題意，句意為：有關(guān)醉酒駕駛的法律規(guī)定得很清楚。故正確答案選C。

8.單選題

Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.

Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.

Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,"doingourownthing",hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwell-regardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyform,thatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle:WhyWeShould,Like,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.

1.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish（

）.

2.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes

（

）.

3.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?

4.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s

（

）.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms

B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment

C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture

D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.modesty

B.personality

C.liveliness

D.informality

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.

C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.

D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.interestintheirlanguage

B.appreciationoftheirefforts

C.admirationfortheirmemory

D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.‘"temporary’’isto“permanent”

B.“radical”isto“conservative”

C.“functional”isto“artistic”

D.“humble”isto“noble”

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”，forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.（Mr.McWhorter的學(xué)術(shù)專長是語言的歷史和變化，例如，他認(rèn)為“誰”這一詞的逐漸消失是自然的，并不比失去古英語中的詞格尾綴的消失更令人遺憾）可知Mr.McWhorter認(rèn)為正式英語的衰變是一種自然的現(xiàn)象，因此選B。

2.詞義題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞talking定位到文章第三段中的InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.（在英語口語和書面語中，交談戰(zhàn)勝了演講，自然表達(dá)勝過了精雕細(xì)琢），分析句子可知talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft是對應(yīng)關(guān)系，talking對應(yīng)的spontaneity，specking對應(yīng)craft，可推測演講是需要精心準(zhǔn)備的，而談話則是自然隨意的，因此D選項(xiàng)“非正式的”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第四段中heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas（他承認(rèn)，人類語言的所有種類，包括非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言，包括黑人英語這樣非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言，都具有很強(qiáng)的表達(dá)力。世界上沒有一種語言或方言不能表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想）可知A選項(xiàng)“邏輯思維不一定與我們說話的方式有關(guān)”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.（Mr.McWhorter承認(rèn)，正式的語言并不是絕對必要的，他并沒有提出任何激進(jìn)的教育改革——他其實(shí)只是為那些美好而不是實(shí)用品的消逝而感到遺憾）可知Mr.McWhorter認(rèn)同俄羅斯記住詩歌的做法，認(rèn)為是somethingbeautiful，對其做法是贊同的，因此B選項(xiàng)“贊賞他們的努力”。

5.推理判斷題。由heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful（他其實(shí)只是為那些美好而不是實(shí)用品的消逝而感到遺憾）可推測paperplates（紙盤）指的是實(shí)用性，而china（瓷盤）指美，具有藝術(shù)性，因此選C。

9.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】71.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.（美國法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義運(yùn)動是20世紀(jì)美國最重要的本土法學(xué)運(yùn)動，不僅對美國的法學(xué)教育和學(xué)術(shù)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響，而且對美國的法律改革和律師業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響）可知A選項(xiàng)“美國法律教育”，B選項(xiàng)“美國法律學(xué)術(shù)”，C選項(xiàng)“美國法律改革”符合原文；D選項(xiàng)“美國律師”原文未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

72.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.（與它的斯堪的那維亞表親不同，美國法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語義學(xué)和認(rèn)識論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說的法律的延伸?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義者是律師（加上一些社會科學(xué)家），而不是哲學(xué)家，因此，他們的動機(jī)是不同的）可以推測出斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者們是哲學(xué)家，選A選項(xiàng)“是哲學(xué)家”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“主要是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對法律的延伸”錯誤，原文只是說美國法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語義學(xué)和認(rèn)識論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說的法律的延伸，沒有說斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是否是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對法律的延伸，B選項(xiàng)偷換概念；第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).（作為律師，他們（指的是美國的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者）與當(dāng)時(shí)占主導(dǎo)地位的“機(jī)械法學(xué)”或“形式主義”相抗衡。這里所指的“形式主義”認(rèn)為，法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由來判決案件，這些規(guī)則和理由在大多數(shù)案件（也許是每一個(gè)案件）中證明一個(gè)獨(dú)特的結(jié)果是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“與‘機(jī)械法學(xué)’相抵觸”和D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由判決案件”也屬于偷換概念。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.（由于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者從未對法律的性質(zhì)或法律理論的概念作出明確的哲學(xué)預(yù)設(shè)，因此，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者今天的重要法理學(xué)任務(wù)之一就是對這些觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行哲學(xué)重構(gòu)和辯護(hù)，尤其是反對法律哲學(xué)家的批評，尤其是H.L.A.Hart）可知C選項(xiàng)“這些觀點(diǎn)的哲學(xué)重建和辯護(hù)是必要的”符合原文；第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.（相反，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者認(rèn)為，對法院如何真正判決案件進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明，法院的判決主要不是因?yàn)榉桑腔冢ù致缘卣f）他們對案件事實(shí)的判斷）可知A選項(xiàng)“法院判決案件主要不是基于法律，而是基于他們的‘公平感’”以及D選項(xiàng)“仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明，法院決定案件主要是因?yàn)榉伞卞e誤；第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.（法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的事后合理化）可知B選項(xiàng)“法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的臨時(shí)合理化”錯誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

74.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段開頭ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…（但現(xiàn)實(shí)主義也帶有知識文化的印記，它確實(shí)與它的斯堪的納維亞表親有共同之處。這種文化……是非?！皩?shí)證主義”的，因?yàn)樗炎匀豢茖W(xué)視為所有真知的范式……）可知選C選項(xiàng)“以自然科學(xué)為所有真知的范式”；A選項(xiàng)“‘法律’的現(xiàn)有條文并沒有通過對法院實(shí)際行動的實(shí)際觀察而得到‘確認(rèn)’”，B選項(xiàng)“實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)方法”以及D選項(xiàng)“所有學(xué)科都應(yīng)該仿效自然科學(xué)的方法”并不符合題意，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Davidlikescountrylifeandhasdecidedto（

）farming.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.goinfor

B.gothroughwith

C.gobackon

D.goalongwith

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。goinfor意為“從事，喜歡”；gothroughwith意為“完成，把……進(jìn)行到底”；gobackon意為“違背，背棄”；goalongwith意為“贊同，接受，服從”。

句意：大衛(wèi)喜歡鄉(xiāng)村生活，并決定從事耕作。

11.單選題

The（）ofthespringwaterattractsalotofvisitorsfromotherpartsofthecountry.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.clash

B.clarify

C.clarity

D.clatter

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)clash“沖突，不協(xié)調(diào)”；B選項(xiàng)clarify“澄清，闡明”；C選項(xiàng)clarity“清楚，明晰”；D選項(xiàng)clatter“嘩啦聲，嘈雜的談笑聲”。句意：泉水的（）吸引了這個(gè)國家其他地方的許多游客。本句表達(dá)的意思是“泉水的嘩啦啦聲吸引了人們的注意”，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.單選題

StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon,gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’ssurface,avisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyon,farfrombeingsuddenandcataclysmic,simplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion.

ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained10,000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14-layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears.

Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateau’sflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressure;geologistsrefertothisbulgingactionasupwarping;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateau,aprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyrose,shallowriversthatmeanderedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.Oneoftheserivers,locatedeastoftheupwarp,wastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapai,flowingwestoftheupwarp,extendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarp;iteventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-miIe-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago.

Sincethen,thecanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcold,rainandsnow,alongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocks,increasetheopportunitiesforerosion.Thecanyonwallscrumble;theriveracquiresacuttingtool,tonsofdebris,rainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarvesidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateau,thesidecanyonsexposenewrocks,andthepatternoferosioncontinues.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Inthefirstsentence,theauthorreferstotheGrandCanyonasa“wound”toindicatethat（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,thefirstphenomenontocontributetotheformationoftheGrandCanyonwas（）.

4.Whatwasthegeographicpositionoftheupwarpapproximately65millionyearsago?

5.WhichofthefollowingconclusionsabouttheGrandCanyoncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Patternsoferosionindifferentmountainranges.

B.ForcesthatmadetheGrandCanyon.

C.TheincreasingpollutionoftheColoradoRiver.

D.ThesuddenappearanceoftheGrandCanyon.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.itwascausedbysomeancientconvulsion

B.itspresenceisanembarrassmenttothestateofColorado

C.itlookslikeaninjuryontheEarth'ssurface

D.ithascausedmanyvisitorstoinjurethemselves.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.aseriesofvolcaniceruptions

B.thecollapseofrockformationsintheColoradoPlateau

C.asuccessionoffloodsfromtheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

D.theEarth’sinternalpressureliftingtheColoradoPlateauregion

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.TotheeastofwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver’

B.TothewestoftheHualapaiRiver

C.AtthesourceoftheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

D.BetweentheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itscontoursareconstantlychanging

B.Thecuttingactionscarvenewstreamsalongitssides

C.Itseruptionshaveincreasedinrecentyears

D.Itisbeingerodedbytoxicwasteandpollutants

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。首段提出大峽谷的形成是一個(gè)緩慢而有序的侵蝕過程，中間兩段則是對大峽谷的形成原因和過程進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析，最后一段指出大峽谷的形成原因還包括其他一些外力因素。因此B項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致大峽谷產(chǎn)生的各種力量”符合文章主旨。

第2題:判斷推理題。對于“wound”的理解可參考:thisgiantwoundintheEarth’ssurface(地球表面上的這道巨大的傷痕)。因此這里使用了比喻的修辭手法。C項(xiàng)“它（即大峽谷）看起來像地球表面上的一個(gè)傷口”正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateau’sflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressure(大約6500萬年前，大峽谷地區(qū)的高原平面由于內(nèi)部壓力而向上隆起)。因此D項(xiàng)“地球的內(nèi)部壓力抬起了科羅拉多高原地區(qū)”正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。Oneoftheserivers,locatedeastoftheupwarp,wastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapai.flowingwestoftheupwarp(位于該上翹東邊的這些河中的一條是科羅拉多河的前身。另一條被稱為華拉派河的河流在該上翹的西邊……)。由此可知，大約6500萬年前，上翹的地理位置在華拉派河和如今的科羅拉多河之間。

第5題:判斷推理題。最后一段指出:Sincethen,thecanyonforminghasbeencumulative(從那以后，大峽谷的形成一直是累積的)，因此，A項(xiàng)“它的輪廓是不斷變化的”正確。

13.單選題

StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.

Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygen,anditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthepHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sblood-stream.

Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthem,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.

36.Thepassageprovidesformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?

37.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives,thepHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodisnotadverselyaffectedbytheproductionoflacticacidbecause______.

38.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?

39.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?

I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.

II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.

III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.

IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.

40.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.

B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.

C.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.

D.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobelowestduringthoseperiodsinwhichitexperiencesoxygendeprivation.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunderwaterreverttoananaerobicmechanism

B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthedive